1 COMPLEX NUMBERS

1.1 A Complex number :

Let's Study
1.1(a) Imaginary Number :
• A complex number (C.N.)
A number of the form bi, where b∈ R, b ≠ 0,
• Algebra of C.N.
i= −1 is called an imaginary number.
• Geometrical Representation of C.N.
2
• Polar & Exponential form of C.N. Ex : −25 = 5i, 2i, i, − 11i etc.
7
• De Moivre's Theorem. Note:
The number i satisfies following properties,
Let's Recall i) i×0=0
ii) If a∈R, then −a 2 = i 2 a 2 = ± ia
• Algebra of real numbers.
iii) If a, b∈R, and ai = bi then a = b
• Solution of linear and quadratic equations
• Representation of a real number on the number 1.1 (b) Complex Number :
line Definition : A number of the form a+ib, where
• Representation of point in a plane a, b∈ R and i = −1 with i2 = −1 is called a
• Trigonometric ratios complex number and is usually denoted by z.

That is z = a+ib, a, b∈R and i = −1

Introduction:
Here 'a' is called the real part of z and is denoted
Consider, the equation x2 + 1 = 0. This
by Re(z) or R(z). 'b' is called imaginary part of z
equation has no solution in the set of real numbers
and is denoted by Im(z) or I(z)
because there is no real number whose square is
−1. We need to extend the set of real numbers to a The set of complex numbers is denoted by C
larger set, which would include solutions of such ∴ C = {a+ib / a, b∈ R, and i = −1 }
equations.
Ex :
We introduce a symbol i (greek letter iota)
z a+ib Re(z) Im(z)
such that i = −1 and i = −1. i is called as an
2
2+4i 2+4i 2 4
imaginary unit or an imaginary number. 5i 0+5i 0 5
Swiss mathematician Leonard Euler 3−4i 3−4i 3 −4
(1707-1783) was the first mathematician to 5+ −16 5+4i 5 4
introduce the symbol i with i = −1 and i2 = −1. 2+ 5 i 2+ 5 i 2 5
7+ 3 (7+ 3 )+0i (7+ 3 ) 0

1
Note : 1.2.2 Conjugate of a Complex Number:
1) A complex number whose real part is zero Definition : The conjugate of a complex
is called a purely imaginary number. Such a number z = a + ib is defined as a − ib and is
number is of the form z = 0 + ib = ib denoted by z
2) A complex number whose imaginary part is Ex : 1)
zero is a real number.
z z
z = a + 0i = a, is a real number.
3 + 4i 3 − 4i
3) A complex number whose both real and 7i −2 −7i −2
imaginary parts are zero is the zero complex 3 3
number. 0 = 0 + 0i 5i −5i
4) The set R of real numbers is a subset of the 2+ 3 2+ 3
set C of complex numbers.
7+ 5i 7− 5i
5) The real part and imaginary part cannot be
2) Properties of z
combined to form single term. e.g. 2 + 3i ≠ 5i
1) ( z) = z
1.2 Algebra of Complex Numbers : 2) If z = z , then z is purely real.
1.2.1 Equality of two Complex Numbers : 3) If z = −z , then z is purely imaginary.

Definition : Two complex numbers z1 = a+ib Now we define the four fundamental
and z2 = c + id are said to be equal if their operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division of complex numbers.
corresponding real and imaginary parts are
equal. 1.2.3 Addition of complex numbers :
i.e. a + ib = c + id if a = c and b = d Let z1 = a+ib and z2 = c+id

Ex. : i) If x + iy = 4 + 3i then x = 4 and y = 3 then z1+ z2 = (a+ib) + (c+id)

= (a+c) + (b+d) i
Ex. : ii) If 7a + i (3a − b) = 21 − 3i then find a
and b. In other words, Re(z1+ z2) = Re(z1) + Re(z2)
and Im(z1+ z2) = Im(z1) + Im(z2)
Solution : 7a + (3a − b) i = 21 − 3i
By equality of complex numbers Ex. 1) (2 + 3i) + (4 + 3i) = (2+4) + (3+3)i

7a = 21 ∴a=3 = 6 + 6i
and 3a − b = −3 ∴ 3(3) + 3 = b 2) (−2 + 5i) + (7 + 3i) + (6 − 4i)
∴ 12 = b = [(−2) +7+6] + [5 + 3 + (− 4)]i

Note : The order relation (inequality) of complex = 11 + 4i

number can not be defined. Hence, there does not Properties of addition : If z1, z2, z3 are complex
exist a smaller or greater complex number than numbers then
given complex number. We cannot say i < 4. i) z1+ z2 = z2+ z1 (commutative)
ii) z1 + (z2+ z3) = (z1+ z2) + z3 (associative)
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 iii) z1 + 0 = 0 + z1 = z1 (identity) Properties of Subtraction :
iv) z + z = 2Re(z) (Verify) 1) z − z = 2 Im(z) (Verify)
v) (z1+ z2) = z1 + z2 1) (z1− z2) = z1 − z2

1.2.4 Scalar Multiplication :

1.2.6 Multiplication of complex numbers:
If z = a+ib is any complex number, then for
Let z1 = a+ib and z2 = c+id. We denote
every real number k, define kz = ka + i (kb)
multiplication of z1 and z2 as z1.z2 and is given by
Ex. 1) If z = 7 + 3i then
5z = 5(7 + 3i) = 35 + 15i z1.z2 = (a+ib)(c+id) = a(c+id)+ib(c+id)
2) z1 = 3 − 4i and z2 = 10 − 9i then = ac + adi + bci + i2bd
2z1 + 5z2 = 2(3 − 4i) + 5(10 − 9i) = ac + (ad+bc)i − bd (∵ i2 = −1)
= 6 − 8i + 50 − 45i z1.z2 = (ac−bd) + (ad+bc)i
= 56 − 53i
Note: 1) 0.z = 0(a + ib) = 0 + 0i = 0 Ex. 1) z1 = 2+3i, z2 = 3−2i
∴ z1.z2 = (2+3i)(3−2i) = 2(3−2i) + 3i(3−2i)
1.2.5 Subtraction of complex numbers : = 6 − 4i + 9i − 6i2
Let z1 = a+ib, z2 = c+id then define = 6 − 4i + 9i + 6 (∵ i2 = −1)
z1− z2 = z1+ (−1)z2 = (a+ib) + (−1)(c+id) = 12 + 5i
= (a+ib) + (−c − id) Ex. 2) z1 = 2−7i, z2 = 4−3i, z3 = 1+i then
= (a−c) + i (b−d) (2 z1) . (z2) . (z3) = 2(2−7i) . (4−3i) . (1+i)
Hence, Re(z1− z2) = Re(z1) − Re(z2) = (4−14i) . [4+4i−3i−3i2]
Im(z1− z2) = Im(z1) − Im(z2) = (4−14i) . [7+i]

Ex. 1) z1 = 4+3i, z2 = 2+i = 28 + 4i−98i−14i2

∴ z1− z2 = (4+3i) − (2+i) = 42−94i

= (4−2) + (3−1) i
Properties of Multiplication :
= 2 + 2i
i) z1.z2 = z2.z1 (commutative)
2) z1 = 7+i, z2 = 4i, z3 = −3+2i
ii) (z1.z2).z3 = z1.(z2..z3) (associative)
then 2z1 − (5z2 + 2z3)
iii) (z1.1) = 1.z1 = z1 (identity)
= 2(7+i) − [5(4i) + 2(−3+2i)]
= 14 + 2i − [20i − 6 + 4i] iv) (z1.z2) = z1 . z2 (Verify)

= 14 + 2i − [− 6 + 24i] v) If z = a+ib z.z = a2 + b2

= 14 + 2i + 6 − 24i
= 20 − 22i

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1.2.7. Powers of i : We have −1 = i, i2 = −1, 1.2.8 Division of complex number :
i3 = −i, i4 = 1. Let us consider in, where n is a Let z1 = a+ib and z2 = c+id be any two
positive integer and n > 4. complex numbers such that z2 ≠ 0
We divide n by 4 and obtain the remainder 'r'. Now,
Let m be the quotient. z1 a+ib
z2 = c+id where z2 ≠ 0 i.e. c+id ≠ 0
Then, n = 4m + r, where 0 ≤ r < 4
∴ in = i4m + r = i4m. ir = (i4)m. ir = 1.ir = ir Multiply and divide by conjugate of z2.
z1 a+ib c−id
Similarly, ∴ = ×
z2 c+id c−id
1
i4m = 1 = 4m = i−4m (a + ib) (c − id)
i =
(c + id) (c − id)
i2 = −1, i3 = i × i2 = −i
(ac+bd)+(bc − ad)i
=
1 i i c 2 +d 2
i−1 = = 2 = = −i
i i −1 ac+bd bc ad
= i
The above equations help us to find ik for any c 2 +d 2 c 2 +d 2
integer k.
 ac+bd  bc ad
Where  2 2   R and R
 c +d  c 2 +d 2

Illustration : If z1 = 3+2i, & z2 = 1+i,

z1 3+2i
then z = 1+i
2

By multiplying numerator and denominator with

z2=1−i
z1 3+2i 1−i
z = 1+i × 1−i
2
Fig. 1.1
3−3i+2i−2i2
e.g. (i) i50 = (i4)12. i2 = i2 = −1 = 1+1
(ii) i318 = (i4)79. i2 = −1 5−i
= 2
(iii) i999 = (i4)249+3 = (i4)249 . i3 = −i z1 5 1
∴ z = 2 − i
Remark : In general, 2 2
i4n = 1, i4n+1 = i, Properties of Division :
i4n+2 = −1, i4n+3 = −i where n ∈ Z 1 1 i i
1) = i × = −1 = −i
i i
1 a−ib
2) = 2 2
a+ib a +b

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 Ex. 4 : If x + 2i + 15i6y = 7x + i3 (y+4)
SOLVED EXAMPLES
find x + y, given that x, y ∈ R.

Ex. 1 : Write (1+2i) (1+3i) (2+i)−1 in the form Solution :

a+ib x + 2i + 15i6y = 7x + i3 (y+4)
∴ x + 2i − 15y = 7x − (y+4) i
Solution :
(1+2i)(1+3i) (∵ i6 = −1, i3 = −i)
(1+2i) (1+3i) (2+i)−1 =
2+i
∴ x − 15y + 2i = 7x − (y+4) i
1+3i+2i+6i 2 −5+5i 2−i
=
2+i
= 2+i ×
2−i Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
−10+5i+10i−5i2 −5+15i x − 15y = 7x and 2 = −(y+4)
= = 4+1 (∴ i2 = −1)
4−i2 ∴ −6x − 15y = 0 .... (i) y+6 = 0 ....(ii)
−5+15i ∴ y = −6, x = 15 [Solving (i) and (ii)]
= = −1 + 3i
5
∴ x + y = 15 − 6 = 9
1 2 3 5
Ex. 2 : (Activity) Express + i2 + 3 + i4
i i 3
in the form of (a + ib).  3 i
Ex. 5 : Show that  +  = i.
Solution : i2 = −1, i3 = −i, i4 = 1  2 2
1 1 1 1 Solution :
= , i2 = , 3 = , i4 =
i i
3 3
 3 i   3 +i 
1 2 3 5 L.H.S. =  +  =  
∴ + i2 + 3 + i4  2 2  2 
i i
( 3) ( 3) i + 3
3 2
= 1( )+2( )+3( )+5( ) +3 3i 2 + (i )3
= +i =
( 2) 3
∴ a= , b=
3 3 + 9i − 3 3 − i
=
Ex. 3 : If a and b are real and 8
(i4+3i)a + (i−1)b + 5i3 = 0, find a and b. 8i
= 8
Solution : (i4+3i)a + (i−1)b + 5i3 = 0+0i
= i
i.e. (1+3i)a + (i−1)b − 5i = 0+0i
= R.H.S.
∴ a + 3ai + bi − b − 5i = 0+0i
i.e. (a−b) + (3a+b−5)i = 0+0i
By equality of complex numbers, we get
a−b = 0 and 3a+b−5 = 0 EXERCISE 1.1
∴ a=b and 3a+b = 5
1) Simplify :
∴ 3a+a = 5
∴ 4a = 5 i) −16 + 3 −25 + −36 − −625
5
∴a =
4 ii) 4 −4 + 5 −9 − 3 −16
5
∴a=b =
4

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2) Write the conjugates of the following 8) Show that 1 + i10 + i20 + i30 is a real number.
complex numbers
9) Find the value of
i) 3+i ii) 3− i iii) − 5 − 7i i) i49 + i68 + i89 + i110
iv) − −5 v) 5i vi) 5−i
ii) i + i2 + i3 + i4
vii) 2 + 3i viii) cosq + i sinq
i592 + i590 + i588 + i586+ i584
3) Find a and b if 10) Simplify :
i582 + i580 + i578 + i576+ i574
i) a + 2b + 2ai = 4 + 6i 11) Find the value of 1 + i2 + i4 + i6+ i8 + ...+i20
ii) (a-b) + (a+b)i = a + 5i
12) Show that 1 + i10 + i100 − i1000 = 0.
iii) (a+b) (2 + i) = b + 1 + (10 + 2a)i
iv) abi = 3a − b + 12i 13) Is (1 + i14 + i18 + i22) a real number? Justify
your answer.
1
v) = 3 − 2i
a + ib
14) Evaluate :  i 37  167 
vi) (a + ib) (1 + i) = 2 + i  i 
4
4) Express the following in the form of a+ib,  1
15) Prove that (1+i) × 1   = 16.
4

a, b∈R i = −1 . State the values of a and b.  i

i) (1+2i)(−2+i) ii) (1+i)(1−i)−1 i6+i7+i8+ i9
16) Find the value of
i(4+3i) (2+i) i2+i3
iii) (1−i) iv) (3−i) (1+2i)
1  3i −1 − 3i
17) If a = , b= then
2 2
1 i 
2
3+2i 3−2i
v)   vi) +
 1 i  2−5i 2+5i show that a2 = b and b2 = a.
2  3 x y
vii) (1+i)−3 viii) 18) If x+iy = (a+ib)3, show that a + b = 4(a2−b2)
4  3
a+3i
19) If = 1−i, show that (5a−7b) = 0.
2+ib
ix) ( 5  2 4 )  (1  9 )  (2  3i )(2  3i )
a + ib
4i 8  3i 9  3 20) If x+iy = ,
x) (2+3i)(2−3i) xi) 11 c + id
3i  4i10  2
a2+b2
prove that (x2+y2)2 =
5) Show that (1  3i )3 is a real number. c2+d2
1+i
 2 21) If (a+ib) =
1−i
, then prove that (a2+b2) = 1.
6) Find the value of  3   (i6−i7)(1+i11)
 i
7) Evaluate the following :
 7 i 3 7 i 3 
22) Show that    is real.
 7 i 3 7  i 3 
i) i35 ii) i888 iii) i93 iv) i116
1 23) If (x+iy)3 = y+vi the show that
v) i403 vi) 58 vii) i−888
i
y v
viii) i30 + i40 + i50 + i60    = 4(x −y )
2 2

 x y 

6
24) Find the value of x and y which satisfy the put b2 = m
following equations (x, y∈R) ∴ m2+6m−16 = 0
i) (x+2y) + (2x−3y) i + 4i = 5 ∴ (m+8)(m−2) = 0
x+1 y−1 ∴ m = −8 or m = 2
ii) + =i
1+i 1−i
i.e. b2 = −8 or b2 = 2
(x+iy) 2+i 9
iii) + = 13 (1+i) but b is a real number ∴ b2 ≠ −8
2+3i 2−3i
iv) If x(1+3i) + y(2−i) − 5 + i3 = 0, find x+y So, b2 = 2 ∴ b= ± 2

v) If x+2i+15i6y = 7x+i3 (y+4), find x+y For, b = 2 , a = 2 2

1.3 Square root of a complex number : ∴ 6 + 8i = 2 2 + 2i= 2 (2+ i)

Consider z = x+iy be any complex number For, b = − 2 , a = −2 2
Let x + iy = a+ib, a, b∈R ∴ 6 + 8i = −2 2 − 2 i = − 2 (2+ i)
On squaring both the sides, we get
∴ 6 + 8i = ± 2 (2+ i)
x+iy = (a+ib)2
x+iy = (a2−b2) + (2ab) i Ex. 2 : Find the square root of 3 − 4i

Equating real and imaginary parts, we get Solution :

x = (a2−b2) and y = 2ab Let 3 − 4i = a+ib a, b∈R

Solving these equations simultaneously, we can On squaring both the sides, we have
get the values of a and b. 3 − 4i = (a+ib)2
∴ 3 − 4i = (a2−b2) + (2ab) i
Solved Examples:
Equating real and imaginary parts, we have
Ex.1 : Find the square root of 6+8i.
a2−b2 = 3, 2ab = −4
Solution :
As (a2+b2)2 = (a2−b2)2 + (2ab)2
Let, 6 + 8i = a+ib (a, b∈R)
(a2+b2)2 = 32 + (−4)2 = 9 + 16 = 25
On squaring both the sides, we get
(a2+b2)2 = 52
2
6+8i = (a+ib) ∴ a2+b2 = 5
∴ 6+8i = (a2−b2) + (2ab) i Solving a2+b2 = 5 and a2−b2 = 3 we get
Equating real and imaginary parts, we have 2a2 = 8
6 = a2−b2 .... (1) a2 = 4
∴ a = ±2
8 = 2ab .... (2)
4 For a = 2;
∴ a = b
−4 −4
4
2
b= = = −1
∴ (1) becomes 6 =   − b2 2a 2(2)
b −4
16 For, a = −2, b = =1
i.e. 6 = 2 − b2 2(−2)
b
∴ 3 − 4i = 2 − i or −2 + i
∴ b4+6b2−16 = 0 i.e. (b2)2 + 6b2 − 16 = 0

7
1.4 Fundamental Theorem of Algebra : Ex. 2 : Solve x2−(2 3 + 3i) x + 6 3 i = 0
'A polynomial equation with real coefficients
Solution : Given equation is
has at least one root' in C.
or 'A polynomial equation with complex x2−(2 3 + 3i) x + 6 3 i = 0
coefficients and of degree n has n complex roots'. The method of finding the roots of
1.4.1 Solution of a Quadratic Equation in ax2 + bx + c = 0, is applicable even if a, b, c
complex number system : −b ± b 2 − 4ac
Let the given equation be ax2 + bx + c = 0 are complex numbers. where x =
2a
where a, b, c∈R and a ≠ 0
Here, a = 1, b = −(2 3 + 3i), c = 6 3 i
∴ The solution of this quadratic equation is
given by b2 − 4ac = [−(2 3 + 3i)]2 − 4 × 1 × 6 3 i

−b ± b 2 − 4ac = 12 − 9 + 12 3 i − 24 3 i
x =
2a = 3 − 12 3 i
Hence, the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
= 3 (1 − 4 3 i)
−b + b 2 − 4ac −b − b 2 − 4ac
are and So, the given equation has complex roots. These
2a 2a
roots are given by
The expression (b2−4ac) = D is called the
discriminant. (2 )
3 + 3i ± 3(1 − 4 3 i )
If D < 0 then the roots of the given quadratic x =
2
equation are complex.
Now, we shall find 1 − 4 3 i
Note : If p + iq is the root of equation ax2 + bx + c
= 0 where a, b, c∈R and a ≠ 0 then p − iq is also Let a + ib = 1 − 4 3 i
a solution of the given equation. Thus, complex
∴ a2 − b2 + 2iab = 1− 4 3 i
roots occur in conjugate pairs.
∴ a2 − b2 = 1 and 2ab = −4 3
Solved Examples :
Ex. 1 : Solve x2 + x + 1 = 0 a2 − b2 = 1 and ab = −2 3
Solution : Given equation is x2 + x + 1 = 0 Consider (a2 + b2)2 = (a2 − b2)2 + 4 a2b2
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get
= 1 + 4 (12) = 49
a = 1, b = 1, c = 1
∴ a2 + b2 = 7 ...(1)
These roots are given by
and also a2 − b2 = 1 ...(2)
−b ± b − 4ac
2

x = Solving (1) and (2)

2a
2a2 = 8 ∴ a2 = 4
−1 ± −3
=
2 ∴ a = ±2 and b = ± 3

−1 ± 3 i ∴ We have four choices

=
2 a = 2, b= 3 ... (3)
−1 + 3 i −1 − 3 i
∴ Roots are and a = 2, b=− 3 ... (4)
2 2

8
 a = −2, b= 3 ... (5) Ex. 4 : If x = −5 + 2 −4 , find the value of
a = −2, b=− 3 ... (6) x4 + 9x3 + 35x2 − x + 64.

With this combination, the condition Solution : x = −5 + 2 −4 = −5 + 2(2i) = −5 + 4i

ab = −2 3 should also be satisfied. Let P(x) = x4 + 9x3 + 35x2 − x + 64
We can verify the values of a and b given by Form the quadratic expression q(x) with real
(4) and (5) satisfy the condition and that from (3)
coefficients and roots α = −5+4i and α = −5−4i.
and (6) do not satisfy the condition.
α α = (−5+4i)(−5−4i) = 25 + 16 = 41
Hence, a = 2, b=− 3
α + α = (−5+4i) + (−5−4i) = −10
and a = −2, b= 3
Therefore q(x) = x2 + 10x + 41
∴ 1 − 4 3 i = ± (2 − 3 i) Now q(α) = α2 + 10α + 41 = 0 ...(1)
∴ The roots are given by We divide the given polynomial

x =
(2 )
3 + 3i ± 3 2 − 3 i( ) p(x) by q(x).
x2−x+4
2
So, the roots are 2 3 and 3i. x2+10x+41 x4+ 9x3+35x2 −x+64
x4+10x3+41x2
Ex. 3 : Find the value of x3 − x2 + 2x + 10
− x3 + 6x2 − x
when x = 1 + 3 i. − x3 −10x2 − 41x
Solution : Since x = 1 + 3i 4x2 + 40x + 64
∴ x−1 = 3i 4x2 + 40x +164
squaring both sides, we get
− 100
(x−1)2 = ( 3 i)2
∴ p(x) = (x2 + 10x + 41) (x2 − x + 4) − 100
∴ x2 − 2x + 1 = 3i2
∴ p(α) = q(α) (α2 − α + 4) − 100
i.e. x2 −2x +1 = −3 ∴ p(α) = 0 − 100 = − 100 (By I)
∴ x2 − 2x = −4 ........ (I)

x3− x2 +2x + 10 = x3 − (x2 − 2x) + 10 (By I)

EXERCISE 1.2
= x3 − (−4) + 10 = x3 + 14

= (1 + 3 i)3 + 14 1) Find the square root of the following

complex numbers
= 1 + 3 3 i − 9 − 3 3 i + 14
i) −8−6i ii) 7+24i iii) 1+4 3 i
=6 iv) 3+2 10 i v) 2(1− 3 i)

9
2) Solve the following quadratic equations. is called the real axis. Similarly, y = Im(z) is
represented on the Y-axis, so the Y-axis is called
i) 8x2 + 2x + 1 = 0
the imaginary axis.
ii) 2x2 − 3 x + 1 = 0
iii) 3x2 − 7x + 5 = 0
iv) x2− 4x + 13 = 0
3) Solve the following quadratic equations.
i) x2 + 3ix + 10 = 0
ii) 2x2 + 3ix + 2 = 0
iii) x2 + 4ix − 4 = 0
iv) ix2− 4x − 4i = 0
4) Solve the following quadratic equations. Fig. 1.2
i) x2 − (2+i) x −(1−7i) = 0 e.g. (1) (1, 2) ≡ 1 + 2i (2) −4+3i ≡ (−4, 3)
ii) x − (3 2 +2i) x + 6 2 i = 0
2
(3) (0, 0) ≡ 0 + 0i (4) 5+0i ≡ (5, 0)
iii) x2 − (5−i) x + (18+i) = 0 (5) (0, −1) ≡ 0 − i (6) −2−2i ≡ (−2,−2)
iv) (2 + i)x2− (5−i) x +2 (1−i) = 0
A diagram which represents complex
5) Find the value of numbers by points in a plane with reference to
the real and imaginary axes is called Argand's
i) x3 − x2+x+46, if x = 2+3i. diagram on complex plane.
25
ii) 2x3 − 11x2+44x+27, if x = 3−4i .
1.5.1 Modulus of z :
5
iii) x3 + x2−x+22, if x = 1−2i . If z = a+ib is a complex number then the
modulus of z, denoted by | z | or r, is defined as
iv) x4 +9 x3+35x2−x+4, if x = −5+ −4 .
| z | = a 2 + b 2 . (From fig. 1.3), point P(a, b)
v) 2x4 + 5x3+7x2−x+41, if x = −2− 3 i. represents the complex number z = a+ib.

1.5 Argand Diagram or Complex Plane : ∴r=|z|= a 2 + b 2 = OP

A complex number z = x + iy, x, y∈R and Hence, modulus of z is the distance of
i = −1 is expressed as a point in the plane whose point P from the origin where the point P
co-ordinates are ordered pair (x, y). Jean Robert represents the complex number z in the plane.
Argand used the one to one correspondence e.g. For, z = 4 + 3i,
between a complex number and the points in a Modulus of z = | z | = 16 + 9 = 25 = 5
the plane.
1.5.2 Argument of z :
Let z = x + iy be a complex number.
Then the point P(x, y) represents the complex OP makes an angle q with positive direction
number z = x + iy (fig.1.2) i.e. x + iy ≡ (x, y), of X-axis. q is called the argument or amplitude
x = Re(z) is represented on the X-axis. So, X-axis of the complex number z = a+ib, denoted by
arg(z).
10
 b
∴ q = tan−1 =   = arg(z),
a
e.g. If z = 2+2i then
2
arg(z) = q = tan−1  
2
p
∴ tan−1(1) =
4

Note : If tan x = y then its inverse funtion is given

by x = tan−1 y or x = arc tan y
Fig. 1.3
eg:
p 1  1  p
b a 1) As tan = then tan−1 =  =
∴ sinq = r , cosq = r , r ≠ 0 6 3  3 6

∴ b = rsinq , a = rcosq  π p
2) As tan  −  = − tan = −1 then
b  4 4
and tanq = a , if a ≠ 0
π
tan−1 (−1) = −
4

1.5.3 Argument of z in different quadrants/axes :

θ = arg z
b
z = a + ib Example Quadrant/Axis = tan−1   , from Example
a
(0 ≤ θ < 2π)
On positive real
a > 0, b = 0 z=3 θ=0 θ=0
(X) axis
b
θ = tan−1   ,
a > 0, b > 0 z=1+i In quadrant I a
p 1 p
θ = tan−1   =
(0 < θ < )  
1 4
2
On Positive p p
a = 0, b < 0 z = 5i θ= θ=
imaginary (Y) axis 2 2

b  1 
θ = tan−1   + π θ = tan−1   +π
a < 0, b > 0 z=− 3 +i In quadrant II p a − 3
( < θ < π) −π 5p
2 = +π= )
6 6
On negative real
a < 0, b = 0 z = −6 θ=π θ=π
(X) axis

11
 b  3
θ = tan−1   + π θ = tan−1  +π
a < 0, b < 0
a  1 
z = −1 − 3i In quadrant III
3p  
π 4p
(π < θ < ) = +π= )
2 3 3
On negative 3p 3p
a = 0, b < 0 z = −2i θ= 2 θ=
imaginary (Y) axis 2

b  1 
θ = tan−1   + 2π θ = tan−1   + 2π
a  1 
a > 0, b < 0 z=1−i In quadrant IV 3p
3p 
( < θ < 2π) = + 2π = )
2 4 4
v) | z 1 z 2 | = | z 1| | z 2|
SOLVED EXAMPLES
z1 |z |
vi) = |z1| , z2 ≠ 0
Ex. 1 : If z = 1+3i, find the modulus and amplitude z2 2

of z. vii) | z1 + z2| ≤ | z1| + | z2|

Solution : z = 1+3i here a=1, b=3 and a, b > 0 viii) | z1 + z2|2 = | z1|2 + | z2|2 + 2Re (z1 z2 )
∴ | z | = 12 + 32 = 10
ix) | z1 − z2|2 = | z1|2 + | z2|2 − 2Re (z1 z2 )
b 3
amp z = tan−1   = tan−1   = tan−1 (3) x) | z1 + z2|2 + | z1− z2|2 = 2(| z1|2 + | z2|2)
a 1
xi) | az1 − bz2|2 + | bz1+ az2|2
Ex. 2 : Find the modulus, argument of the
complex number −7 + 24i. = (a2+b2) (| z1|2 + | z2|2) where a, b∈R
Solution : let z = −7+24i a = −7, b = 24 Properties of arguments :
∴|z|= (7) + (24) =
2 2
625 = 25 1) arg (z1. z2) = arg z1 + arg z2
Here, z1
2) arg = arg z1 − arg z2
b z2
arg z = tan−1   = tan−1  
24
a 3) arg z + arg z = 0, arg (z z ) = 0
 7 
1
4) arg z = − arg z = arg
As a < 0, b > 0, q lies in 2nd quadrant. z
5) If arg z = 0 then z is real
Properties of modulus of complex numbers :
1.5.4 Polar form of a complex number :
If z1, z2, z3 are complex numbers, then
Let the complex number z = a+ib be
i) | z | = 0 ⇔ z = 0 i.e. Re (z) = Im (z) = 0 represented by the point P(a, b) (see fig 1.4)
ii) | z | = | −z | = | z | = |− z | b
Let m∠XOP = q = tan−1   and l(OP) = r
iii) −| z | ≤ Re (z) ≤ | z |; −| z | ≤ Im (z) ≤ | z | a
= a 2 + b 2 >0, then P(r, q) are called the Polar
iv) z z = | z |2
Co-ordinates of P.

12
 We call the origin as pole. (figure 1.4)

−z z

−z z

Fig.1.4 Fig. 1.5

As a = rcosq, b = rsinq Thus, q together with r gives the position of
∴ z = a + ib becomes the point A in the Argand's diagram.
Hence, from the figure 1.5,
z = rcosq + irsinq
p 3p
∴ z = r(cosq + isinq) arg z = 45° = , arg (− z ) = 135° =
4 4
This is called polar form of complex number
z = a + ib 5p 7p
arg (−z) = 225° = , arg z = 315° =
4 4
1.5.5 Exponential form : Ex. 2 : Represent the following complex numbers
It is known and can be proved using special in the polar form and in the exponential form
series that eiq = cosq + isinq
i) 4+4 3 i ii) −2 iii) 3i iv) − 3 + i
∴ z = a + ib = r (cosq + isinq) = r eiq
Solution :
where r = | z | and q = arg z is called an
exponential form of complex number. i) Let, z = 4 + 4 3 i
a = 4, b = 4 3
Solved Example:
Ex. 1 : Represent the complex numbers r = 42 + (4 3 ) 2 = 16 + 48 = 64 = 8
z = 1+i, z = 1−i, − z = −1+i, −z = −1−i in As q lies in quadrant I
Argand's diagram and hence find their arguments
from the figure. b 4 3
q = tan−1   = tan−1  
Solution : a  4 
arg z is the angle made by the segment OA p
with the positive direction of the X-axis. (Fig.1.5) = tan−1( 3 ) = or 60°
3

13
∴ The polar form of z = 4 + 4 3 i is  1  π
= tan−1   +π= −6 +π

z = r (cosθ + i sinθ) − 3
5π
z = 8 (cos 60° + i sin 60°) =
6
π π ∴ The polar form of
= 8 (cos + i sin )
3 3 z = r (cosθ + i sinθ)
π 
i 
∴ The exponential form of z = 8 e 3 5π 5π
z = 2 (cos 6 + i sin )
6

ii) Let z = −2 ∴ The exponential form of

 5π 
i
∴ a = −2, b = 0 z = re = 2 e
iθ  6 


Hence, r = (−2) 2 + 02 = 4=2 3π i

Ex. 3 : Express z = .e 4
2.e in the a + ib form.
As point (−2, 0) lies on negative real axis 3π i
θ = πc or 180° Solution: z = .e 4
2.e = r eiθ

∴ The polar form of z = 2(cos180°+i sin180°) 3π

∴r= ,θ= 4
2.e
= 2 (cos π + isin π)
As the polar form of z is
∴ The exponential form of z = 2eiπ
z = r (cosθ + i sinθ)
iii) Let z = 3i 3π 3π
= 2.e(cos + i sin )
4 4
a=0, b=3
By using allied angles results in trigonometry, we
Hence, r = 02 + 32 = 3 get
As point (0, 3) lies on positive imaginary axis 3π  π π 1
πc cos = cos  π −  = − cos =−
4  4 4 2
θ = 2 or 90°
3π  π π 1
sin = sin  π −  = sin =
∴ The polar form of z = 3(cos90° + i sin90°) 4  4 4 2
π π
= 3 (cos 2 + i sin 2 )  −1  1  
∴ z = 2.e +i 
i π  2  2 
∴ The exponential form of z = 3e 2
= −1 + i
5π i π i
iv) Let, z = − 3 + i Ex. 4 : Express (i) 3.e 12 × 4.e 12
∴a=− 3, b=1
 π π 
2  cos + i sin 
r = (− 3 ) + 1 = 3 + 1 = 4 = 2
2 2
 12 12 
ii) in a + ib form
 5π 5π 
As (− 3 , 1) lies in quadrant II 2  cos + i sin 
 6 6 
b
q = tan−1   = π
a
14
 5π i π i
Solution: (i) 3.e 12 × 4.e 12 3) If z = 3 + 5i then represent the z , z , − z , − z in
Argand's diagram.
 5π π 
 + i
= (3 × 4) e 12 12 
4) Express the following complex numbers in
6π i π i polar form and exponential form.
= 12 e = 12 e
12 2 1
i) −1+ 3 i ii) −i iii) −1 iv) 1+i
 π π
= 12  cos + i sin  1+ 7i
 2 2 v)
1+ 2i
vi)
1−3i (2−i)2
= 12 (0 + i) = 12i
5) Express the following numbers in the form
 π π  π x+iy
2  cos + i sin  i
 12 12  e
2.e 12
π π
(ii) = 5π i) 3 (cos 6 + isin 6 )
 5π 5π  i
2  cos + i sin  2e 6
 6 6  7π 7π
ii) 2.e(cos 4 + isin 4 )
 2   12π − 56π  i  2   − 34π  i
= e = e   5π   5π 
 2   2  iii) 7  cos  −  + i sin  − 
  6   6 
 2    3π   3π  
 cos  −  + i sin  −  
-4π 5π i
=  π i i
 2   4   4  iv) e 3 v) e 3 vi) e 6

 2  1  1 
=    − +i−  6) Find the modulus and argument of the
 2  2  2  1+ 2i
complex number .
1 i 1−3i
= − −
2 2
7) Convert the complex number
i−1
EXERCISE 1.3 z= π π in the polar form.
cos 3 + isin 3

1) Find the modulus and amplitude for each of 8) For z = 2+3i verify the following :
the following complex numbers. i) ( z ) = z ii) z z = |z|2
i) 7 − 5i ii) i iii) −8 + 15i
3 + 2.e iii) (z+ z ) is real iv) z − z = 6i
iv) −3(1−i) v) −4−4i vi) 3 −i
9) z1 = 1 + i, z2 = 2 − 3i. Verify the following :
vii) 3 viii) 1 + i iv) 1 + i 3
i) z 1+ z 2 = z1 + z2
x) (1+2i)2 (1−i)
4 + 3i sin θ  ii) z1− z2 = z1 − z2
2) Find real values of q for which  
is purely real.  1 − 2i sin θ 
iii) z1 . z2 = z1 . z2
z1 z1
iv) z2 = z
2

15
1.6 De Moivres Theorem:  π  π
= cos  8 ×  + i sin  8 × 
If z1 = r1e iθ1
and z2 = r2e iθ2
 3  3
Then z1. z2 = (r1eiθ1) (r2eiθ2)  2π   2π 
= cos   − i sin  
= r1.r2 ei(θ1 + θ2)  3   3 
 8π 2π 
That is if two complex numbers are
 − 2π = 
multiplied then their modulii get multiplied and  3 3 
arguments get added.  π  π
= cos  π −  + i sin  π − 
 3  3
z1 r1eiθ1  r1  i (θ1 −θ2 )
= =   .e π  π 
z2 r2 eiθ2  r2  = − cos   + i sin  
3 3
That is, if one complex numbers is divided
by the other, then their modulii get divided and =−
1
+i
3
arguments get substracted. 2 2

π π 
15
In 1730, De Moivre propsoed the 
following theorem for finding the power of (ii)  cos − i sin 
 10 10 
a complex number z = r (cosθ + i sinθ), as
[r(cosθ + i sinθ)]n = rn (cos nθ + i sin nθ)]  15π   15π 
= cos   − i sin  
for any n ∈ z.  10   10 

The proof of this theorem can be given using  3π   3π 

= cos   − i sin  
the Method of Induction (Chapter 4).  2   2 
 π  π
For example: = cos  π +  − i sin  π + 
 2  2
i) (cosθ + i sinθ)5 = (cos5θ + i sin5θ)
π  π
ii) (cosθ + i sinθ)−1 = cos(−θ) + i sin (−θ) = − cos − i  − sin 
2  2
2
2  2  −0 − i (−1) = i
iii) (cosθ + i sinθ) 3 = cos  θ  + i sin  θ
=
3  3 
Solved Examples: (cos 5θ + i sin 5θ ) 2
(iii)
(cos 4θ − i sin 4θ )3
Ex. 1 Use De Moivres Theorom and simplify.
cos 10θ + i sin 10θ
=
π π
8
 cos 12θ − i sin 12θ
i)  cos + i sin 
 3 3 cos 10θ + i sin 10θ
=
π π  cos ( −12θ ) + i sin ( −12θ )
15

ii)  cos − i sin 
 10 10  = cos [10θ − (−12θ)] + i sin [10θ − (−12θ)]
( cos 5θ + i sin 5θ )
2

iii) = cos 22θ + i sin 22θ

( cos 4θ − i sin 4θ )
3

Ex. 2 Express (1 + i)4 in a + ib form.

π π
8
 Solution : Let z = 1 + i
Solution: (i)  cos + i sin 
 3 3
∴ x = 1, y = 1

16
 r = 11  2 , 1
= [(−1)2+2×(−1)×i 3 +(i 3 )2]
4
x
θ = tan−1 1
y = (1−2i 3 −3)
π 4
= tan−1 1 = 1
4 = (−2−2i 3 )
   4
∴ z = r(cosθ + isinθ) = 2 cos  i sin 
 4 4 −1−i 3
= 2
 
4 2
∴ z4 = (1 + i)4 =   1  i 3 
2 cos  i sin  Similarly it can be verified that  
 4 4 2
 
1  i 3
 4 4  =
= 2 cos  i sin
4 
2
 4
Thus cube roots of unity are 1,
= 2  cos   i sin  
2
1  i 3  1  i 3 
= 2  1  i(0)  , 
2

2  
2  1   2 = − 2 + 0i
2
= 1  i 3  1  i 3 
Let = w, then   = w2
2  2 
1.7 Cube roots of unity :
Hence, cube roots of unity are 1, w, w2
Number 1 is often called unity. Let x be the 2
cube root of unity i.e. 1  1  i 3   1  i 3 
where w =   and w2 =  
∴ x3 = 1  2   2 
∴ x3 −1 = 0 2p i 4p i
Also note that 1 = e2pi, w = e 3 , w2 = e 3
∴ (x −1)(x2 + x +1) = 0
∴ x −1 = 0 or x2 + x +1 = 0 Properties of 1, w, w2
i) w is complex cube root of 1.
1  (1) 2  4 11
∴ x = 1 or x = ∴ w3 = 1
2 1

1  3 ii) w3 −1 = 0
∴ x = 1 or x = i.e. (w −1) (w2 +w+1) = 0
2
∴ w =1 or w2 +w+1 = 0
1  i 3
∴ x = 1 or x = but w ≠1
2
∴ Cube roots of unity are ∴ w2 +w+1 = 0
1
1  i 3 −1 − i 3 iii) w2 =
1
and w2 = w
1, , w
2 2
Among the three cube roots of unity, one is iv) w = 1 so w3n = 1
3

real and other two roots are complex conjugates v) w4 = w3 .w = w so w3n+1 = w

of each other. vi) w5 = w2 .w3 = w2.1 = w2 So w3n+2 = w2
2
 1  i 3  vii) w = w2
=  
 2  viii) w 2 = w

17
1.8 Set of points in complex plane Illustration:

If z = x + iy represents the variable point For z1 = 2 +3i , z2 = 1 +i and z = x + iy

P(x,y) and z1 = x1 + iy1, represents the fixed point
A (x1,y1) then (i) z−z1 represents the length of (i) z − z1 = ( x + iy ) − (2 + 3i ) = x + iy − 2 − 3i
AP
= ( x − 2) + i ( y − 3) = ( x − 2) + ( y − 3)
2 2

represents the distance between (x,y) and

(2,3).

(ii) If z − z1 = 5 , then
Fig. 1.6
( x + iy ) − (−1 + i ) = ( x + 1) + i ( y − 1) = 5
(2) z−z1= a represents the circle with centre
A(x1,y1) and radius a. ∴ ( x + 1) 2 + ( y − 1) 2 = 5

∴ ( x + 1) 2 + ( y − 1) 2 = 52
represents the circle with centre (−1,1) and
= P(z) radius 5.

(iii) If z − z1 = z − z2 then
A(z1)
( x + iy ) − (2 + 3i ) = ( x + iy ) − (−1 + i )
∴ ( x − 2) + i ( y − 3) = ( x + 1) + i ( y − 1)
∴ ( x − 2) 2 + ( y − 3) 2 = ( x + 1) 2 + ( y − 1) 2

Fig. 1.7 ∴ x2 − 4 x + 4 + y 2 − 6 y + 9 = x2 + 2x + 1 + y 2 − 2 y + 1
x2 − 4 x + 4 + y 2 − 6 y + 9 = x2 + 2x + 1 + y 2 − 2 y + 1
(3) z−z1=z−z2represents the perpendicular
bisector of the line joining the points A and ∴ −6 x + 4 y + 11 = 0 i.e. 6 x + 4 y − 11 = 0
B.
represents the perpendicular bisector of line
joining points (2,3) and (−1,1).

(z2) SOLVED EXAMPLES

A(z1) Ex. 1 : If w is a complex cube root of unity, then

prove that
(z) 1 1
i) + w2 = −1
w
ii) (1+ w2)3 = −1

iii) (1−w+w2)3 = −8
Fig. 1.8
Solution : Given, w is a complex cube root of
unity.
∴ w3 = 1 Also w2 +w+1 = 0

18
 ∴ w2 +1 = − w and w +1 = − w2 = [(1−w)(1−w2)]2
1 1 w+1 −w2
i) + w2 = = w2 = −1 = (1−w2−w+w3)2
w w2
ii) (1+ w2)3 = (−w)3 = −w3 = −1 = [1−(w2+w)+1]2
= [1−(−1)+1]2 = (1+1+1)2 = (3)2 = 9
iii) (1−w+w2)3 = (1+w2−w)3
= (−w−w)3 (∵ 1 +w2 = −w) Ex. 3 : If w is a complex cube root of unity such
that x=a+b, y=aw+bw2 and z=aw2+bw, a, b∈R
= (−2w)3 = −8 w3 = −8 × 1 = −8
prove that
Ex. 2 : If w is a complex cube root of unity, then i) x+y+z=0 ii) x3+y3+z3=3(a3+b3)
show that
Solution : Since w is a complex cube root of unity
i) (1−w+w2)5 + (1+w−w2)5 = 32
∴ w3 = 1 and w2 +w+1 = 0 but w ≠ 1 given
ii) (1−w)(1−w ) (1−w )(1−w ) = 9
2 4 5
∴ w2 +1 = −w, w+1 = − w2, w3 = w6 = 1
Solution :
i) x+y+z = a+b+aw+bw2+aw2+bw
i) Since w = 1
3

= a(1+w+w2)+b(1+w+w2)
and w ≠ 1 ∴ w +w+1 = 0
2

= a.0 + b.0
Also w2 +1 = − w, w2 +w = −1
= 0
and w +1 = − w2
Now, (1−w+w2)5 ii) x3 = a3+3a2b+3ab2+b3

= (−w−w)5 (∵ 1 +w2 = −w) y3 = a3w3+3a2bw4+3ab2w5+b3w6

= (−2w)5 z3 = a3w6+3a2bw5+3ab2w4+b3w3

= −32w5 adding the above three equations

x3+y3+z3 = a3(1+w3+w6)+3a2b(1+w+w2) +
(1+w−w2)5 = (−w2−w2)5
3ab2 (1+w2+w)+b3(1+w6+w3)

= (−2w2)5
= 3a3 +3a2b(0) +3ab2(0)+3b3
= −32w 10
= 3(a3 + b3)
∴ (1−w+w2)5 + (1+w−w2)5 = −32w5−32w10
Ex. 4 : Prove that
= −32w (1+w )
5 2
1+wn+w2n = 3, if n is multiple of 3
= −32w5×(−w) = 32w6 = 32(w3)2 1+wn+w2n = 0, if n is not multiple of 3, n∈N
= 32 × (1)2 = 32
Solution : for n, k∈N, if n is multiple of 3 then
n=3k and if n is not multiple of 3 then n=3k+1 or
ii) (1−w)(1−w2) (1−w4)(1−w5)
3k+2
= (1−w)(1−w2) (1−w3.w)(1−w3.w2) ∴ if n is multiple of 3
= (1−w)(1−w ) (1−w)(1−w )
2 2
i.e. n=3k
= (1−w)2(1−w2)2 then 1+wn+w2n = 1+w3k+w2×3k

19

= 1+(w3)k+(w3)2k 4) If α and β are the complex cube root of unity,
show that
= 1+(1)k+(1)2k

(a) α2+β2+αβ = 0
=1+1+1
(b) α4+β4+α−1β−1 = 0
=3
If n = 3k + r , r = 1,2. 5) If x = a+b, y = αa+βb and z = aβ+bα where
α and β are the complex cube-roots of unity,
As w is complex root of Unity. show that xyz = a3+b3
wr, r = 1,2 is also complex root of Unity. 6) Find the equation in cartesian coordinates of
∴1+w +w =0 r 2r the locus of z if
we have, 1+wn+w2n=0, if n is not a multiple of 3. (i) z = 10 (ii) z − 3 = 2
(iii) z − 5 + 6i = 5 (iv) z + 8 = z − 4
(v) z − 2 − 2i = z + 2 + 2i
EXERCISE 1.4
(vi) z + 3i = 1
z − 6i
1) Find the value of
i) w18 ii) w21 iii) w−30 iv) w−105 7) Use De Moivres theorem and simplify the
following
If w is a complex cube root of unity, show ( cos 2θ + i sin 2θ )
7
2)
i)
that ( cos 4θ + i sin 4θ )
3

i) (2−w)(2−w2) =7
cos 5θ + i sin 5θ
ii) (1+w−w2)6 = 64 ii)
( cos 3θ − i sin 3θ )
2

iii) (1+w)3−(1+w2)3 = 0
7π 7π 
4

iv) (2+w+w ) −(1−3w+w ) = 65
2 3 2 3
 cos + i sin 
iii) 
13 13 
v) (3+3w+5w2)6 −(2+6w+2w2)3 = 0
4π 4π 
6

a+bw+cw2  cos − i sin 
vi) = w2  13 13 
c+aw+bw2
vii) (a + b) + (aw + bw2) + (aw2 + bw) = 0 8) Express the following in the form a + ib,
a, b∈ R, using De Moivre's theorem.
viii) (a − b) (a − bw) (a − bw2) = a3 − b3
ix) (a + b)2 + (aw + bw2)2 + (aw2 + bw)2 = i) (1 − i)5 ii) (1 + i)6 iii) (1 − 3 i)4
6ab
iv) (−2 3 − 2i)5
3) If w is a complex cube root of unity, find the
value of Let's Remember
1
i) w+ ii) w2+w3+w4 iii) (1+w2)3
w ∙ A number a+ib, where a, b∈ R and i = −1 ,
iv) (1−w−w2)3 + (1−w+w2)3 is a complex number.
v) (1+w)(1+w2)(1+w4)(1+w8) ∙ Let z1 = a+ib and z2 = c+id. Then
z1 + z2 = (a+c) + (b+d)i

20
 z1 − z2 = (a−c) + (b−d)i 4) If w is a complex cube root of unity, then the
z1. z2 = (ac−bd) + (ad+bc)i value of w99+w100+w101 is :

z1  ac + bd   bc − ad  A) −1 B) 1 C) 0 D) 3
= + i z z
z2  c 2 + d 2   c 2 + d 2  5) If z=r(cosq+isinq), then the value of
+
z z
∙ For any non-zero complex number z = a+ib A) cos2q B) 2cos2q C) 2cosq D) 2sinq
1 a −b
= +i 2 2
z a2+b2 a +b 6) If w(≠1) is a cube root of unity and (1+w)7
∙ For any positive integer k, = A + Bw, then A and B are respectively the
i4k = 1, i4k+1 = i, i4k+2 = −1, i4k+3 = − i numbers
A) 0, 1 B) 1,1 C) 1, 0 D) −1,1
∙ The conjugate of z = a+ib is z , is given by z
= a−ib 7) The modulus and argument of (1+i 3 )8 are
respectively
∙ The polar form of the complex number
2π 8π
z = x+iy is r (cosq + i sinq) = r eiθ where A) 2 and 3 B) 256 and 3
r = x 2 + y 2 is called modulus and 2π 4π
y
cosq = x , sinq =
C) 256 and 3 D) 64 and 3
(q is called argument
r r
 y 8) If arg(z) = q, then arg (z) =
of z) arg (z) = tan−1   .
x A) − q B) q C) π−q D) π+q
∙ w is complex cute root of unity then
1 + w + w2 = 0 , w3 = 1. 9) If −1+ 3 i =reiq , then q = ................. .
2π π π 2π
A) − 3 B) 3 C) − 3 D) 3
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE - 1
10) If z = x+iy and |z−zi| = 1 then
I) Select the correct answer from the given A) z lies on x-asis B) z lies on y-asis
alternatives. D) z lies on a rectangle C) z lies on a circle
1) If n is an odd positive integer then the value of II) Answer the following.
1 + (i)2n + (i)4n + (i)6n is :
1) Simplify the following and express in the
A) −4i B) 0 C) 4i D) 4 form a+ib.
i) 3+ −64 ii) (2i3)2 iii) (2+3i)(1−4i)
i592+i590+i588+i586+i584
2) The value of is 582 580 578 576 574 is equal
i +i +i +i +i 5 4+3i
to : iv) 2 i(−4−3i) v) (1+3i)2(3+i) vi)
1−i
A) −2 B) 1 C) 0 D) −1
2 4 5 + 3i
vii) (1+ i ) (3+ i ) (5+i)−1 viii)
3) −3 −6 is equal to 5 − 3i

A) −3 2 B) 3 2 C) 3 2 i D)− 3 2 i ix) 3i
5
+2i7+i9 x)
5+7i
+
5+7i
i6+2i8+3i18 4+3i 4−3i

21
2) Solve the following equations for x, y∈R 8
 1+ i   1− i 
8

i) (4−5i)x + (2+3i)y = 10−7i 11) Show that   +  = 2.

 2  2
x+iy
ii) = 7−i 12) Convert the complex numbers in polar form
2+3i
and also in exponential form.
iii) (x+iy) (5+6i) = 2+3i
2 + 6 3i
iv) 2x+i9y (2+i) = xi7+10i16 i) z=
5 + 3i
3) Evaluate i) (1−i+i2)−15 ii) (i131+i49) ii) z = −6+ 2 i
4) Find the value of −3 3 3 i
iii) +
i) x3+2x2−3x+21, if x = 1+2i. 2 2
ii) x4+9x3+35x2−x+164, if x = −5+4i. a+ib
13) If x+iy = , prove that x2+y2 =1.
a−ib
5) Find the square roots of 3
 −1 + −3 
i) −16+30i ii) 15−8i iii) 2+2 3 i 14) Show that z =   is a rational
 2 
number.
iv) 18i v) 3−4i vi) 6+8i
1−2i 1+2i
15) Show that + is real.
6) Find the modulus and amplitude of each 3−4i 3+4i
complex number and express it in the polar i29+i39+i49  65 1 
form. 16) Simplify i) ii)  i + 145 
i30+i40+i50  i 
1 + 3i −1 − i
i) 8+15i ii) 6−i iii) iv) i238+i236+i234+i232+i230
2 2 iii)
i228+i226+i224+i222+i220
1 1
v) 2i vi) −3i vii) + i 3
2 2 17) Simplify
1
+ 3+4i
1−2i 1+i 2−4i
7) Represent 1+2i, 2−i, −3−2i, −2+3i by points
in Argand's diagram. 18) If α and β are complex cube roots of unity,
5 prove that (1−α)(1−β) (1−α2)(1−β2) = 9
8) Show that z = (1−i)(2−i)(3−i) is purely
imaginary number. 19) If w is a complex cube root of unity, prove
that (1−w+w2)6 +(1+w−w2)6 = 128
9) Find the real numbers x and y such that
y 20) If w is the cube root of unity then find the
x 5+6i
+ 3+2i = −1+8i value of
1+2i 18 18
 −1 + i 3   −1 − i 3 
1 i 10 1 i 10   +  
10) Show that ( + ) +( − ) =0  2   2 
2 2 2 2

v v v

22