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Lecture 3

The document discusses various types of faults in power systems, including bolted and incipient faults, as well as faults specific to generators, transformers, transmission lines, and three-phase induction motors. It also outlines the types of switchgear used for controlling and protecting electrical circuits, highlighting essential features such as reliability and quick operation. Additionally, it categorizes faults into electrical, mechanical, and environmental types, providing a comprehensive overview of potential issues in power systems.

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Moeez Ghuman 0099
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13 views3 pages

Lecture 3

The document discusses various types of faults in power systems, including bolted and incipient faults, as well as faults specific to generators, transformers, transmission lines, and three-phase induction motors. It also outlines the types of switchgear used for controlling and protecting electrical circuits, highlighting essential features such as reliability and quick operation. Additionally, it categorizes faults into electrical, mechanical, and environmental types, providing a comprehensive overview of potential issues in power systems.

Uploaded by

Moeez Ghuman 0099
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture Types of Faults on Power Systems

Bolted faults are called permanent faults


Incidents faults: (Incipient transformer faults usually develop slowly, often in the form of a gradual
deterioration of insulation due to some cause. When the condition of system equipment degrades because
of some electrical, thermal or chemical effects, intermittent incipient faults begin to persist in the system.

Faults on Generators:
1. Failure of Prime Mover (run as a motor for a short while)
2. Failure of Field (rare even occur not severe)
3. Overcurrent (partial breakdown of winding insulation or due to overload on supply system)
4. Over speed (sudden loss of all or major part of the load – centrifugal switch to protect)
5. Overvoltage (normally not happen but occurs due to loss of load)
6. Unbalanced loading (different phase current i,e due to fault between the phase on the circuit external
to alternator.
7. Stator winding fault (most dangerous fault on alternator: due to insulation failure of the stator
winding). It is further classified as:
I. Fault between phase and ground
II. Fault between phases
III. Inter turn fault involving turns of the same phases

Per phase equivalent circuit of synchronous generator

Faults on Transformer:
1. Internal faults
a. Earth faults
b. Core fault (due to insulation failure eddy current will flow : overheating will damage)
c. Inter turn fault (winding flashover)
d. Phase to phase fault
1. External faults
a. Overvoltage
b. Under frequency
c. System faults
d. Overloading
Faults on Transmission Lines
1. Symmetrical faults (3phase 5% most severe)
2. Asymmetrical Faults (LG 70-80% less severe, LL, LLG)
3. Open Conductor fault

Three Phase Induction Motor Faults:


1. Electrical Faults
a. Single phase fault (fault due to failure of single phase supply)
b. Under or over supply voltage fault (480 to 440 V Limit)
c. Overload fault
d. Earth fault (phase touch the housing and housing is connected to earth)
e. Inter turn short circuit fault
f. Crawling fault (electromechanical fault, motor fully loaded with full supply voltage and runs
1/7 of sy nchronous speed
2. Mechanical Faults
a. Broken rotor bar faults (mostly during manufacturing)

b. Rotor Mass Unbalance fault (hole drilled into one bar) due to unbalance air gap between
stator and rotor.

c. Bearing Faults: bearing installed for the support of shaft to reduce friction
3. Environmental Faults (ambient temperature and humidity moisture)
Switchgear and Measuring Devices: The apparatus used for switching, controlling and protecting
the electrical circuits and equipment is known as switchgear.

Types of Switchgear:
Switch
Fuse
Circuit breaker
Relay
Surge arrester
Lightening arrestor
Neutral or grounding wire

Essential Features of a Switchgear:


1. Complete reliability (electricity available 24 hour)
2. Certain discrimination. (Only faulty section must be cut)
3. Quick operation (before damage of equipment)
4. Provision for manual control.
5. Provision for instruments

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