UNIT-IV

PART-A

1. What does SDN stand for?

Answer: SDN stands for Software Defined Networking.

2. How does SDN improve network management?

Answer: SDN improves network management by separating the control plane and data
plane, allowing centralized control and programmability of network behavior.

3. What is the role of Raspberry Pi in IoT?

Answer: Raspberry Pi serves as a low-cost, versatile platform for building IoT devices,
providing the processing power to collect, process, and transmit data.

4. How does SDN benefit IoT applications?

Answer: SDN benefits IoT by enabling dynamic network management, optimizing network
performance, and improving scalability and security in IoT environments.

5. What is a key characteristic of Software Defined Networking (SDN)?

Answer: A key characteristic of SDN is the centralized control of network resources through
software, which allows network configurations to be programmed and automated.

6. In the context of IoT, what type of data is typically collected by devices like Raspberry
Pi?
Answer: Devices like Raspberry Pi typically collect sensor data, such as temperature,
humidity, motion, or light levels.

7. What is data handling in IoT?

Answer: Data handling in IoT refers to the processes of collecting, storing, processing, and
transmitting data from IoT devices to cloud or on-premise servers for further analysis.
8. What is the importance of analytics in IoT systems?
Answer: Analytics in IoT systems is crucial for deriving meaningful insights from collected
data, improving decision-making, optimizing operations, and enabling predictive
maintenance.

9. How does SDN facilitate data routing in an IoT network?

Answer: SDN facilitates data routing in an IoT network by dynamically managing traffic flows
and adapting the network path based on real-time network conditions, ensuring efficient
data transmission.

10. What are the benefits of using analytics for IoT data?
Answer: Analytics helps in identifying patterns, detecting anomalies, predicting future
trends, and making data-driven decisions, thereby improving efficiency and performance in
IoT systems.
 UNIT-4

PART-B

1.Describe briefly the introduction of Software Defined Network (SDN)?

Answers:- Software-defined networking (SDN) is an architecture designed to make a

network more flexible and easier to manage. SDN centralizes management by
abstracting the control plane from the data forwarding function in the discrete
networking devices.

An SDN architecture delivers a centralized, programmable network and consists of the

following:

A controller, the core element of an SDN architecture, that enables centralized

management and control, automation, and policy enforcement across physical and
virtual network environments

Southbound APIs that relay information between the controller and the individual
network devices (such as switches, access points, routers, and firewalls)

Northbound APIs that relay information between the controller and the applications
and policy engines, to which an SDN looks like a single logical network device

Origin of SDN:-

2006: At Stanford university, a team proposes a clean-slate security architecture (SANE)

to control security policies in a centralized manner instead of doing it at edges.

2008: The idea of software-defined network is originated from OpenFlow project(ACM

SIGCOMM 2008).

2009: Stanford publishes OpenFlow V1.0.0 specs.

June 2009: Nicira network is founded.

March 2011: Open Networking Foundation is formed.

Oct 2011: First Open Networking Summit. Many Industries (Juniper, Ciscoannounced to
incorporate.
2. Explain about the architecture of SDN?

Answer:- SDN architecture separates the network into three distinguishable layers, i.e.,
applications communicate with the control layer using northbound API and control layer
communicates with data plane using southbound APIs. The control layer is considered as the
brain of SDN. The intelligence to this layer is provided by centralized SDN controller
software. This controller resides on a server and manages policies and the flow of traffic
throughout the network. The physical switches in the network constitute the infrastructure
layer.

SDN architecture contains six major components:-

First is the management plane, which is a set of network applications that manage the
control logic of a software-defined network. Rather than using a command line interface,
SDN-enabled networks use programmability to give flexibility and easiness to the task of
implementing new applications and services, such as routing, load balancing, policy
enforcement, or a custom application from a service provider. It also allows orchestration
and automation of the network via existing APIs

Second is the control plane that is the most intelligent and important layer of an SDN
architecture. It contains one or various controllers that forward the different types of rules
and policies to the infrastructure layer through the southbound interface .
Third, the data plane, also known as the infrastructure layer, represents the forwarding
devices on the network (routers, switches, load balancers, etc.). It uses the southbound APIs
to interact with the control plane by receiving the forwarding rules and policies to apply
them to the corresponding devices .

Fourth, the northbound interfaces that permit communication between the control layer
and the management layer are mainly a set of open source application programming
interfaces (APIs) .

Fifth, the east-west interfaces, which are not yet standardized, allow communication
between the multiple controllers. They use a system of notification and messaging or a
distributed routing protocol .

Sixth, the southbound interfaces allow interaction between the control plane and the data
plane, which can be defined summarily as protocols that permit the controller to push
policies to the forwarding plane.

3. Distinguish between SDN and Conventional/Traditional architecture?

Answers:-
4. Discuss briefly the SDN for IOT?

Answer:- Software-Defined Networking (SDN) for IoT (Internet of Things) is an emerging

approach that leverages SDN principles to enhance the management and control of IoT
networks. Traditional IoT networks often face challenges such as scalability, dynamic
topology, and resource management. SDN helps overcome these challenges by decoupling
the control plane from the data plane, offering more flexibility and centralized management.

Key Benefits of SDN for IoT:

1. Centralized Control:

SDN allows centralized control of the network, making it easier to manage,

monitor, and configure IoT devices and their communication. This centralized
approach helps in managing a large number of IoT devices efficiently.

2. Scalability:

As the number of IoT devices increases, SDN can dynamically adjust the
network to handle the increased load. This helps avoid congestion and ensure
optimal performance as IoT devices scale.

3. Network Automation:

SDN enables automated configuration, monitoring, and maintenance of IoT

networks. Automated policies can be applied to ensure devices are always
connected, reducing the need for manual intervention.

4. Improved Security:

SDN enables more effective implementation of security policies by providing a

central point to enforce network access control, monitor traffic for anomalies,
and isolate compromised devices.

5. Quality of Service (QoS):

SDN allows more granular control over network resources, ensuring that
critical IoT devices (such as those in healthcare or industrial automation) get
the necessary bandwidth and low-latency connectivity.

6. Dynamic Routing and Network Optimization:

SDN enables the optimization of network routes based on real-time traffic

and network conditions, ensuring efficient communication and reducing
delays or packet loss.
 7. Flexibility and Programmability:

SDN allows IoT networks to be more programmable, meaning that network

configurations can be adjusted as needed, adapting to changing traffic
patterns or IoT device requirements.

8. Data Plane and Control Plane Separation:

By separating the control and data planes, SDN makes it easier to change
network configurations without affecting the underlying traffic, which is
crucial for managing complex IoT environments.

Use Cases of SDN for IoT:

1. Smart Cities:

SDN can be used to manage networks of sensors and devices across a city,
improving services such as traffic management, street lighting, and
environmental monitoring.

2. Healthcare:

In medical IoT, SDN can ensure reliable and secure communication between
devices such as patient monitoring systems, medical sensors, and cloud
servers.

3. Industrial IoT (IIoT):

In smart factories, SDN can help optimize the connectivity and

communication between industrial devices, ensuring real-time performance
and security for critical applications.

4. Smart Homes:

SDN can be used to manage the connectivity and control of various smart
home devices, ensuring seamless operation and security.
 5. Explain about the Data Handling?

Answer: -

Data handling is Ensures that research data is stored, archived or disposed of in a safe and
secure manner during and after the conclusion of a research project Includes the
development of policies and procedures to manage data handled electronically as well as
through non-electronic means.

In recent days, most data concern –Big Data

 Due to heavy traffic generated by IoT devices

 Huge amount of data generated by the deployed sensors

Big data technologies describe a new generation of technologies and architectures, designed
to economically extract value from very large volumes of a wide variety of data, by enabling
the high-velocity capture, discovery, and/or analysis.”

Characteristics of Big Data: -

Big Data is characterized by 7 Vs –

i) Volume

ii) Velocity

iii) Variety

iv) Variability

v) Veracity

vi) Visualization

vii) Value

Key elements of data handling:

i) Data Collection: This involves gathering data from various sources, which could
be surveys, sensors, databases, transactions, social media, or experiments. The data
must be relevant and accurate to serve its intended purpose.

ii) Data Storage: Once collected, the data needs to be stored securely. This could be
in physical storage systems like hard drives, or digital storage solutions such as cloud
storage and databases. It’s important to ensure that data is backed up and easily
retrievable.

iii) Data Organization: Organizing data involves structuring it in a way that makes it
easier to access and analyze. This could include formatting data into spreadsheets,
databases, or creating data sets. Good organization enhances data usability.
 iv) Data Processing: This refers to cleaning and transforming raw data into a usable
format. It involves tasks like removing duplicates, filling in missing values,
normalizing data, and sorting data into relevant categories. The aim is to prepare the
data for analysis.

v) Data Analysis: Analysing the data involves using statistical or computational

techniques to extract meaningful insights. This can include applying algorithms,
machine learning, or basic descriptive statistics, depending on the complexity of the
data.

6. Describe briefly the Data Analytics?

Answer: - Data analytics (DA) is the process of examining data sets in order to draw
conclusions about the information they contain, increasingly with the aid of
specialized systems and software.
Data analytics technologies and techniques are widely used in commercial industries
to enable organizations to make more informed business decisions and by scientists
and researchers to verify or disprove scientific models, theories and hypotheses.

Types of Data Analysis: -

The Two types of analysis

i)Qualitative Analysis
Deals with the analysis of data that is categorical in nature
ii) Quantitative Analysis
Quantitative analysis refers to the process by which numerical data is analyze
Advantages of Data Analytics

1. Allows for the identification of important (and often mission- critical) trends

2. Helps businesses identify performance problems that require some sort of action

3.Can be viewed in a visual manner, which leads to faster and better decisions

4.Better awareness regarding the habits of potential customers

5.It can provide a company with an edge over their competitor

Applications of Data Analytics:

Data analytics has a wide range of applications across industries:

i) Business and Marketing

ii) Healthcare

iii) Finance

iv) Retail

v) Sports

vi) Manufacturing

Benefits of Data Analytics:

i) Better Decision-Making

ii) Efficiency and Cost Savings

iii) Customer Insights

iv) Risk Reduction