POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS Symmetrical Components, Unbalanced Fault Analysis GOVINDRAO WANJARI CO! Department of Electrical Engineeringf Unsymmetric Systems C Except for the balanced three-phase fault, faults result in an unbalanced system. C The most common types of faults are single line- ground (SLG) and line-line (LL). Other types are double line-ground (DLG), open conductor, and balanced three phase. © System is only unbalanced at point of fault! C The easiest method to analyze unbalanced system operation due to faults is through the use of symmetrical componentsComponents C The key idea of symmetrical component analysis is to decompose the system into three sequence networks. The networks are then coupled only at the point of the unbalance (i.e., the fault) © The three sequence networks are known as the — positive sequence (this is the one we’ve been using) — negative sequence — zero sequenceC The positive sequence sets have three phase currents/voltages with equal magnitude, with phase b lagging phase a by 120°, and phase c lagging phase b by 120°. C We’ve been studying positive sequence sets Tey tu Positive sequence sets have zero neutral current TayC The negative sequence sets have three phase currents/voltages with equal magnitude, with phase b leading phase a by 120°, and phase c leading phase b by 120°. C Negative sequence sets are similar to positive sequence, except the phase order is reversed _ Tho. Negative sequence sets have zero neutral current© Zero sequence sets have three values with equal magnitude and angle. © Zero sequence sets have neutral currentSet Representation C Any arbitrary set of three phasors, say I,, I, I, can be represented as a sum of the three sequence sets 1, @ 1° vi ua 1, © T° va ua 5 1, @ 1° wil 0a where i, 3 AL. 1° is the zero sequence set I a . +1 is the positive sequence set I Ark bole Ris the negative sequence setn from Sequence to Phase Only three of the sequence values are unique, I, im wg X the others are determined as follows: @j1d\20% awa? ue 8 8§6f# el 1° el, ei? (since by definition they are all equal) TPen?1™ 1egi™ ik emik 1% of 71% ot gi Bh gg td IS | le 2 2 I Via td eB s oa Bim Bim Wide @? 49 aoa “ta.n Sequence to Phase Define the symmetrical components transformation matrix > e oe WoRdDE = _ N = i i 1 a de , wet ge ei AGI. gl Then 10%, | @ AAP \eA A eAL, Be: Bite Bden Phase to Sequence By taking the inverse we can convert from the phase values to the sequence values I, @ AT t with A® ahs a # | “9 a @ de Sequence sets can be used with voltages as well as with currentsal Component Example 1 G1 & 10dDie | Let @ , | @R0 ob REIN Then &. “eee rol e 10g0m | I, eA*T 3 aw Roe kas ofa >} 8 AMO STE O04 & 1060i% | 60 4 ft LeQemmm «= Leo | 40 8 ACBL: 40 AD ite,al Component Example 2 | &.-Fee, Ord Rg Then B 11 ad aeies 6 Meine | y, evtve a BW? Dna tel @ Qeeas Vt QB? AQIS 24 fe B6.12 Svenal Component Example 3 W410 gbite) Let I, © | R10 dH a ale D408 ee, D Then & 1 1 tobe 4 a | Teal, ef # ff (Qii0 64 © Soa | Q a Bd ad fete: WES 2 asmetrical Componentsmetrical Componentsre Now Decoupled 0 Z oY Systems are decoupled V° @ (2, 6Z,)1° Vv e@z,1"diagrams for generators C Key point: generators only produce positive sequence voltages; therefore only the positive sequence has a voltage source t ay During a fault Z* wa Z* wa X,". The zero sequence impedance is usually substantially smaller. The value of Z, depends on whether the generator is groundeddiagrams for Transformers C The positive and negative sequence diagrams for transformers are similar to those for transmission lines. © The zero sequence network depends upon both how the transformer is grounded and its type of connection. The easiest to understand is a double grounded wye-wye % | fer Sequence Diagramsd Fault Analysis C The first step in the analysis of unbalanced faults is to assemble the three sequence networks. For example, for the earlier single generator, single motor example let’s develop the sequence networks ya ar, oS fault x foc oy : Q va rode 2 Zoi s =s6yey} Ma ONS oe . * xso.l ae i Wea Ds Se oF ome o! Wy Xp OOS yee 0-0 xe?Diagrams for Example Zero Sequence Network Jord yal 0.38 vol you! RA —— hI |Diagrams for Example Zero Sequence Network Jord yal 0.38 vol you! RA —— hI |venin Equivalents © To do further analysis we first need to calculate the thevenin equivalents as seen from the fault location. In this example the fault is at the terminal of the right machine so the thevenin equivalents are: é sore | Jo-se M0.8S 1.05 Lo 7, @ j0.2 in parallel with 0.455 Z,R @ j0.21 in parallel with j0.475-to-Ground (SLG) Faults C Unbalanced faults unbalance the network, but only at the fault location. This causes a coupling of the sequence networks. How the sequence networks are coupled depends upon the fault type. We'll derive these relationships for several common faults. C With a SLG fault only one phase has non-zero fault current -- we’ll assume it is phase A.With the sequence networks in series we can solve for the fault currents (assume Z,=0) bOslo a 1.05 Gite @ f j(0.1389 4h). 1456 4.25 ¥BZ ;) @AI, & If @Ri5.8 (of course, If er! @0) © 21.964 ef}With the sequence networks in series we can solve for the fault currents (assume Z,=0) bOslo a 1.05 Gite @ f j(0.1389 4h). 1456 4.25 ¥BZ ;) @AI, & If @Ri5.8 (of course, If er! @0) © 21.964 ef}With the sequence networks in series we can solve for the fault currents (assume Z,=0) bOslo a 1.05 Gite @ f j(0.1389 4h). 1456 4.25 ¥BZ ;) @AI, & If @Ri5.8 (of course, If er! @0) © 21.964 ef}