STOMACH scular sa plac ‘The siomach isa wide, Fshaped,distensble, muscules SET tft side in the upper pat of the abdomen just below the APT a and 15 em wide. It has a greater curvature and @ upper sides. {© Stomach is the most dilated part of ali thyee regions : (@ Cardiac stomach — Anterior (il) Pyloric stomach — Posterior (iii) Fundic stomach — Middle ‘Narrower distal end of stomach is called pylorus. FFundic part of the stomach is absent in f108, Empty stomach is lined with folds called rugae Ruminant animals such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, stomach. Compound stomach consists of four chambers, vi. abomasum. © Some ruminants ike camel and deer do not have omasum. Rumen isthe largest and first of the four chambers. ‘Rumen and reticulum are the sites of cellulose digestion these harbour numerous bacteria and protozoa which carry out extensive fermentation of cellulose CCyclostomes and lobed fishes do not have stomach, ‘Omasum concentrates the food by absorbing water and bicarbonates. Fourth chamber, abomasum is the true stomach as it secretes gastric juice and HCl From abomasum, the food passes to small intestine Functions of stomach 1. Temporary storage of foo 2. Mechanical breakdown of food 3, Secretion of digestive juices 4, Partial digestion of food. INTESTINE eee wal nein, Te sal ies sa mots ho mes nin ving jejunum and ileum. is PE te ne eae es iran feomee ec ie es Jong, and opens into the large intestine, Is wall is thinner lane ‘thinner and less vascular than that of the Small Intestine obliquely on the the bout 30 cm long ts lower and smentary canal, In mammals. itis divided into goat and camel have a compound rumen, reticulum, omasum and feet long in man ped and about 25 em, long, ic duct formed by the union ‘The small intestine begins atthe pyloric valve of the stomach, DDuodenum isthe smallest fist pat following the tng the pyloric end of stoma Duodenum foms the typical U-shaped Toop conning the pan In rabbit, a bile duct open into the beginning of its Sprties psn ts Being is dial mb man, the there isa common opening of ble duct and pancreatic Behind the duodenum is jejunum, followed by. ‘leant ae duet Proximal limb while a pancreatic duct 8.10 MODERN'S abe OF OBJECT" © Oesophaguc degitton aa © In man, oes, 10 inches secrete any © Oesophagus and transpon stomach # Thelining ots. iso stratified gos thelium ani and striped » present # The oesophog serosa nis irregular ev dense elastic tive tissue calle! venti’ © The valve btw gus and stom sphincterpeta sal ete ot AMMAN ne | aw ecints | 1 eta all atestine, Iya finge-tihe p He wo sal a ae it ings tke pase salle wll Bn! 1 ame patties ae geo TH Maes ha nt called Peyer's patches, ° inflammation of the yam nvoh Re typo y tes sare ment numero atau They eT appends is called #F” hv weber oF EUS eNpane dicts “Wed , the ane 9 for al i tC wing id N dilated spherical sae called saceulus + Vermitorm spre tes i ps momar mea eh sal valve. pene Ree c daa fants. Te sl westine were mn patches. cise nd | eget Naso cE ma stn competion of dsc 8 « The large intestine secretes no mn BEM iin ferrin a nr ns: completion of igen aa, erzyisesand plays only ane : crogastne for role in the absorption of Gog fei BB ype nesting ll _ Fes tine is shorter than the small intestine. Ii call °C ee Tiger all Oe Ime all intestine. Ws sanged 34 2 Siumal esti. Mi tive uid called Pigean’ smi woe thee gions : caecum, colon and to young ones. Pigeon's milk wh tc Lereted by oth the sexes She andl spacious in herbivores stich as rab ‘ ecco retbivores sch as Fabbit, horse and ass uring breeding season by 5 Coc of abi fs hn walle ae with peur extemal sv ersion MSH SOE lands (Pigeon Milk 65- Came presence ofan intemal spiral valbe Sore water. 1-1 protein. 7- Traeation of cellulose in rabbit takes place in caecum (Stomach in ruminants) 14% fat and 15% salts.) Pasay caecum terminates i a smal, aro, thick walle tue wermiform jx. ¢ Cloaca. Press a row, thick walled tube vermiform appendix. * joaca. Present in cyclos: Daya, caecum ist reduced small pout ike pat Below the opening of slum mie GT fishes (but absent in urge intestine. iF chimaeras) and most bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles find birds. There is no cloaca in mammals except. the mmonotremes and order cords of _ ’gomorphe. ds of Cloacal thymus is the purely: Tran, attached to cacctim is a Wvisted, coiled tube, called the vermiform appendix. en oesopha- Calon is thicker than stall intestine and thin h is called forma series of small pockets called haustra fora atnn are arranged om either sides of three median Fongitunal mas the wal called taenie vedio ascending, transverse, descend ‘endocrine gland on the roof of ou eeeemns ascending, transverse, desoen endocrine gar nfo dicovered ie persis initiated inthe colon about half an Hour at taking food. De: ‘The pelvic colon continwes into rete i The pv ete tt part oF alimentary canal a an SP 7-8 inches long. ‘The terminal one inch of rectum fs ae Rey POINTS I + Rectum of rabbit is the 1 pellets present inside give ita beaded appearance. Functions: The large intestine mainly 9 -asuring about 3 inches in length. than caecum. Constrietions of its wall and pelvic (sigmoid) Med anal canal and its exterior openit meow terminal part with F The poison glands of snakes tthe aon of wt ormasn, mchascoba ip an : nce ails emanate ne ed pero pond segs acini an mses. HERTS © as odie Pe ead mcs also plays Some ered inte oraated below the eat OA nd Rich ate a sland, Stated elo te Ds ee or polars abaent in the Sr pe preset abi) «Ra out sme taste Food eben of ‘Siva SHS as glands are also Mucor om tne palate and a ere nguishing character Te incense i ot aewonate contet one eevee morphine, sath eplomyey ea pentercuny some other Salivary glands in hu ‘pairs in maa, four pats i {ubulo-alveolar type: (0) Parotid gland car the ear (pin) A but albsent in frog. These are compound abit, 5 pars in rat and asent frog. These. oa 9% of saliva oot alin sacking in predators €8; 408 Wis the larges contains the enzyme and Tiger. ‘The viral infection ofthese glans ¢ “The secretion of these glans is POO (2) Submanitiary (submandibalor wat uses Mum se nc cavity trou Sten con's duct. SMe = 7 oF aN Sg Wharton's a mmuth, arsenic and drugs like Tis secretion reaches buccal iodides are also excreted in (3) Sublingual gland saliva ye secretion.fe Its secretion passes through the Duct of Rivinus. ‘The salivary glands are absent in fishes, amphibians and aquatic mammals. Saliva - 1. 5 livday pH 6 t0 7 (slightly acidic), On standing/heating it releases CO, and becomes alkaline ‘Mucus of saliva helps in lubrication. Saliva also causes denaturation of raw proteins without hydrolyzing them. Thiocyanate ions, present in saliva, act as anti-microbial agent to prevent infection by the microbes that often enter along with the food. «Saliva also has lysozymes. { Plyalin of saliva acts on boiled starch and converts it into maltose (a disaccharide). @ LIVER [isthe largest sized, reddish brown gland of body. It is present in the posterior concavity of the diaphragm in the right upper part of abdomen. Liver is a multilobulated gland. Its formed of two main and two small lobes, Two main lobes are—larger right and smaller left lobe, while two small lobes are—quadrate and caudate lobe. Each liver lobe is formed of hexagonal lobules surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called Glisson’s capsule. Present on the lower surface of right liver lobe, there is @ thin walled, pear-shaped sac, called gall bladder. It stores the bile (about 60 ml) secreted by the liver, Bile is drained from the liver by a bile duct which is formed by the joining of a eystic duct from the gall bladder and a common hepatic duct from different liver lobes. Just near the duodenum, the bile and pancreatic ducts join to form hepatopancreatic duct. The opening of hepatopancreatic duct in the duodenum is guarded by a sphineter of Oddi. Daily secretion of bile is about 600-1200 ml. © Bilirubin is formed by daily destruction of haemoglobin due to death of 1% RBC everyday. ‘© Human liver weighs about 1.5 to 2.kg. and is divided into 3 lobes © Glisson's capsule, connective tissue sheath around each lobule, isa characteristic Feature of mammal, ‘© Kupffer's cells are large phagocytic cells to remove unwanted substance or foreign ‘material from liver hence, also known as hepatic macrophages. ‘© Hepatic capillaries arise from cell level and unite to form main hepatic duct emerging from each lobe to join bile duct (ductus choledocus) which is also joined by Cystic duet emerging from gall bladder. ‘© Cystic duct conducts bile to gall bladder. '® Opening of the bile duct in duodenum is guarded by sphincter of Oddi, ‘© Gall bladder is a separate part associated with liver forthe storage and concentration of bile. : ‘© The gall bladder is a sac located along the underside of the liver. ‘© Gall bladder i absent in birds, at, whale and horse. © Gall bladder stores bile. Functions of Liver eevee Liver performs variety of functions like synthesis, interconversion, storage, secretion Of various substances as follows : ‘© Glycogenesis. Extra glucose is converted to glycogen with the help of insulin and stored in this form either in liver or in muscles, ‘© Glycogenolysis. Glycogen is convered into glucoye when ils le 100 ml) in the blood. This is influenced by glucagon horm © Glucogenesis. Synthesis of glucose from other carbohyd © Gluconeogenesis. Synthesis of glucose/carbohydrates from protein and lipids (non carbohydrate sources) ‘© Lipogenesis, Extra protein and carbohyd adipose connective tissue. ‘© Deamination of protein. If protein is used for energy production, the NH, group is removed from amino acid as NH, the end product keto acid, enters Krebs eycle, ‘© Ornithine Cycle. Chemical part of excretion, NH, is converted into urea in a cyclic chain of reactions in which ornithine plays pivotal role e12, 1 falls (below 80 mg/ les are converted into lipid for storage in Ducts of Salivary Glands Sublingual gland — Duet of Bar. tholin and duct of Rivinus Parotid gland — Stenson’s duct Submaxillary glands — Whar. ton's duct | Rey ecints | © Bile is alkaline in man but acidic in cats and dogs. «@ Liver receives blood supply from hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein. © Ethanal (acetaldehyde) is produced from ethanol in liver and is responsible for the symptoms of a hangover. ‘* Detoxification occurs in liver cells. « Secretion of Liver Water 86% Solids - 14% Intestinal juice Water = 99% Inorganic = 0.15% Organic = 0.5% * Liver is attached to the posterior concavity of diaphragm by a fold of peritoneum called falciform ligament. MODERN'S abe OF OBJECTIVE BIOLOGY (NET)spe Cyeke: Lactic acid formed in inesis of substances fil Muscle is conve syn slike. “onverted back to glycogen. a sae carotene a I : Vi Oe or ergocaleiferot, I PCIN ‘ane regulatory subsey heparin, regular heap of cells 4 Haemoroh formation of RBC cone ee seca of Langerhans with Yfmatomedin. a growth promoting factor alsocahy eS 5S typesof cells secreting dif ee no actor also calle S ao 8 ee of following substances sho cales IGF nse rowinacer) ferent howmene like «ne stole, res phenol asl pus acd nd () = cells (acell) - Gluca- dune sigeton oF obtained n fod er toxic substances formed gon, hyperglycemic oy Be BRITE recur okra of work an depaton eceea nT c Storage of following substances take place in liver tostatin, maintains balance 4 tayeogen, Vitamin lke Vit, Vit, Vi, Vis ad otic aid between the insulin and gls- iy pe tose tmp and blood about th of Pes taeedemmed a cagon as per body require: nd + By storing blood and water, liver controls the volume and viscosity (concentration) of aa blood gy searing and consuming hheat in different chemical reaction it acts as Secretion of Bile « Bile isa yellowish watery fluid, concentrated in gall bladder, contains : 85% water, 6% ‘ganic salt of bile acids (sodium glycocholate and sodium taurocholate): 1% inorganis oth (bicarbonate, carbonates and chlorides of Na and K); 1.5 to 2% lipid (cholesterol, Tecthin); 3% mucin and bile pigment (bilirubin and biliverdin) Extra cholesterol and bilirubin are eliminated from the body through gut ear i bitiruin level beyond normal (0.1 (009 rmg/100 min the blond i eet unde, This happens if hepatic cells become sick due vil or bate infection ‘or obstruction of lesion. + Gastric glands Gastric glands are microscopic and present in w: ‘all of stomach. These glands secrete the er rastric juice. of © A gastric gland has three types of cells. bem 1. Mucous cells — Secreting mucus ct ant 1 Maco atic cell Secretingpepsinoge z7maBen clk A2°P Onde ells or parcial ces — Seereting HC! tances sJlow coloured, 12-15 cm reas is the vest gland in human body, Its Yer , me oe emer ino eel head, : ” 7 formed of ye nur ‘of lobules in a pean este a me enn cracin, Each acinus consists of a number of glandular: eal whe ec ines pH 8.8). Pancreatic juices rained BY ane ed pe desried inthe liver. About 1 * Rest part remains filled Oe * Pancreatic secretion water Poa ecg amount of NAHCOD) Organic - 0.5% Mostly enzymes te intestinal juice (succus ey » in wall of intestine. THES lands secrete intestinal J ey are present in wall of entrieus) intestinal crypts of Lieberkuhn) and characterise erat guodenum contains intestines alkaline much Inbetwcea he amet is folded forming ntestins * Inbetween the villi the mucous 4s of Lieberkubn. ate yall intestine than {Abeta Lieber OD ays i screed BY «Hams erp of Lar ene ine pe oes vil are more mse ie OE ‘the pos imantenor part bee ase 13 Q1GESTIVE SYSTEM (ANIMAL! nuTaITion)(a HISTOLOGY OF WALLOF GUT «e_Hisology of wall of gut from outer to inner side. Serosa - Peritoneum and Connective tissue Muscular Layer - Outer Longitudinal and inner Circular {Stomach - oblique muscles additional layers) ‘Submucosa - Connective tissue Mucosa - (a) Muscularis mucosa (b) Lamina propria (reticular connective tissue) (©) Surface epithelium. ‘Mouth and Pharynx © Lined with stratified squamous epithelium of ectodermal origin, hence repre stomodacal part. Possesses striated muscle layer, hence the movement of food here is voluntary esophagus ‘© All four layers are typical as it serves only as the passage. ‘© Its thoracic partis without serosa layer which shifts to form the mediastinal wall Stomach Thick and highly distensible wall, when empty it forms inner longitudinal folds. rugae. Muscular layer is thickest of all parts with third and innermost oblique muscle layer. Submucosa has no speciality Mucosa forms glands by invaginating into submucosa and has three types of cells (i) Mucous (Goblet) cells secrete mucin Gi). Oxyntic (Parietal) cells secrete HCI (iit) Chiet cells (Peptic or zymogenic) cells secrete enzymes, Cells of mucosa are secretory but not absorptive. Small Intestine Muscle layer is typical (no speciality). ‘Submucosa is most developed and specialised of all parts with following structures (i) Highly organised system of blood capillaries upto villi for the transportation of absorbed food, (i Fine lymphatic channels (lacteals) are extended upto villi for absorption and transportation of lipids. iif) Muscle layer (muscularis mucosa) is present just behind mucosa for movement of vill iv) Two nerve plexuses of autonomic nervous system (ANS) are present (0) The lymph nodes, Peyer's patches are present which act as biological filters, ‘© Submucosa and mucosa together form inner transverse finger-like folds to increase the surface area of absorption. In mammal, the primary folds are called as folds of Kerkering (or valvulae connivente or plica circularis), which bears true villi as secondary folds. ‘© Folds of Kerkering increase surface area of absorption by 3 times, villi increase by 10 times and microvilli of mucosal cells increase by 20 times, thus total increase is by 600) times that comes to about 250 mir? in man. ‘© Mucosa in the main functional layer for digestion and absorption with brush border Cells both secretory and absorptive. Mucosa forms glands embedded in submucosa are: (a) Brunner's gland (duodenal gland), Present mainly in duodenum; secretes mucus. absent in frog (b) Crypts of Lieberkubn, Small Cells of Paneth init secrete di Large Intestine © Thin walled and Colon + No secretion, no gh © There are three i absorption of water, ask-shaped gland in the crypts between two vith. estive enzymes, called succus entericus spare . divided as execu, colon, and rectum, us at all + longitudinal folds called as taen specialized structures for ua | Rey Pcints | MiSsieoiner versa Etdermal in origin Plexus of Aurebach (Myen. teric plewus) Network of nerve cell and parasympathetic nerve tig Retween layers of gta and cirilar muscles Plewus of Meissner of Sub. mucous plexus Nerve cells and parayympa thetic nerve fibres betwee circular muscles and submes In different functional parts these layers are maxi Serosais als follewvead by sub- serosa, a fibrous connective tissue layer for its support Sphincters © Thickened circular muscle layer, acts as valve at the opening of one part into an. other, tke {@) Pyloric sphincter. Between pylorus and duodenum {b) Anal sphincter. At the opening of anus outside Tleocaecal (Ileocolic ot Tleocaecolic) valve «Present in saccculus rotundus and operate between ileum dnd caecum to direct the food inbetween ileum, caecumand colon. | Rey pcints] Flatulence # The gases in gastrointestinal tract inflates its differen parts which is released by belching and flatus. # In stomach most gases are Np and Oy ln small intestine some amount of gas is formed bY reaction of HCL with bicarbom ates of bile and pancreatic inice # In Large intestine the gas i protuced by bacterial ferme tation and putretaction o faeces, this has CO,, Hy NHy CHyand Ny MODERN'S abe OF OBJECTIVE BIOLOGY (NEEcle he en he ly Beeloped in man mals like ral “yeCTUM bit, goat, camel etc. but, less cris, Glucose moe ome | view = a “0 Sucrose iucose, fructose (gp Lace na ‘Triglycerides Monoglyceries, ay a= ‘chy Lipase . ids see Fa pn as = sonar Ld i GEST SYSTEM ANIMAL UTNION 4 a‘The Major Gastrointestinal Hormones in Manuals egulation of Seeretion of Digestive Juices Foie ‘atvate Coase Fes of - Tame of hormone by z = Wall ofsonach | Gate lands Cae js oo Duodenum Liver ile 2 Catewind Panereoeymin | Duodenum Pancreas Pancreatic juice 3 Seen team Insta lands Sct ences 2 Bice ican ¢_ van eam Movement of wil secreted by wal of duodenum stops the secretion of gastric juice from gastric lands eerogasteroneHoenone ee pH Values of Some Enzymes Eaayme Acting om I pilvae 7, Pepsin Casein i 2 Pepsin Haemoglobin 22 3 Sherase Sucrose 02 4 Amuse Starch S672 S Malase Malose 70 Lipase Fas 70 1 Teypsin Protin 78 8 Carboxy peptidase Diferent substances 1 9. Urease Urea 64-69 10. Catalase 1,0, (iythogen peroxide) 63-95 11, _Suecinie dehydrogenase Sccnate 30 © ABSORPTION OF FOOD ‘© Takes place, mainly jejunum and ileum through villi and microvilli by both active and Rey pints | passive processes. It first enters mucosal cells and then passes into submucosa, ‘* Man is omnivorous, while ‘* No absorption occurs in stomach except that of ethanol (alcohol) and aspirin. rabbit is herbivorous. © Water is absorbed in small intestine and large intestine. © Gastric lipase is found in man © Absorbed food is transported through two pathways : the hepatic portal system, but absent in rabbit. directly to liver and through lymphatic channel it is drained into subclavian veins via @ In rabbit, the intestinal mu- thoracic duct. cous membrane secretes only Absorption of Glucose and Amino acids secretin hormone to stimulate © Both are absorbed mainly by active transport as this process is many thousand times liver and pancreas faster than passive transport In man both secretin and © Entry of glucose in the cell is coupled with Na* where it immediately gets cholecystokinin are secreted phosphorylated, by intestinal mucous meme- * Galactose is absorbed like glucose, and some disaccharides are absorbed directly sears fox saison Wee ‘© Fructose and mannose are absorbed by facilitated diffusion. and pancreas '* From submucosa these pass out through blood capillaries. 7 Chewing is both voluntary Absorption of Lipid and involuntary but mostly * Glycerol and fatty acids inthe cell generally combine to form lipid again, Thus lipid involuntary and regulated by is absorbed in both forms chewing reflex. (a) Directly as lipid # Intestinal juice cannot act Lipid enters mucosal cells as chylomicrons and micelles by pinocytosis in the crypts.” upon native proteins between villi © Chylomicrons are lipid droplets of < 1 jum diameter formed by emulsfi ‘non-lipid substance like salts, amino acids etc. it forms micelles Jn submucosa it enters lacteals and move with lymph, (b) As glycerol and fatty acid © Glycerol is soluble in both aqueous and lipid phase hence easily pass through cell ‘membrane. * Small soluble fatty acids enter into cell as the membrane component, while large insoluble fatty acid after combining with (of bile) forms soluble micelle. (1 EGESTION (EFAECATION OR DEFECATI * Ils the process of elimination of faeces. 3 Stercobilin causes the brown/yellowish colour of faeces. '® Foul odour of facces is due to indole and skatole formed by decarbox} acids by bacteria in colon, : f 616 lation of amino MODERN'S abc OF OBJECTIVE BIOLOGY (NEE)ary stly iby act | Ry eoints | ) COMPONENTS OF FOO} {fe food of animals is chiefly formea oy {carbohydrates B. Proteing — °* S Kinds of components Water F.Minerats, © Lipids D. Vitamins {uta these food components, carbohydrates, Proteins and fats are called maeromutri- «or proximate principles of food, imins and minerals are called micronutri- ‘sor protective principles of food, proteins proteins are main building blocks as ogearying pigment, antibodies, mos [Sof a body consis of rots. Alleneymes 2. enh, ple and coke ee ens Cel ou of retin Sr pons, make all different proteins Eigh are considered sorta tatich cance fe thesized in the body) in which 2 are considered ser 12are non-essential (which can be eid in tissues but not at adequate rates to supon meweh ae yeonaes Magne ‘uals s {0 support growth in younger human indi- While vita ‘The proteins requirement in the diet is higher when new tissues are being laid down for their growth and develop- ment, it rises during preg- nancy and lactation. ‘© The term proteins was first used by Brazilius. ‘© Zymogen. It is precursor of a digestive enzyme — * Contains essential amino acids (Class Proteins H TE mk eg mes hte Find Claw Provciny ~) *Not containing al theese ino sis 1g. cereals, ses vegeables, + Cannot be symesiagin body Proteins r —_ Supplied wih fod TExential amino acids ] + They ate # in umber in human methionine, threonine. tryptophan, valine, leucine, z islewine,iysne& perylaanine) E + Can be synthesized in body by cathy metabolites. Non escent amino acids] + Neo ot be supped with food “hey ae 12 in number alanine proline, fiyeine, aspartic acd, uyosin. seine eiuteine, asparagine, glytamic acid tami, eginine fd sin), + Formed slowy 1 Resnied only ting period f api L-carnitine] * FS th characteris of ‘idhond or recery fom ines arginine and sine ypes of proteins according wo thelr functions r I 1 + r ‘Nutrients: Protective “Transport | | Contractile [Enzymes and] [ Hereditary Servctural | | (Proteins Proteins Proteins Proteins hormon Proteins prove = (a ae oo Takes pat Essential for FOrSineeer’ production inten substances in of muscles in biochemical transmission ~— ues. (Fibr the blood to (Actin, myosin) ression cells and Win mmunoglobotin different tissues reaction and and exp’ ange lati lout ieee regulate the of genetic eS ‘ind interfron) (Abu body function characteristics haemoglobin) respectively (Histone: Pepin, rypsin repressor) 4d Insulin, TSH) 8.17 ON) Digestive sySTEM (ANIMAL NUT+ Carbohydrates composition. Carpohyaracs are polyhydroxyaldeydic or Ketonic oF- 1, Chemics 3 Cath and O erat ol 1:2: 1 with only kane compas ear ealed I vetnyrates because thee is generally one water mol- seni comin THe (i As Respiratory fuels. Carbohydrates, especially glucose, are the main respiratory fuels. being chief respiratory fuel are its presence in abundance and its easy oxidisability. (ii) Monosaccharides as structural components «mnt rene Nutrient Calorie value Physiological fule value Carbohydate 4.1 Keal/gm 40 Keal/gm Protein 5.6 Keal/sm 4.0 Keal/gm Fat 9.45 Keal/gm 9.0 Keal/em, * Relationship between energy requirement and the activity ‘Activity nergy used per hour per kilogram of body (in kiojoules) Sleeping 402 Sitting a7 Hand work 70 Standing 8.32 Walkin 13.86 Light work 16.03, [Physical tabour 23.10 7a | | Rey Pcints] # Glycogen (Animal starch) is the principal reserve food of animals and is mainly stored in liver (about 500 gms.) ang skeletal muscles. « Oligosaccharides of cel] membrane help in cellular recognition. # Cellulose forms roughage of food which stimulates the secretion of digestive juices, It also helps in peristalsis, | Rey pcints] # Amount of lactose is highest in milk of human mothers. # Destruction of bacteria is brought about by ion of thio cyanate and lysozyme, en- zyme in saliva ‘* Swallowing = deglutination © Oesophagus is lined by strat~ ified squamous epithelium. © G-cells of epithelium of stom- ach secrete gastrin hormone. © Greenish faecal matter excret- ed by newborn child is meco- ‘* Pseudo ruminant—Eating its own faecal matter. « Salivary amylase is absent in herbivores. MODERN'S abc OF OBJECTIVE BIOLOGY (NEED. f ? 1 E 2 Ny ars | righest ners eria is sf tion ne, em ation y strat jium. f stom none exert mec ring in yeent yw 1 Hyd in yeasts and germina ga lvers muscle Kidney foods INE seeds, a. Calorie Fequirement Proteis in an 2820 Keal aa oi 2800 Keal se eit weal 2700 Keal Bs rr 2750 Keal me Se. Pyridoxine which is most functions When no muscular worl ; tasal metabolic rate (BMR), suntan its basal metabolism an tay. tad Liias k is being done tabolism. The amount of ene Basal me strount of energy required by the body to maintain the vital and no food is being digested. Amount of ener mount of energy required daily by a person to Xd is about 1,600 kealiay. + Active metabolic rate (AMR). Amount of energy required dail + Roughage. Indigestible fibrous material of food is called roughages e.g. cellulose of + Balanced diet. A diet which can provide materials forall the metabolic requirements cf body. Carbohydrates, proteins and fats should be nearly in the proportion of Lipids comprise heterogenous organic compounds which are insoluble in water but are rily soluble in non-polar organic solvents like ether, chloroform, benzene ete. On hy alysis lipids yield fatty acids which ate utilized by the living organisms. In adition to ‘a lipids include waxes, phospholipid, glycolipids and fat soluble vitamins A, D, E and 0. ‘nwly and delay the hunger sensat ‘uel fats, such as butter, ghee and ‘aue aneriosclerosis. “kin and Funk (1912) propoundes ‘ute quantities and act as grow! “iy be synthesized by green plant éelcieney diseases which they "spoil the vitamins. The chemic “inthesize them. They are divide ‘ich s simple vegetable oils. Excess of saturates Sources, The sources of fats in our diet the, buter, cream, oil seeds and nuts, Mm! Uses. The fats also serves a variety of function’ 1. fuel, 2, reserve food, 3. insulator, Vitamins were discovered by NI, Lunt eto deficiency of vitamins. Vitamins ts, hence ani ‘nthe plants, Human body manufactures sore A, D and Bq Vitamins are Tait preven Daly Requirement, About 50 gms. of fat are needed by man daly. Fats are digested jon between meals. Our diet should contain less satu- hydrogenerated vegetable ols, than unsaturated fats 4, formation n and ter tami ‘are complex organic an and metabolic Fe vitamin D usin ied after alphabet ‘Too much he: yn of vitamins al compositio! into fat solu! in theory” which states de -gulatory sut depend for ther vitamin requirement ultraviolet rays of sunlight and ng an Je (A, D, Eand K) ane sd fats increases the blood-cholesterol and + are vegetable cooking oil, vanaspati ghee, desi Ik, cheese, mutton and eggs. “of cell organelles, §. stock absorption. sm Vitamins was first used by Funk ficiency diseases are ‘compounds needed daily in pstances. The vitamins can their chemical composition i frying and low temper- fare known andi is possible xd water soluble (B. “© vitamins & Sve system (ANIMAL NUTEITION | Ry Points | in all, about 7 litres of fluid is secreted into the lumen of the digestive tract of human each day. ‘¢ Fats remain in stomach from. 3-6hours, Protein for3 hours, ‘carbohydrates for 1-2 hours ‘© Chief seat of water absorption is large intestine. «Liver produces proteins like albumin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, but does not produce globulin. During high fever one does not feel like taking meals because high temperature shuts off the appetite centre. Maximum number of enzymes are found in « Secretion of saliva is only a reflex activity. 6.19Fat Soluble Vitamins = Other features yf dei Sources [name vin ae heme ‘ciel nae view puner ver | Iereased quantity pro smn) Pa af via igen Xemphainin | Vepctales, ter. yea rae re 2. Nit nies |i eek. mango and] dacs side ees Soong Ca ant preventon of Keratni-| nyetalpia ne fight vitamin omer) nia of eich 8. Keratomalacia amin (yfty-ce | Pane bsorton of Ricklsn chen] Col Her br fisy | Symone at yom vi er asthne | eam and phospho] Ove ms ery mith am, ne expose to light ihe hy imstine and thei re spleen vitamin) AF tama tention in bay a depo sition in ones Vitam ¥ ‘Antionidant and some Destvuciono RHC. tn | Fresh green vegetables, | Destroyed by UV-rays la Tocopherol) role in ETS, mate causes stribty [meat, yolk, vegetable ois, Ct find in female aburtion | butler and cheese may occur on fling may be born dead fect na paved in an, Vitamin K Synthesis of prothrombin] Reduced. ability of | Presh green vegetables, t0- | Vitamin K is syothessed Prytaguinone for normal clotting of| blond w clot and aso | matoes, fiver, soyabean, | by intestinal microbes (the) blood leads wo haemonhages. | eeese, eRe present in the intestine Destroyed by prolonged use of antibiotics ‘Thiamine (Vitamin B, | Act as co-enzyme in] 1, Anorexia—toss of | Bran Rice, whole wheat | Funk isolated i in Cy My gNq8O) | cellular respiration, role] appetite flour cus, meatliver yeast | crystalline form Antineuriic cor | innutrion of nerve cell. |2. Polyneurtis_in et. Anierbery inimals and berber in-man (Muscular soph cardiovascular change) Vitamin By or G — | 1. Required for cell] Morbidchangesin skin | Cheese, egg, yeast, meat, | Stored in liver, Exces of ibafavinC pMagNGOy | erowth called. cheilosis, liver, cereals, green | this s eliminated in urine sactoflavin ‘or | 2-Formpsirof coenzyme inflammation of lips, | vegetable svatfaviny (PMN, FAD) fissures at comers of mouth, Also causes lossts Inflammation of tongue Ie is an__essentil] Pellagra, dermatitis, | Fresh meat, liver, fish, | Frstsolated by Funk and Vit. Wy or Niacin or | component of NAD and] diarrhoea, dementia, | mik, cereals, pubes, yeast | labelled it as pellagra Ni 1,NO | NADP thus form co- muscular atrophy, Jet Preventing (pp) factor enzymes inflammation of cous membrane of aw. Pat of coenzyme A: [Burning feet Ie occurs in all types of Vit he Needed for Gell syndrome, cardio-| All foods, more in yeast, | plants and animal issues puntcrbenic acid | espiration, necessary for| vascular and_gast- kidney. liver, esg, meat My fnonmal skin and erves. |ointestinal distur- | mk, ground nut runes, 1s essential component] Causes anaemia with ‘Term By was coined by Yi. Bg pyridoxine) or | of coenzyme pyridoxal pllagra Brewer's yeas, lver. eng. | Gyorgy CMON phosphate, It promotes yolk, Kidney, ah i prowth in rats used for opetables fing tuberculosis semi for fat sys Dermatitis followed by Vi Woe Hy tenn on — | and energy prnacton. anorexia, muscular | Yeas, vegetables enya m pu (MN) Pssentiat rote in cell] L Mepaloblastic Yodie Add group Vi. MY tata Nevessany tx | aver Garcon vogstable, Hanana, #40 Hy fryinapuiess, Requved| 2 Moth Fen Povange aad Liver Ton DNA aye 3, Ghnis LL 4 Lewcopenia poe MODERN'S abe OF OBJECTIVE BIOLOGY (NEED. “8 essed robes pnged 8 of| kand ieee es of SS a Bete ia ndbleeding sums fae | pt Secretion of fumes, gua collagen cate |e! ves ant bes entine uy. 3. Helps bay to develop esntince to dscns Helps ie absorption of Ca and Fe inthe amino acid rmetaproteins and peptides (B) proteins —> proteases and peptones — peptides —> amino acids (©)proteins > acid metaprot ses —> amino acids —> peptides (D)proteins > primary proteins — peptides amino acids. 64, Enterogasterone stops the secretion of = (A) trypsin (B) gastric juice (©) bile (D) pancreatic juice. 65. Cholecystokinin brings the release of (A)pancreatic juice (B) gastric juice (C) intestinal juice (Dil. 66. Proenzyme pepsinogen is activated by (A)Enterokinase —_(B) Enterocrinin @ua (D)Gastrin, 67. Secretin and pancreozymin bring the release of (A) pancreatic juice (B) gastric juice (bile (D) intestinal juice 68. Digestion within a digestive tract is : (A)incomplete —_(B) same as absorption (extracellular —_(D) an irreversible process. 69, Liver can synthesize : ns > proteo- (WB JEE 2012) (A) Vitamin E (B) Vitamin D (© Vitamin A. (D) Vitamin K 70. Absorption of glucose involves (A) hydration (B) dehydration (©) phosphorylation (D) sulphonation. 71. Vitamin B is (A) fat soluble (B) water soluble (© insoluble (D) no change. 72. ‘The one difference between frog and man is that the frog has no (A) pancreas (B) thyroid (©) salivary gland (D) adrenal gland. 73. Rickets, scurvy and poor vision are ciency of (A) vitamins D, Cand A (B) vitamins By, Bg and C (© vitamins By. Bs (D) vitamins B.D an 74, Gastric secretion is regulated by (A) neural mechanism (B) hormonal mechanism (C) neural and hormonal controt (D) None of the above. 75. Iron is needed in the diet mainly to (A)synthesize haemoglobin (B) aid the healing of wounds MODERN'S abe OF OBJECTIVE BIOLOGY NEEDEE 2012, that the rode (C)clean the blood (p) strengthen the bones, With tezard to natural eatin (A)aherbivore —(B) an omni (Cacamivore (ya gran” ‘7. Theabnormal metabolism of one Gaucher's disease (ay fats (B) protein (Ccarbohyérates _(D)All the above 48. The main function of lacteal isto absorb 8 habit, a human ig ‘Of the following causes (a) lipids (B) glycogen ie () proteins, +9, The main function of prolonged chewing isto (s)membrane—-(B) muscle bundles (C) connective tissue (D) cell walls, 49, Which one of the following are reabsor mentary canal as such ? Stine al (A) Albumen of egg (B) Polysaccharide (©) Fat soluble vitamin (D) Protein, AL, Islets of Langerhans are (a)exocrine (B) excretory (©)endocrine (D) digestive. 82, What makes the chyme in human digestion move to- wards duodenum from the stomach ? (A)Peristaltic movement (B) Gravitational pull (C) Circulation of blood (D) Gravitational push. 88, The activator of intestinal juice is (A) succus entericus (B) secretin (Centerozymase _(D) enterocrinin. 34, Which of the following is related with digestive system in molluscs ? (A) Byssus thread (B) Osphradium (©) Statocyst (D) Radula. 85. The nutrition in Hydra is holozoic. The entire process ray be divided into four parts ingestion T digestion ML excretion IV. egestion (AJL I and IV are correct (B)L, Wand IV are correct (©)1, Mand II are correct (D)H1, M and IV are correct. 46, In man the bile juice secreted by liver per 489 (A) 250 ml 600 mt : (C) 1000 ml (D) 1,500 ml nee 5. The method of intake of food incase of ellate Parse cium is (A) holozoic (B) saprozoic (©hsaprophytic —_DYHOLOPHYEE. a ener tet . Dental formula indicates the (Pe sa correct ? (A) Incisors, premolars, 2! (B) incisors, canines, Pre™ 6estive sysTEM (ANIMAL NUTRITION) nines and molars jolars and molars 89, mn. 2. 93, 94, 95, 100. (©) Incisors, premolars, molars and canines (©) Canines, incisors, premolars and molars. ‘Carbohydrate splitting enzyme is secreted by ()liver (B) zymogen cells of gastric glands (©) salivary glands (D) crypts of Lieberkubn Major utility of breaking up of food into small bits dur- ing chewing is (A)to reduce the area of the food eaten up (B) to increase the surface area of food eaten up (©) 0 enjoy taste of food {(D)t0 make the food soluble Peyer's patches produce (A)enterokinase _(B) lymphocytes (C) mucus (D)eypsin. Incolon constriction of its surface form. series of small pockets called (A) taeniae (B) crypts of Lieberkuhn (©)sacculus rotundus (D) haustra. ‘The dietary component which is assimilated without any change is (A)cane sugar (B) milk (© vitamins (D) maltose. Gastric juice has a pH of about (aio (B88 oe (D)2. ‘The glucagon is produced by (A) Breells of endocrine pancreas (B) exocrine pancreas (©) eecells endocrine pancreas (D) pancreatic duct. Pepsin changes (A) proteins into peptones (B) fats into fatty acids (C) milk into curd (D)starch into sugar Lipase changes (A) proteins into peptones (B) starch into sugar (©) fats into fatty acids (D) None of these. ‘Trypsin reduces proteins and peptones 10 (A)amino acids (B) nucleic acids (O)slycogen (D) None of these. accus entericus acts in (A)alkaline medium (B) strongly acidic medium (©) neutral medium (D) weakly acidic medium. ‘The function ofthe bile salts is (A) to catalyse chemical reactions (B) to emulsify the fats (C) absorption of fat soluble nutrients (D) Both (B) and 620ESE 101. 102. 103. 104. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. ui. 42. 113, 830 ee tein into ane pepsin can break down Pr. The geste shich is = ones in a medium Rpswongl alkaline (B) weakly alkaline (Cyacidie (D) at a neutral pH. Liver. the biggest zl the secretion of (aohormones controlling digestion (B) digestive enzymes land in the body. is concerned with (bile (D) mucus. ‘The precursor of trypsin is synthesized in the (A) stomach (B) duodenum Oliver (D) pancreas. ‘The enzyme erepsin helps the breakdown of peptones {nto amino acids in the (A) stomach (B) duodenum (C)large intestine (D) pancreas. .. The muscular movement of the alimentary canal is known as (A) cyclosis (B) peristalsis (C) maceration _(D) metachronal waves, Deficiency in the quantity of vitamin D causes (A)haemorthage —_(B) rickets (©)scury (D)beri-beri. Deficiency in the quantity of vitamin C causes : (Ayhaemorthage B) scurvy (C) muscular dystrophy (D) reproductive impairment. Bile is green in colour due to the presence of (A)bilirubin and biliverdin (B) haemoglobin (C) sodium glycocholate (D) sodium taurocholate The hard substance that forms teeth is (A) bone (B) enamel (C) dentine (D) tendon. ‘The teeth which are embedded in sockets are called: (A) homodont (B) thecodont (C)diphyodont —_(C) heterodont. ‘Which of the following components of food can be di- rectly absorbed by blood without any chemical break- down in the alimentary canal ? (A) proteins (B) fats (©) vitamins (D) starch, ‘The animals that can eat various plants and animal ma- terials are called: (A) cannibal (©) omnivorous (B) carnivorous (D) herbivorous. In which part of alimentary canal is NH, produced dur- ing the digestion of food ? (A) Liver (B) Intestine (©) Stomach (D) Caecum, 4. 1s. 116. 47. 118. 19. 120. 12. 122, 123. 124, 12s. 126. 127. a principal asin home Mpelacin (B) choline esterase (Crecein (DISET CMA ‘The enzyme which coagulates milk ts called (A) pepsin (By trypsin (Cy lactase (D) rennin. ‘The process involving the conversion of solid substances Jno hiqaid material finally sults nthe absomption along the gut wall. they are then incorporated into the complex substances. The process is called {Aycombination —_ (B) assimilation (C) absorption {D) defaccation ‘Aeidic thick fluid food in stomach is called as (Ayehyle (Bychyme (©) liquid {D) vitaminows food. {A lubricant, mucin, in saliva is made of (A) polyunsaturated fats (B) glycoproteins (C) actin and myosin (D) phosphotipi Synthesis of glycogen from sugar in the Fiver, is known as (A)Glycogenesis _(B) Glycolysis (©) Glycogenclysis_ (D)Glycogen ‘About how much saliva does a person produce cach day? (A) 100 mi (©) 500 ml Gastric juice contains following enzymes : (A) pepsin and rennin (B) amylase and pepsin (©) propepsin and prorennin (D) insulin and glycogen Function of HCI in the stomach is to (A) kill micro-organisms (B) convert pepsinogen to pepsin (dissolve enzymes (D) Both (A) and (B), ‘Amylase is an enzyme for which the substrate is (A) starch (B) proteins (©) canesugar (D) fats A good source of lipase is : (A) gastric juice (B) saliva (bile (D) pancreatic juice. ‘The formula for sucrose is Cy H,,0 ,. This means SU- cerose is composed of : (A)3elements—_(B) 45 elements (C) elements (D)22 elements All enzymes are chemically speaking (A)carbohydrates (B) proteins (C)lipids ay ean ‘The lacteals are central lymph vessels which are Found (A) liver (C) spleen (B) Lt 1.5 litre (B) pancreas (D) villi, MODERN'S abe OF OBJECTIVE BIOLOGY (NEED130. ish. 1. 13. 1s, 136, 137, 138, QGestive sy¥STEM (ANIMALNUT Which of the followin, Ng does 1 enzyme ? Hes MOL roduce any (Aplivestinal mucosa (B) Gasp oe (OLiver (Dy rant mucosa surgical removal of gall ba suri all blader in human beings would (A)impairment of digestion of f : {B) jaundice _ (C) impairment of digestion of (D)No effect during digestio Inthe process of peristalsis, (A)circular muscles of the d tract and those directly in fro (B)the longitudinal muscles ot tube contract and relax altematively ESSE (C) both processes occur simultaneously (D)None of the above. a The spleen attached somewhere with th canals of frog and rabbit : (A)has an important role in digestion {B) has a semi-important role in digestion (C) has no role in digestion (D) checks the blood circulation in alimentary cana The fundamental requirement offal fons (A) growth and metabolism, (B) hunger (C) repair (D) metabolism. Pseudorumination is (A)eating the skin (B) eating own faecal matter (C) chewing the cud _(D) swallowing the food. f protein a igestive tube con- nt of it relax alimentary 1. Inactive enzyme precursor such as pepsinogen for pep- sin are called: (A)zymogens (B) polyglycoids (Cactivases (D) cholenzymes. Most digestion and all absorption of food takes place in the (A)stomach (C) small intestine The main advantage of ha mouth and anus is (A)it permits different parts cialized to perform different process in turn (B) it permits an animal of grinding its food. (©) it permits anima (D)it permits animals to eat food i In humans, digestion of food is complete (A) mouth (B) stomach (C) small intestine (D) large intestine () rectum, {A portion of the stomach that be thickened muscular walls and i840 ing hard food is called a (") (B) caecum (D) large intestine wing a digestive tract with @ of the gut to become spe funetions of the digestive | without teeth to have a means 1 larger organisms as food n larger chunks. xj in the sto eat ws evolved extremely vite efficient at grind= gizzard (A)rumen (B) gizz (C)crop {p)omasti Wiek of th 1a function of the mame wi of the following nol ‘malian liver ? TION) eee 140. 141, 142, 143. 144. 1s. 146. 147. 148. {A) Secretion of digestive enzymes for expert tothe gut (B) Regulation of blood glucose and amino acid contents (©) Production ofthe nitrogenous waste urea (D) Production of plasma proteins for the blood Bacteria entered with contaminated food are killed i stomach by (A)HCI (B) Pepsin (©)Rennin (D) Sodium bicarbonate. ‘The pylorus in frog is found between (A)stomach and duodenum (B) duodenum and ileum (©) ileum and colon (D) oesophagus and stomach, Vitamins are (Ayinorganic substances that cannot be syn- thesized by animals (B) inorganic substances that can be synthesized by the animals (C) organic substances that can be synthesized by animals (D) organic substances only synthesized in animal cells. In ileum which of the following is absorbed ? (AyVit K (B)Bile salts (©) Glucose (D) Fat (HU195) Casein contained in the milk is a (A) bacterium (B) protein (©) fat (D) oligosaccharide. (Manipal 1995) Cod liver oil is a rich source of (A)iodine (B) vitamins A and D (© vitamins B and D (D) vitamin C. (Manipal 1985), ‘Vitamins we must consume daily are (A) fat soluble (B) water soluble (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of the above. (AFMC195) Enterokinase helps in the conversion of (A) caseinogen into casein (B) proteins into polypeptides (©) pepsinogen into pepsin (D) trypsinogen into trypsin. (CBSE 1999) Match the items in column I (vitamin ) with those in column II (Deficiency diseases ) “Which ofthe following is correet matching of all pairs: (a) Fo Ib, Hed, IV-a (B) Fa, U-b, Id, IV-¢ (Ob, Id, Ika, IV-c (D) Fe, Ud, Md, 1V-b. (CBSE. 1995) 631(B) changed to glucose and fructose went deficiency diseases were ses, sutnanes sy en oe (C) undergoes no appreciable change | oa py Funk (D) changed to glucose. | (schwann (D)Glisson. (Pb PMT. 1995) 158, Fundus in sanguivorous animals is | following statements about glycogen (A) round and tubular = re ae (B) round and saccular a ide stored in the liver which (C) long and branched (A)It is a disacchari (An veact with ammonia to form proteins {(D)long and tubular. (pyit is synthesised in the liver and takes part 156. After digestion, amino acids are: in the formation of bile and lipase, (A) absorbed into lymph (Olt is polysaccharide which is synthesised (B) absorbed into portal circulation and stored only in liver cells. (© excreted to the extent of 50% (D)It is synthesised in blood and stored in liver and (D) converted into glucose in the intestine ‘muscles to provide glucose in times of need. 157. The rate of absorption of sugars by small intestine is (CBSE. 1995) ‘greatest for 151. A dental disease characterised by mottling of teeth is (A) pentoses (B) hexoses ‘due to presence of a certain chemical element in drink- (C)disaccharides_(D) oligosaccharides. ing water. Which is that element? 158. Which of the following are reabsorbed in the alimen- (A) Boron (B) Chiorine tary canal as such ? (©) Fluorine (D) Mercury. (CASE1995) (A)albumen of egg 152, Saliva of man contains an enzyme known as (B) polysaccharides (A)erepsin (B) ptyalin (©) fat soluble vitamin (©) amylase (Dy matte. (D) proteins. 153, Human intestine lacks 159, ‘The activator of intestinal juice is (A) symbiotic bacteria of human (A)suecus entericus (B) secretin (B) enzymes to digest cellulose (Centero-zymase _ (D) enterocrinin (C) developed vermiform appendix 160, Brunner’s gland is present in (D)All the above. (A) duodenum = (B) jejunum 154, Canesugar injected into blood is : (©) ileum (D) rectum. (8. see 202) (A) changed to fructose ast ACERTEP 1. Select what is not true of intestinal villi among Cohn 1 Colma Tt followings (©) Blomacromolecues i. Alimentary canal (A) They possess microvilli a ee se ssociaed slond (B) They increase the surface area per ieaeial gente (C) They are supplied with capillaries and the lateal (© Stomach i ‘Outer wall of vessels visceral organs (D) They only participate in digestion of fats ee fh cooraed ie 2. Hepato-pancteatic duct opens into the duodenum and (2 Serosa » Thad bake (A) bile Options : oe (B) pancreatic juice (A) wi, bi, ov, di, env (C) both bile and pancreatic juice (B) aiv, bei, e-v, dit, eit ©) saliva, (©) wi, bei, eri, div, ev 3. One of the following is not a common disorder (©) ai, bei, ci, div, e-v associated with digestive system « 6. Match the two columns and select (A) Tetanus (B) Diarrhoea options given : tthe right one anions (C) Jaundice (D) Dysentery. Cin 1 Column 11 4. A gland not associated with the alimentary canal i ene i. A carilaginous fap (A) pancreas (B) adrenal () Ghtis ee «©, lee (D) salivary glands fe tered es . Match the tw S and select the cor caecum age Mae the to columns and select the correct among @ o J. Opening of wid pipe 8.32 MODERN'S abo OF OBJECTIVE BIOLOGY (NEET)7 ions OMA) bis Boi, Citi, iy @) wiv, bili, eit, aj © will bici, ai (D) wii, Driv, ci, iif 1, Match the enzyme with their res choose the right one among options een nee a ions given, Columa 1 Column 1 (lites 4. Dipeptides (Nuclease ae (0. Carboxypeptidase i (@Dipeptidases : Nucleic acids Proteins, peptones and roteoes, Options : (A) arti, bili, ei, div (B) avi, boiv, ei, dei (©) aii, bei esi, di (D) ari, il, e-iv, dei 8, Dental formula in human beings is (A) 23 ®) 3223 © 132 © 1232 2233. 9. Liver is the largest gland and is associated with various functions. Choose one which is not correct. (A) Metabolism of carbohydrate (B) Digestion of fat (©) Formation of bile (D) Secretion of hormone called gastrin, Questions From Competitive Examinations @CcE Protein/enzyme is absent in (A) Saliva (B) Bile (ote Par, 2000) (©)Pancreatic juice (D) Intestinal juice. 2, Match the degestive juices listed under Column-1 with the enzymes given under Column-lII; Choose the choice which gives the correct combination of the alphabets of the two columns, Cotuma-t Column Digestive juices) Enzymes) a] Salva P | Dissccharases | Gastric juice | Topsia | Pancreatic juice | r | Pryalin 4] intestinal juice | s | Pepsin t | cettuase (Aya—r, b—s,c— Pp. d— B)a—rb—ne—p.d— @a—sb—ne—pd—! Dens b—s,c—qd—P._(Kamateka CET. 2000) 3. What should be taken to offset deficiency of rhodopsin ? (A) Papaya and Mango (B) Orange and Ama (C) Water melon and Strawberry a ()All the above. 2 4. Vitamin required for development of erythrocytes (yD (B)By2 OE WK. S. In case of taking food rich in ptyalin on starch is (AFM.C 2000) time juice, the action of (B) Reduced (A) Enhanced saw) (©) Unaffected (D) Stopped. 2 core 6. Digestive juice contains catalytic ase cayVitanins Ronee 2 (C) Enzymes. it 7. Bile acids re oe (A) Steroids (B) Carbohydrate DIGESTIVE sySTEM (ANIMAL NUTBITION) (C) Modified proteins (D) Vitamins. (Ps .AL7. 2000), '& Which one correctly matched (Vic E — Tocoferol (B) Vit D — Riboflavin OV B — Caleiferol Vit. A — Thiamine (CBSE 2001) 9. Where does the conversion of harmful prussic acid into potassium sulphocyanide take place ? (A) spleen ©) liver (©) bone marrow —_(D) lymph glands. (Pb Pa. 2001) 10, Water is absorbed mainly by (A)Large intestine (B) small intestine (©) stomach (D)pancreas. (Pb PMT. 2001) 11. The number of different teeth (incisors, canines, pre- molars and molars) in each jaw are (4.4.6.4 (B)4,2.4.6 ©4.2.5.6 (D)6.2.4,4. (5 Pwr 2001) 12, “Your food shall be your medicine”. This quotation was sven by (A) Newton (B) Hippocrates (©) Binstein ()Lenz. (Pe. PMT 2001) 13. Term proteins was first used by (A)Berzelius (B) Funk (©) Kune (D)Marconi. (#8 PMT. 2001) 14, Gall baldder is absent in (Ayeow B) pig (©) horse ()cat (Pb, PMT2001) 15. Vitamin K is necessary for (A)RBC. (B) WBC. (©) plasma () production of prothrombin. "(Pb PMT 2001) 16. Aperson suffering from profuse bleeding after an injury. ‘Such a pergon is deficient in which vitamin ? (Vit B)VitK (©vitD (D)VitE. "(CBSE PAT. 2002) 6.33ough mucosa cells, Jpsorbed into the blood thr intestine by the process called : wa (B) Facilitated transpor 17, Froctoseisal {a Active transport ransport mechanism. {Cy Simple diffusion (D)Co-transpor (ALPMET. 201) ion of glucose and amino acids occurs by “orption (B) active absorption D) facilitated diffusion. ULPMER, 2002) 18, Absorpt (ay passive absorption (C)simple diffusion 19, Magnesium is most abundant in (al (D) Mg. EMC. 2003) 21. Which one pair is not correctly matched ? (A) Vit B,y-Pemicious anaemia (B) Vit By-Beri-beri (©) Vit C-Scurvy (D) Vit B, -Pellagra. 22, Lysozymes are found in (A)Mitochondria (B) Tears (©) Saliva and tears both (D) Saliva, a1.P.P.cr. 2004) 23, Just as hydrochloric acid is to pepsinogen so is (A)Enterokinase to trypsinogen (B) Haemoglobin to oxygen (©) Bile juice to fat (D) Glucagon to glycogen. 24. Plasma protein also performs (A) Nutritive funetion (B) Physiochemical function (C) Transportive function (D)All the above three. 28. Which is non-reducing sugar ? (CASE. Pate, 2003) (Lr par. 2009, (PPT. 2009, (A) glucose (B) galactose (C) mannose (D) sucrose. (Orisea 2004) 26. Which is false for nutrition in Amoeba ? (A) omnivorous (B) pseudopodia feeder (C)holozoic nutrition (D) photoautotroph. (Orisa 2004) 27. Match the types of cells listed under column I with the secretions under column Il. Choose the answer which tives the correct combination of the alphabets of two columns Column-t ‘Column-It (Types of celts) (Seeretions) a Beta cells i, Mast cells Mach © Paneth cells Histamine 4d Acinar cells Insulin Pancreatic enzymes (Kornataka C.E.7 2008) 28, 38, 37, The lacteals are found in (A) Spleen. (B) Ma (C) Salivary gland (D) Vill mary gland (Kamanka CET 2009, 1. Number of teeth which grow twice are As (By 2 (D)20, (MPALC 2006 ALPAET. 2001) Which of the following is not an insectivorous plant ? (A) Droser: (B) Nepenthes (C)Monotropa——(D) Utricul APMC 2009) Sea weeds are important sources of (A) Chlorine (B) Fluorin (C) lodine (D)Bromine. AEC 20m) During digestion lymphatics of intestine become filled with fat globules giving white colour to the lymph This lymph is called (A) Cistron (B) Chyle (C)Chyme (D)Bilieubin.— Weatc 200 Catile fed with spoilt hay of sweet clover which contains dicumarol (A) Are healthier due to good diet (B) Catch infections easily (C) May suffer from vitamin K deficiency and prolonged bleeding (D) May suffer from Beri Beri due to deficiency of B-vitamins (LEM. 2000 Duodenum has characteristic Brunner’s glands which secrete two hormones called (A) Prolactin, Parathormone (B) Estradiol, Progesterone (©) Kinase, Estrogens (D) Secretin, cholecystokinin The richest sources of vitamin By» are (A)Chocolate and green gram |” (B) Rice and Hen’s egg (C) Carrot and chicken’s breast (D) Goat’ liver and Spirullina (CBSE 2000 Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched ? (A) Vitamin B, (8) Vitamin By = Pellagra (C) Vitamin By, = Pernicious anaemia (D) Vitamin By = Loss of appetite. (case 2000 ‘Which one of the following isthe correct matching of @ Vitamin, its nature and its deficiency disease ? (A) Vitamin A - Fat soluble - Beri Beri (8) Vitamin K - water soluble - Pellagra (©) Vitamin A - Fat soluble-Night blindness (D) Vitamin K - fat soluble - Beri-Beri (cn .£ 200 Which of the following is mismatch > (A) Thiamine — Damage to nerves a (B) Ascot acid — Seury nS an sa (© Riboftavin — Siow (D) Niacin — Damage (CBSE 2008 jeri-Beri ‘ale of clotting of blood '0 skin and intestinal lining, (ALEEE. 200) MODERN'S abe OF OBJECTIVE BIOLOGY (NEET)on it? % Mu) ch of 7 h f caborypeptidase is secreted by (ayPaneteas p) Lining of intestine (Salivary glands (oyStomach, a) @ crippling disease prevalen Lage pr es Ne ‘Atieag ie (b) a deficiency disease caused by ty (vitamin B,); (o) anutritional disorder in infants an; when the diet is persistently defi protein: (@) occurs in those countries where the polished rice; (© the symptoms are pain from neuritis, muscle wasting, progressive ocdem deterioration and finally heart failure: (A) a,b and d (B) b,cande (© acande @) bdande case 25) 41, A patient is generally advised to consume specially ‘more meat, lentils, milk and eggs in diet only when he suffers from (A) Kwashiorkor (B) Scurvy (C) Anaemia (D) Rickets. (CBSE. 2005) 42. Secretin and cholecystokinin are digestive hormones. They are secreted in (A) esophagus. (C) Duodenum Y lack of thiamine id young children icient in essential staple diet is Paralysis, ‘a, mental (B) Heum (D) Pyloric stomach, (CBSE. 205) 8, Epithelial cells of the intestine involved in food absorption have on their surface : (A)Pinoeytic vesicles ®) Microvilli (C)Zymogen granules (D) Phagocytic vesicles. 4, Enzymes, vitamins and hormon 4 single category of biological cl of these (A) help in regulating metabolism (B) are exclusively synthesized in the bod! organism (©) are conjugated proteins (D) enhance oxidative metabolism. $8. HClis secreted by (A) zymogen cells (oxyntic cells (D) Which of the following vitamins is waters 4 anti-oxidant ? (A) vitB (B) vit A © vied (p)vitC. %. Te siven graph shows the Concentration on the rate of reaction © (CBSE. 2005) 1es can be classified into Jhemicals, because all y ofa living, (CBSE 2005) (B) peptic cell None of these.(AF-MC 2005) ‘oluble as well (BHU, 2005) effect of substrate ff the enzyme x “SSTWvE SYSTEM (ANIMAL NUTRITION) green-gram-phosphatase. indicate ? What does the graph vetociry . — SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION. (A) The rate of enzyme reaction is directly proportional to the substrate concentration (B) Presence of an enzyme inhibitor in the reaction mixture (©) Formation of an enzyme-substrate complex (D) Athigher substrate-concentration the pH increases (ALIMS. 2005) 48, Which one of the following four secretions is correctly matched with its source, target and nature of action ? Secretion | Source | Tarnet Teton TH] Geen] Stomach | Oxpate cals | Production of bing Het TB) | Tahibin | Sera cells | Hypatalamas | —tnnibiion of 2] secretion of gonadotropin TO) [eerie | Duodenum | Gall badder [Release of ile use © Aifal | Sino atial [Joxt-glomerular| —Inkibiion of Naturetic [mode (SAN) | — apparatus | release of rein Factor | Meelis ‘0Ga) cane) | of Awa 49. si. canis 2005 Maltase converts (A) maltose to glucose at pH greater than 7 (B) maltose to glucose at pH lesser than 7.0 (C) maltose to alcohol (D) starch to maltose at pH higher than 7.0, (Ora 2005) Which pair is essential for the growth of first in water ? (A)calcium and phosphorus (B) phosphates and carbonates (C) sulphate and carbonates (D) nitrates and sulphates. av. 2005) “Match the following nutritional vitamin deficiencies in ‘column 1 with the eauses/deficiences in column I and ‘choose the correct option from the answer key. Column T Column a. Kwashiorkar ——p. Iron 'b. General anaemia q. Menadione cc. Dermatitis r. Protein d. Marasmus s. Pyrodoxine e. Bleeding 1. Biotin (Kerala 2005) 635ction of lacteals inthe vil of human small 2. Thema f intestine is the absorption of (A)amino acids and glucose (B) glucose and vitamins (C) water and mineral salts (D) fatty acids and glycerol (KCET. 2005) A 53. Which of the following ts called as a detrinyoge 5 fon decaying Organi may (Ayan (B) an animal f (C)a plant feeding on (D) an animal feeding on a numa, '54, Which one of the following enzymes carries out the itil step in the digestion of milk in humans ? (A) Pepsin (B) Renin © Lipase (D) Trypsin. (atpaer 2011, 2014) ‘55, Examination of blood of a person suspected of having, anaemia, shows large, immature, nucleated erythocytes without haemoglobin. Supplementary his diet with which of the following, is likely to alleviate his symptoms ? (A) Riboflavin (B) Iron compounds (©) Thiamine (©) Folic acid and cobalamine (ALPALT. 2006) 56. Which of the following pairs of the kind of cells and their secretion is correctly matched ? (A) oxyntic cells —a secretion with pH between 2.0 and 3.0 () alpha cells of islets of Langerhans — secretion that decreases blood sugar level (© Kupfer cells —a digestive enzyme that hydrolyses nucleic acids () sebaceous glands — a secretion that evaporates (on cooling, (LLM. 2006) 57. The following is a scheme showing the rate of carbohydrates during digestion in the human alimentary ‘canal. Identify the enzymes acting at stages indicated as 4a, b,c and d. Choose the correct option from those given (A) a= amalyse, b= maltase, ¢= (B) a= amylase, b = maltase, ¢ (C) a= amylase, b (D)a= amylase, b= lactase, ¢ maltase, d = invertase, (KCET. 2006) ‘58. Which one is correctly matched ? (A) vitamin E-thiamine (B) vitamin D-riboflavin (C) vitamin B,-tocopherol (D) vitamin’ A-caleiferol (E) vitamin By,-cyanocobalamine, —(KCET. 2006) 59. Which of the following is correct chronological order for enzyme activity of some enzymes taking part in protein digestion ? 8.36 (KET yng (A) pepsin > trypsin —> peptidase (B) pepsin > peptidase —> trypsi (C) trypsin > pepsin > peptidase {D) peptidase > trypsin = pepsin. ie CET samy | 60. Which of the following ean be absorbed by | acca? / t icose and amino acid {B) glucose and lipid (©) lipid (D) glucose, Gickran 61. Which of the following hormone helps in secretion of HCI from stomach ? (B) gast (D) somatomedin, Waser 209) 62, Statements (a) The element which is very important forthe production of thyroxine is iodine () Vitamin By is otherwise known as niacin or nicotinic atid (6) Fructose is a monosaccharide and is @ herose sugar (@) Globulin is an example for a conjugated protin of the above statements. (A) a, b and ¢ are correct but d is wrong | | | (B) a and ¢ are correct but 6 and d are wrong (©) a and b are correct but ¢ and dare wrong (D)a is correct while b, © and d are wrong ©) a, ¢ and d are correct but b is wrong (Kerale 208) 63. ‘Crypts of Lieberkuhn’ are found in (A) gall bladder (B) liver (©) pancreas. (D) intestinal tracts ) salivary glands, (Kerala 200%, NEET 2017) 64, Glisson’s capsule is associated with (A) liver (B) pancreas _ (©) lung (D) Kidney. (erat 2008 68. The main digestive function of enterokinase is (A) conversion of casein into paracasein (B) conversion of pepsinogen into pepsin (C) conversion of trypsinogen into trypsin (D) Stimulation ofthe gastic glands to secrete gasti juice (©) conversion of trypsin into trypsinogen, ‘Kerala 2008 66. Match the Column I with Column If and Colume Ill Choose the correct option Column 1 Column Ht Column it (Substrate) (Enzyme) (Product) 1. Lactose 4. Lipase 1. Galactose 2. Monoglycerides 6: Trypsin UL. Maltose 3. Starch ¢, Lactase UL Fatty acid 4. Peptones d. Amylase IV. Dipeptides @l-a- k2-e-3~6_m:4—a-V MODERN'S abe OF OBJECTIVE BIOLOGY (NEEDan. choose the wrong statement a (Kerala 2014) {p) The optimum pH for salivary amylase mene (Goblet cells secrete mucous." Proteins {E) Submucosal glands of the intestine as Brunner’s glands. ee astic juice of infants contains ean fay nuclease, pepsinogen, lipase {B) pepsinogen, lipase, rennin (Q amylase, rennin, pepsinogen (D) maltase, pepsinogen. hepatopancreatic duct into the duodenum (a) Semilunar valve (B) Ileocaecal valve De ae cobewint eed eee 70. In the stomach, gastric acid i sercted by the (A) Gastrin secreting cells (B) Parietal cells (© Peptic cells (D) Acidie cells (neer-120101 71. Which of the following options best represents the enzyme composition of pancreatic juice ? (A) amylase, peptidase, typsinogen, rennin ) amylase, pepsin, rypsinogen, maltase (© peptidase, amylase, pepsin. rennin {D) lipase, amylase, trypsinogen, procarboxypeplidase (NEET 2017) Which cells of “Crypts of Lieberkuhn’ secrete antibacterial lysozyme ? (A) Argentaffin cells (B) Paneth eels {© Zymogen cells (D) Kupfer cells. veer 2017 IA baby boy aged two years is admitted to play school and passes through a dental check-up. The dentist Sbseeved that the boy had twenty teeth. Which teeth n. 2B. (© Pyloric sphincter (D) Sphincter of Oddi ‘were abseot 7 FO a) Inns (B) Canines @ Answers : (©) Pre-molars (@) Molars. (NEET 2017) | mutiele Choice Questions moas ( L© 2. B) 3. B) 4. (D) 5. D) 6. (A) 7. (B) 8. (A) 9. (D) 10. (B) (© 12. (A) 13.) 14 (A) 15.(A) 16.8) 17.8) 18 @ 19.(D) 20. (C) u.(C) 22 (C) 23. (A) 24. (D) 28. (A) 26. (B) 27. (A) 28 (C) 29. (D) 0, (C) M.(D) 32 (A) 33. © 3%) 35.(B) 36.(C) 37. (A) 38. (BD 39. (C) 40. (B) 4L(C) 42D) 43. (wD) 4) 45.) 4.(C) 47. (B) 48. (C) 49. 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