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Simplified DBMS Notes

The document provides an overview of Database Management Systems (DBMS), covering key concepts such as the difference between database instances and schemas, advantages of DBMS, and data independence. It also discusses the ER model, normalization processes, SQL commands, transaction management, and security measures within databases. Additionally, it highlights the importance of performance tuning and the benefits of normalization for data reliability.

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8 views2 pages

Simplified DBMS Notes

The document provides an overview of Database Management Systems (DBMS), covering key concepts such as the difference between database instances and schemas, advantages of DBMS, and data independence. It also discusses the ER model, normalization processes, SQL commands, transaction management, and security measures within databases. Additionally, it highlights the importance of performance tuning and the benefits of normalization for data reliability.

Uploaded by

rajatx117
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database Management Systems (DBMS) - Simplified Notes

UNIT I: Basics of DBMS


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1. Database Instance vs Schema:
- Schema = blueprint (structure/design)
- Instance = actual data stored

2. Applications: Used in banks, hospitals, companies, schools, etc.

3. Advantages of DBMS:
- Reduces data duplication
- Better security and access control
- Easy data backup and recovery

4. Data Independence: You can change data structure without affecting applications.

5. Database Architecture:
- 1-tier: DBMS and application on the same machine
- 2-tier: Client connects to database server
- 3-tier: Client -> Application Server -> DB Server

6. Primary Key vs Candidate Key:


- Primary Key: Uniquely identifies each row
- Candidate Key: All possible keys that can act as primary key

7. Data Models: Way to organize data, e.g., Hierarchical, Network, Relational

UNIT II: ER Model & Normalization


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1. Entity = Thing (like student, employee)
2. Attributes = Details of entity (like name, age)
3. Relationships = How entities are connected (e.g., student enrolls in course)

4. ER Diagram = Visual representation of data and relationships

5. Normalization:
- Process to reduce data redundancy
- 1NF: Remove repeating groups
- 2NF: Remove partial dependency
- 3NF: Remove transitive dependency
- BCNF: Advanced version of 3NF

6. Functional Dependency: One column's value depends on another (e.g., Roll No -> Name)

7. Closure of Attributes: All attributes that can be functionally determined

UNIT III: SQL & Relational Algebra


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1. SQL = Language to manage databases
- DDL: Create, alter, drop tables
- DML: Insert, delete, update data
2. Relational Algebra = Theory behind SQL
- Operators like SELECT, PROJECT, JOIN, UNION

3. SQL Commands:
- GROUP BY: Group rows by column
- Aggregate Functions: COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN
- JOIN: Combine rows from multiple tables
- Nested Query: Query inside another query

4. Examples:
- Get employees without supervisors
- Find employees in HR department

UNIT IV: Transactions & Advanced Topics


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1. Views: Virtual table created using a query

2. Constraints: Rules like NOT NULL, UNIQUE, FOREIGN KEY

3. Triggers: Automatic actions on data change (e.g., log on insert)

4. Transaction = Group of SQL operations done together

5. ACID Properties:
- Atomicity - All or none
- Consistency - Data must be valid
- Isolation - No interference
- Durability - Changes are permanent

6. Indexes: Help find data faster (like book index)

7. COMMIT & ROLLBACK:


- COMMIT: Save changes
- ROLLBACK: Undo changes

UNIT V: Security & Performance


-------------------------------
1. Privileges: Define what users can do (e.g., read, write)

2. User Roles: Groups of permissions (e.g., admin, guest)

3. Backup: Copy of data for recovery

4. Normalization Benefits: Clean, reliable data

5. Performance Tuning: Make queries faster and efficient

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