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Conversion Factors

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Glossary ...............................................2054 charts................................................2061–2069

Conversion Factors
Length Pressure/Vacuum Volume
Multiply to get Multiply to get Multiply to get
to get Divide to get Divide to get Divide
inch 2.54 cm atm 33.9 ft H2O cubic cm (cc) 1 mL
ft 12 inch atm 760 mm Hg oz (fluid) 29.57 mL
ft 0.305 meter atm 1033.2 g/cm2 cubic ft (ft3) 7.48 gal
yard 1.094 meter atm 14.70 psi cubic ft (ft3) 0.0283 m3
Angstrom 1010 meter cubic meters 1000 liters
atm 1.013 bar
Flow rate atm 101.3 kPa gal 128 oz (fl)
bar 14.5 psi gal 3.785 liters
Multiply to get bar 0.9869 atm gal 0.8333 imp gal
to get Divide bar 100 kPa quart 0.25 gal
cc/min 1 mL/min ft H2O 0.4335 psi quart 0.9464 liters
cfm (ft3/min) 28.31 L/min kPa 0.01 dyne/cm2 cup 236.59 mL
cfm (ft3/min) 1.699 m3/hr kPa 0.1450 psi cup 8 oz (fl)
cfh (ft3/hr) 472 mL/min kPa 7.5 mm Hg pint 0.125 gal
cfh (ft3/hr) 0.125 GPM psi 0.0703 kg/cm2 pint 0.4732 liters
GPH 63.1 mL/min bushel 9.3092 gal
GPH 0.134 cfh Miscellaneous bushel 35.239 liters
GPM 0.227 m3/hr bushel 64 pints (fl)
Multiply to get
GPM 3.785 L/min to get Divide Mass
oz/min 29.57 mL/min
hp 0.746 kW Multiply to get
Equations
hp 42.44 Btu/min
to get Divide
hp 396,000 lb in/min
hp 1.014 metric hp Apoth dram 60 grains
watts 0.7376 lb ft/sec Apoth dram 0.1371 Avdp oz
l Density Conversions watts 44.25 lb ft/min Apoth dram 0.008571 Avdp lb
Specific Gravity x 1 = g/mL lb-ft 0.1368 kg-m Apoth dram 3.88794 grams
oz-in 0.072 kg-cm Apoth lb 5760 grains
g/L x 8.345404 = lb/gal Apoth lb 13.1657 Avdp oz
oz-in 70,600 dyne-cm
lb/gal x 0.119826 = g/mL oz-in 0.00706 Nm Apoth lb 0.822857 Avdp lb
gauss 0.0001 tesla Apoth lb 373.242 grams
l Humidity Apoth oz 480 grains
l Temperature Apoth oz 1.09714 Avdp oz
Absolute humidity (as g/m3) Apoth oz 0.068571 Avdp lb
°F = (1.8 x °C) + 32 Apoth oz 31.1035 grams
804 e
D = x °C = (°F – 32) x 0.555 Avdp drams 27.344 grains
1 + 0.00633t PO Avdp drams 0.0625 Avdp oz
°Kelvin = °C + 273.2
H 804 e Avdp drams 0.003906 Avdp lb
=
100
x
1 + 0.00633t
x
PO
l Heating and Cooling Avdp drams 1.77185 grams
Avdp lb 7000 grains
Cooling capacity of chillers Avdp lb 16 Avdp oz
H = relative humidity (% RH)
PO = standard air pressure (mm Hg) ∆T (°F) x Specific heat of fluid Avdp lb 453.592 grams
Btu/hr = flow rate (GPM) Avdp oz 437.5 grains
D = absolute humidity (g/m3) Avdp oz 0.0625 Avdp lb
e = water steam pressure (mm Hg) Specific heat of water = 500 Btu/hr/GPM/°F Avdp oz 28.3495 grams
DS = absolute humidity in saturation (g/m3) Specific heat of oil = 350 Btu/hr/GPM/°F carats 3.0865 grains
eS = saturated water steam pressure (mm Hg) carats 0.2 grams
Heating water in tanks grams 15.432 grains
t = temperature (°C)
grams 0.0353 oz
T = dew point temperature Volume (gallons) x ∆T (°F) lb 0.4536 kg
kW = 325 x Heat-up time (hours) oz 28.35 grams
Dew point temperature (as °C)
237.3/75 –1 Heating oil in tanks l Concentration
T =
log e – 0.786 Volume (gallons) x ∆T (°F) Moles of solute
kW = 800 x Heat-up time (hours) Molar (M) =
Liters of solution
e = H x eS ; e = 6.1078 x 10 7.5t/(237.3 + t)
100 s Grams of solute x 100%
Heating flowing water
Weight % = Grams of solute +
kW = Flow (GPM) x ∆T (°F) x 0.16 grams of solvent
Relative humidity (as % RH) Liters of solute x 100%
eS D
l Relative Centrifugal Force Volume % =
RH = e x 100 = x 100 Liters of solution
DS rcf = (11.18 x 10–6) RN
mg of solute mg of solute
R = rotating radius in cm ppm = =
N = rotation speed in rpm kg of solution Liters of water

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In U.S.,l fax: 800-323-4340
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Technical Data
Conversion Factors

Conversion Tables
Pressure Unit Conversion Constants Conductivity Values µΩ/cm at 77°F (25°C)
To go from Multiply by To get % Weight ppm (mg/L) NaCl NaOH HCl Acetic acid
bar 14.50 psi 0.0001 1 2.2 6.2 11.7 4.2
bar 401.47 " of H2O 0.0003 3 6.5 18.4 35.0 7.4
bar 29.53 " of Hg 0.001 10 21.4 61.1 116 15.5
bar 100.0 kPa 0.003 30 64 182 340 30.6
bar 1000 mbar 0.01 100 210 603 1140 63
bar 1019.73 cm of H2O 0.03 300 617 1780 3390 114
bar 750.06 mm of Hg 0.1 1000 1990 5820 11,100 209
cm of H2O 0.014223 psi 0.3 3000 5690 16,900 32,200 368
cm of H2O 0.3937 " of H2O 1.0 10,000 17,600 53,200 103,000 640
cm of H2O 0.028958 " of Hg 3.0 — 48,600 144,000 283,000 1120
cm of H2O 0.09806 kPa 5.0 — 78,300 223,000 432,000 1230
cm of H2O 0.9806 mbar 10.0 — 140,000 358,000 709,000 1530
cm of H2O 0.7355 mm of Hg 20.0 — 226,000 414,000 850,000 1600
" of H2O 0.036127 psi 30.0 — Saturated 292,000 732,000 1405
" of H2O 0.073554 " of Hg 40.0 — Saturated 191,000 Saturated 1080
" of H2O 0.2491 kPa 50.0 — Saturated 150,000 Saturated 740
" of H2O 2.491 mbar 75.0 — Saturated Saturated Saturated 168
" of H2O 2.5400 cm of H2O 100.0 — Saturated Saturated Saturated <1
" of H2O 1.8683 mm of Hg
" of Hg 0.4912 psi
" of Hg 13.596 " of H2O
" of Hg 3.3864 kPa Which conductivity cell constant (K) is best
" of Hg 33.864 mbar for your application…
" of Hg 34.532 cm of H2O
" of Hg 25.400 mm of Hg
kg/cm2 14.223 psi
kg/cm2 393.7 " of H2O
kg/cm2 28.96 " of Hg
kg/cm2 98.06 kPa
kg/cm2 980.6 mbar
kg/cm2 1000 cm of H2O
kg/cm2 735.5 mm of Hg
kPa 0.14504 psi
kPa 4.0147 " of H2O
kPa 0.2953 " of Hg
kPa 10.000 mbar
kPa 10.1973 cm of H2O
kPa 7.5006 mm of Hg
mbar 0.01450 psi
mbar 0.40147 " of H2O Typical Index of Refraction (RI) and Brix Values
mbar 0.02953 " of Hg
mbar 0.100 kPa Sample RI Sample % Brix Sample % Brix
mbar 1.01973 cm of H2O Calcium chloride 1.33 to 1.44 Oranges, pears 5 to 13 Lactic acid beverages 17 to 21
mbar 0.75006 mm of Hg Castor oil (40°C) 1.4770 Tomatoes 2 to 5 Condensed milk 52 to 68
micron (µ) 0.00019337 psi Citric acid 1.33 to 1.37 Apples, melons 11 to 18 Liquid sugar 59 to 80
micron (µ) 0.0053525 " of H2O Corn oil (40°C) 1.4734 Strawberries 15 to 11 Grape wine 14 to 18
micron (µ) 0.00039370 " of Hg Ethylene glycol 1.33 to 1.39 Grapes 12 to 24 Bean milk 5 to 13
micron (µ) 0.0013332 kPa Hydrochloric acid 1.33 to 1.42 Fruit juices 12 to 17 Egg yolk 45 to 49
micron (µ) 0.013332 mbar Nitric acid 1.33 to 1.38 Canned fruits 15 to 29 Steak sauce 27 to 37
micron (µ) 0.013595 cm of H2O Olive oil (40°C) 1.4679 Tomato puree 7 to 16 Ketchup 27 to 37
micron (µ) 0.001 mm Hg Peanut oil (40°C) 1.4691 Tomato juice 5 to 9 Milk 12 to 16
mm of Hg 0.019337 psi Potassium chloride 1.33 to 1.36 Carbonated beverages 6 to 15 Jam, marmalade 60 to 70
mm of Hg 0.53525 " of H2O Sodium chloride 1.33 to 1.37 Nectars 16 to 22 Flour 60 to 70
mm of Hg 0.039370 " of Hg Sulfuric acid 1.33 to 1.40 Acidophilus beverages 17 to 20 Peaches 11 to 16
mm of Hg 0.13332 kPa Note: all values are approximations at 20°C, except where indicated.
mm of Hg 1.3332 mbar Brix Scale (sucrose)
mm of Hg 1.3595 cm of H2O
Viscosity Values
oz/inch2 0.06250 psi % Brix RI Centipoise* Centistokes Saybolt Second
Typical liquid
oz/inch2 1.7299 " of H2O 0.0 1.3330 (cp) (cSt) Universal (SSU)
oz/inch2 0.1272 " of Hg 5.0 1.3403 1 1 31 Water
oz/inch2 0.4309 kPa 10.0 1.3479 3.2 4 40 Milk
oz/inch2 4.309 mbar 15.0 1.3557 12.6 15.7 80 Number 4 fuel oil
oz/inch2 4.394 cm of H2O 20.0 1.3639 16.5 20.6 100 Cream
oz/inch2 3.232 mm of Hg 25.0 1.3723 34.6 43.2 200 Vegetable oil
30.0 1.3811 88 110 500 SAE 10 oil
psi 27.680 " of H2O
35.0 1.3902 176 220 1000 Tomato juice
psi 2.036 " of Hg 40.0 1.3997
psi 6.8947 kPa 352 440 2000 SAE 30 oil
45.0 1.4096 880 1100 5000 Glycerine
psi 68.947 mbar 50.0 1.4200 1561 1735 8000 SAE 50 oil
psi 70.308 cm of H2O 55.0 1.4307 1760 2200 10,000 Honey
psi 51.715 mm of Hg 60.0 1.4418 3000 4500 20,000 Glue
torr 0.019337 psi 65.0 1.4532 5000 6250 28,000 Mayonnaise
torr 0.53525 " of H2O 70.0 1.4651 8640 10,800 50,000 Molasses B
torr 0.039370 " of Hg 75.0 1.4774 15,200 19,000 86,000 Sour cream
torr 0.13332 kPa 80.0 1.4901 17,640 19,600 90,000 SAE 70 oil
torr 1.3332 mbar 85.0 1.5003 *Centipoise = centistokes x specific gravity where specific gravity is assumed
torr 1.3595 cm of H2O to be 0.8 (except for water). To find the exact cp of your fluid: cp = cSt x (weight
torr 1.000 mm Hg per gallon x 0.120).

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Technical Data
Conversion Factors

Viscosity Conversion Factors

Viscosity is the resistance to flow due to the internal friction within a fluid. This is
generally expressed as the force required to move one unit area one unit distance. Dilatant Liquids—viscosity increases
Kinematic and absolute viscosity are related by the density of the fluid. as shear rate increases. Mixers can bog
down and stall after initially mixing such
liquids. Dilatant liquids include slurries,
Kinematic Viscosity Absolute to Kinematic Viscosity clay, and candy compounds.
Multiply to get Multiply to get
Newtonian Liquids—viscosity remains
to get Divide to get Divide c­ onstant regardless of shear rate or
ft 2/sec 92903.04 centistokes centipoises 1/density (g/cm 3) centistokes agitation. As mixer speed increases,
ft 2/sec 0.092903 sq meters/sec centipoises 0.00067197/density (lb/ft 3) ft 2/sec flow increases proportionately.
sq meters/sec 10.7639 ft 2/sec lbf-sec/ft 2 3
32.174/density (lb/ft ) ft 2/sec Newtonian liquids include water,
sq meters/sec 1000000.0 centistokes kg-sec/m 2 9.80665/density (kg/m 3) sq meters/sec mineral oils, and hydrocarbons.
centistokes 0.000001 sq meters/sec Pascal-sec 1000/density (g/cm 3) centistokes
centistokes 0.0000107639 ft 2/sec Pseudoplastic Liquids—viscosity decreases
as shear rate increases, but initial viscosity
Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity Kinematic to Absolute Viscosity may be sufficiently great to prevent mixing.
Multiply to get Multiply to get Typical pseudoplastic liquids are gels, latex
to get Divide to get Divide paints, and lotions.
lbf-sec/ft2 47880.26 centipoises centistokes density (g/cm3) centipoises Thixotropic Liquids—as with pseudoplastic
lbf-sec/ft2 47.8803 Pascal-sec liquids, viscosity decreases as shear rate
centipoises 0.000102 kg-sec/sq meter sq meters/sec 0.10197 x density (kg/m3) kg-sec/m2
0.03108 x density or agitation increases. When agitation is
centipoises 0.001 lbf-sec/sq ft* ft2/sec lbf-sec/ft2
(lb/ft 3) stopped or reduced, hysteresis occurs and
Pascal-sec 0.0208854 Pascal-sec
Pascal-sec 1000 centipoises
2
ft /sec 1488.16 x density (lb/ft 3) centipoises viscosity increases. Often the viscosity will
centistokes 0.001 x density (g/cm 3) Pascal-sec not return to its initial value. Thixotropic
*Sometimes absolute viscosity is given in terms of pounds
mass. In this case—centipoises x 0.000672 = lbm/ft sec. sq meters/sec 1000/density (g/cm 3) Pascal-sec liquids include soaps, tars, shortening,
glue, inks, and peanut butter.

Correction Factors for Variable-Area Flowmeters

Correction Factors for Specific Gravity
Gas used
Calibration Nitrogen/
gas Hydrogen Carbon
Hydrogen Helium Methane Ammonia Neon Acetylene Carbon Ethylene Air Ethane Oxygen Argon Propane Butane
sulfide dioxide
monoxide
Hydrogen 1 0.7 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.18
Helium 1.41 1 0.5 0.48 0.45 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.3 0.3 0.26
Methane 2.82 2 1 0.97 0.89 0.78 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.71 0.68 0.63 0.6 0.59 0.52
Ammonia 2.92 2.06 1.03 1 0.92 0.81 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.7 0.66 0.62 0.62 0.54
Neon 3.17 2.25 1.12 1.08 1 0.88 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.8 0.76 0.71 0.67 0.67 0.58
Acetylene 3.62 2.56 1.28 1.24 1.14 1 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.91 0.87 0.81 0.77 0.76 0.66
Nitrogen/
Carbon 3.74 2.64 1.32 1.28 1.18 1.03 1 1 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.9 0.84 0.8 0.79 0.68
monoxide
Ethylene 3.74 2.66 1.33 1.26 1.18 1.03 1 1 1.01 0.96 0.94 0.9 0.84 0.8 0.79 0.69
Air 3.61 2.69 1.35 1.3 1.2 1.04 1.02 1.01 1 0.98 0.95 0.92 0.85 0.81 0.8 0.7
Ethane 3.9 2.76 1.38 1.33 1.23 1.08 1.04 1.04 1.02 1 0.98 0.94 0.88 0.83 0.82 0.71
Oxygen 4 2.82 1.41 1.36 1.26 1.1 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.02 1 0.95 0.9 0.85 0.84 0.73
Hydrogen
4.15 2.94 1.47 1.42 1.31 1.15 1.11 1.11 1.09 1.06 1.04 1 0.93 0.88 0.88 0.76
sulfide
Argon 4.45 3.15 1.58 1.52 1.4 1.23 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.14 1.12 1.07 1 0.94 0.94 0.82
Carbon
4.7 3.33 1.67 1.61 1.48 1.3 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.21 1.18 1.13 1.06 1 0.99 0.88
dioxide
Propane 4.76 3.36 1.68 1.63 1.5 1.31 1.27 1.26 1.25 1.22 1.19 1.15 1.07 1.01 1 0.87
Butane 5.46 3.66 1.93 1.67 1.72 1.51 1.46 1.45 1.43 1.4 1.37 1.32 1.22 1.16 1.15 1

Density, Specific Gravity, and Viscosity of Gases Approximating Gas Flow from Air Flow
Specific Viscosity
Gas Density (g/mL)
gravity (G) (centipoise) Q air = K gas x Q gas
Acetylene 0.001090 0.9073 0.00988
Air 0.0012 1.0000 0.01812

√
Ammonia 0.000716 0.5963 0.00994 Tact Po
Argon 0.00166 1.3796 0.0222 K gas = G x T x Pact ­
Butane 0.002484 2.0854 0.00848 o
Carbon dioxide 0.001835 1.5290 0.0147
Carbon monoxide 0.001163 0.9671 0.0175
Chlorine 0.002983 2.4860 0.0133 where:
Ethane 0.00126 1.0493 0.00901
Ethylene 0.00117 0.9749 0.00994 Q air = equivalent air flow To = absolute temperature at
Helium 0.000166 0.1380 0.0198 capacity at standard standard conditions
Hydrogen 0.000083 0.0695 0.00885 conditions (STP) (ºR 530, or ºK 294)
Hydrogen chloride 0.001512 1.2678 0.0156 Q gas = max flow of metered gas Po = pressure at standard
Methane 0.000665 0.5544 0.01099 conditions (14.7 psi)
Nitrogen 0.00116 0.9672 0.01756 G = specific gravity of the
Nitrous oxide 0.001833 1.5297 0.01453 metered gas Pact = pressure at flow
Oxygen 0.001326 1.1053 0.0203 conditions
Propane 0.001874 1.5620 0.00805 Tact = absolute temperature at (psia)
Sulfur dioxide 0.002717 2.2638 0.0127 flow conditions (ºR or ºK)

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In U.S.,l fax: 800-323-4340
847-549-1700, toll-free,
E-mail: 847-549-7600 (outside
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Technical Data
Conversion Factors

General Technical Data

Hydrometer Correction Table
Factors apply to hydrometers calibrated at 60°/60°F specific gravity, Example:
the ratio of the liquid density at 60°F to the ­density of water at 60°F. Measured specific gravity at 20°C: 1.0000
To determine the ­corrected specific gravity, divide the correction Correction factor: 0.7000/1000 = 0.0007
factor by 1000 and add it to the measured value. Corrected specific gravity: 1.0000 + 0.0007 = 1.0007

Correction factor for measurements taken at designated temperatures

Specific
20°C 25°C 30°C 35°C 40°C 45°C 50°C 55°C 60°C 65°C 70°C 75°C 80°C 85°C 90°C 95°C 100°C
gravity
(68°F) (77°F) (86°F) (95°F) (104°F) (113°F) (122°F) (131°F) (140°F) (149°F) (158°F) (167°F) (176°F) (185°F) (194°F) (203°F) (212°F)
0.7 0.5 1.2 1.9 2.6 3.3 4.0 4.7 5.4 6.1 6.8 7.5 8.2 8.9 9.6 10.3 11.0 11.7
0.8 0.6 1.4 2.2 3.0 3.8 4.6 5.4 6.2 7.0 7.8 8.6 9.4 10.2 11.0 11.8 12.6 13.4
0.9 0.6 1.6 2.6 3.6 4.6 5.6 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.6 11.6 12.6 13.6 14.6 15.6 16.6
1.0 0.7 1.8 2.9 4.0 5.1 6.2 7.3 8.4 9.5 10.6 11.7 12.8 13.9 15.0 16.1 17.2 18.3
1.1 0.8 1.9 3.0 4.1 5.2 6.3 7.4 8.5 9.6 10.7 11.8 12.9 14.0 15.1 16.1 19.1 18.7
1.2 0.8 2.0 3.2 4.4 5.6 6.8 8.0 9.2 10.4 11.6 12.8 14.0 15.2 16.4 17.6 18.8 20.0
1.3 0.9 2.3 3.7 5.1 6.5 7.9 9.3 10.7 12.1 13.5 14.9 16.3 17.7 19.1 20.5 21.9 23.3
1.4 1.0 2.5 4.0 5.5 7.0 8.5 10.0 11.5 13.0 14.5 16.0 17.5 19.0 20.5 22.0 23.5 25.0
1.5 1.1 2.6 4.1 5.6 7.1 8.6 10.1 11.6 13.1 14.6 16.1 17.6 19.1 20.6 22.1 23.6 25.1
1.6 1.1 2.8 4.5 6.2 7.9 9.6 11.3 13.0 14.7 16.4 18.1 19.8 21.5 23.2 24.9 26.6 28.3
1.7 1.2 3.2 5.2 7.2 9.2 11.2 13.2 15.2 17.2 19.2 21.2 23.2 25.2 27.2 27.3 31.2 33.2
1.8 1.3 3.3 5.3 7.3 9.3 11.3 13.3 15.3 17.5 19.3 21.3 23.3 25.3 27.3 29.3 31.3 35.3
1.9 1.3 3.4 5.5 7.6 9.7 11.8 13.9 16.0 18.1 20.2 22.3 24.4 26.5 26.6 30.7 32.8 34.9
2.0 1.4 3.5 5.6 7.7 9.8 11.9 14.0 16.1 18.2 20.3 22.4 24.3 26.6 28.7 30.8 32.9 35.6

Approximate Atmospheric Pressures and Liquid Densities*

Barometer Readings at Different Altitudes Liquid Grams/mL Pounds/cu ft Temperature
Equivalent Boiling point Acetone 0.792 49.4 20°C
Altitude Barometer Atmospheric Alcohol, ethyl 0.791 49.4 20°C
head of H2O of H2O
ft (m) " Hg (mm Hg) pressure (psi) Alcohol, methyl 0.810 50.5 0°C
(in feet at 75°F) °F (°C)
Benzene 0.899 56.1 0°C
–1000 (–304.8) 31.02 (787.9) 15.2 35.2 213.8 (101.0)
–500 (–152.4) 30.47 (773.9) 15.0 34.7 212.9 (100.5) Carbolic acid 0.950 to 0.965 59.2 to 60.2 15°C
Carbon disulfide 1.293 80.7 0°C
0 29.92 (760.0) 14.7 34.0 212.0 (100.0)
500 (152.4) 29.38 (746.3) 14.4 33.4 211.1 (99.5) Carbon tetrachloride 1.595 99.6 20°C
Chloroform 1.489 93.0 20°C
1000 (304.8) 28.86 (733.1) 14.2 32.8 210.2 (99.0)
Ether 0.736 45.9 0°C
1500 (457.2) 28.33 (719.6) 13.9 32.2 209.3 (98.5)
Gasoline 0.660 to 0.690 41.0 to 43.0 —
2000 (609.6) 27.82 (706.6) 13.7 31.6 208.4 (98.0)
Glycerine 1.260 78.6 0°C
2500 (762.0) 27.31 (693.7) 13.4 31.0 207.4 (97.4)
Kerosene 0.820 51.2 —
3000 (914.4) 26.81 (681.0) 13.2 30.5 206.5 (96.9)
Mercury 13.600 849.0 —
3500 (1066.8) 26.32 (668.5) 12.9 29.9 205.6 (96.4)
Milk 1.028 to 1.035 64.2 to 64.6 —
4000 (1219.2) 25.84 (656.3) 12.7 29.4 204.7 (95.9)
Naptha, petroleum ether 0.665 41.5 15°C
4500 (1371.6) 25.36 (644.1) 12.4 28.8 203.8 (95.4)
Naptha, wood 0.848 to 0.810 52.9 to 50.5 0°C
5000 (1524.0) 24.86 (632.2) 12.2 28.3 202.9 (94.9)
Oils:   
5500 (1676.4) 24.43 (620.5) 12.0 27.8 201.9 (94.4)
Castor 0.969 60.5 15°C
6000 (1828.8) 23.98 (609.1) 11.8 27.3 201.0 (93.9)
Coconut 0.925 57.7 15°C
6500 (1981.2) 23.53 (597.7) 11.5 26.7 200.1 (93.4)
Cotton seed 0.926 57.8 16°C
7000 (2133.6) 23.09 (586.5) 11.3 26.2 199.2 (92.9)
Creosote 1.040 to 1.200 64.9 to 68.6 15°C
7500 (2286.0) 22.65 (575.3) 11.1 25.7 198.3 (92.4)
Linseed, boiled 0.924 58.8 15°C
8000 (2438.4) 22.22 (564.4) 10.9 25.2 197.4 (91.9)
Olive 0.918 57.3 15°C
8500 (2590.8) 21.80 (553.7) 10.7 24.8 196.5 (91.4)
Sea water 1.025 64.0 15°C
9000 (2743.2) 21.38 (543.1) 10.5 24.3 195.5 (90.8)
Turpentine (spirits) 0.870 54.3 —
9500 (2895.6) 20.98 (532.9) 10.3 23.8 194.6 (90.3)
Water 1.000 62.4 4°C
10,000 (3048.0) 20.58 (522.7) 10.1 23.4 193.7 (89.8)
*Selected from Smithsonian Tables
15,000 (4572.0) 16.88 (428.8) 8.3 19.1 184.0 (84.4)
20,000 (6096.0) 13.75 (349.3) 6.7 15.2 — Scale of Particle Sizes
30,000 (9144.0) 8.88 (225.6) 4.4 10.2 —
40,000 (12,192) 5.54 (140.7) 2.7 6.3 — Tyler screen U.S. standard Particle sizes Class
50,000 (15,240) 3.44 (87.4) 1.7 3.9 — mesh/inch mesh/inch Inches Microns (µm)
— — 1.3 to 2.5 33K to 64K Very coarse gravel
— — 0.6 to 1.3 15K to 33K Coarse gravel
21⁄2 — 0.321 8,000 Medium gravel
5 5 0.157 4,000 Fine gravel
Sanitary Tri-Clamp® Fitting Sizing Information 9 10 0.079 2,000 Very fine gravel
ID Tri-Clamp 16 18 0.039 1,000 Very coarse sand
Fitting ID Fitting OD 32 35 0.0197 500 Coarse sand
nominal size
1⁄4"
60 60 0.0098 250 Medium sand
0.187"
3⁄8" 115 120 0.0049 125 Fine sand
0.227"
1⁄2" 0.984" 250 230 0.0024 62 Very fine sand
0.375"
400 — 0.0015 37 Coarse silt
OD 3⁄4" 0.625"
— — 0.0006 to 0.0012 16 to 31 Medium silt
1" 0.870"
1.984" — — — 8 to 16 Fine silt
11⁄2" 1.360"
— — — 4 to 8 Very fine silt
2" 1.870" 2.516"
— — — 2 to 4 Coarse clay
21⁄2" 2.370" 3.047"
— — — 1 to 2 Medium clay
3" 2.870" 3.579"
Sanitary Tri-Clamp — — — 0.5 to 1 Fine clay

U.S. 800-323-4340 toll-free, 847-549-7600 (outside the U.S.), www.coleparmer.com

l 2049
Canada 800-363-5900 l India 91-22-6716-2222 l UK 0500-345-300
 Registration Web Table-of-Contents

Technical Data
Pumps and Hydraulics

How to Read a Pump Curve

Flow
Cole-Parmer makes every attempt to publish a representative flow
versus back pressure curve. In many cases, we can also furnish Cv factor Q = flow rate (GPM)
performance curves that quantify parameters such as NPSHreq. Cv CV = flow coefficient
Q
= G = specific gravity
(G/∆P) 1⁄2 ∆P = pressure drop (psi)

Reynolds Number
The Reynolds number is determined by an equation in which:
R = VD
ν
D = inside diameter of pipe in feet
V = average pipe velocity in ft/sec
ν = kinematic viscosity in ft2/sec

Friction Factor
In the case of a viscous (laminar) flow, in which the Reynolds
number is below 2000, the friction factor is determined by the
following equation in which:
f = 64
R
R = Reynolds number
In the case of turbulent flow, in which the Reynolds number
is above 4000, the friction factor can be determined by the
following equation developed by C. F. Colebrook:
ε
ρ = [–2 log10 ( + 2.51 )]–z
3.7D R√f
ρ = density at temperature and pressure at which liquid
is flowing in lb/ft 2
ε = absolute roughness (see Pipe Absolute Roughness
table below)
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) D = inside diameter of pipe in feet
NPSHreq: The Net Positive Suction Head that must be available R = Reynolds number
to the pump for cavitation-free operation. NPSHreq is typically
expressed in either feet of head or units of pressure. f = friction factor
ha = pressure (in feet of the liquid being pumped) on the surface z = absolute or dynamic viscosity in centipoises
of the liquid supply level (this will be barometric pressure
if suction is from an open tank or sump; or the absolute
pressure existing in a closed tank such as a condenser Pipe Absolute Roughness
hotwell or deaerator). Type of pipe Absolute Roughness (ε) in feet
hvpa = The head in feet corresponding to the vapor pressure Drawn tubing (glass, brass, plastic) 0.000005
of the liquid at the temperature being pumped. Commercial steel or wrought iron 0.00015
Cast iron (asphalt dipped) 0.0004
hst = Static height in feet that the liquid supply level is above Galvanized iron 0.0005
or below the pump centerline or impeller eye. Cast iron (uncoated) 0.00085
hfs = All suction line losses (in feet) including entrance losses and Wood stave 0.0006 to 0.0003
friction losses through pipe, valves, and fittings. Concrete 0.001 to 0.01
Riveted steel 0.003 to 0.03
Friction Losses
Friction losses in pipes are commonly calculated with the Best Efficiency Point Ha
Darcy-Weisbach equation, in which: Best efficiency point is the point
L V2 at which effects of head (pressure) Hv
hf = f x __ x __ Hs
D 2g and flow converge to produce the
hf = friction loss in feet of liquid greatest amount of output for Hf
the least amount of energy.
f = f riction factor—a dimensionless number which has been
determined experimentally and for turbulent flow depends on NPSHavail = ha – hvpa – hst – hfs when suction lifts fluid
the roughness of the pipe’s interior surface and the Reynolds
number. NPSHavail = ha – hvpa + hst – hfs for flooded suction
L = pipe length in feet
D = average inside diameter of pipe in feet
V = average pipe velocity in ft/sec Still have questions on pumps? See our “Pumps—
g = gravitational constant (32.174 ft/sec2) General Information” section on pages 1329–1331 or
please call our Application Specialists for assistance in
finding the best pump for your application.

2050 Cole-Parmer U.S.

In U.S.,l fax: 800-323-4340
847-549-1700, toll-free,
E-mail: 847-549-7600 (outside
[email protected], visit the U.S.), www.coleparmer.com
www.coleparmer.com/dealers
Canada 800-363-5900 l India 91-22-6716-2222 l UK 0500-345-300
 Registration Web Table-of-Contents

Technical Data
Electrical Data

Electrical Data
Electrical Terminology Properties of Conductors
Volt (E) is the unit of electric pressure or Concentric lay conductors
Bare conductors
DC resistance Ω/M ft
Size Area at 77°F (25°C)*
electromotive force. It is the potential that (AWG circle Diameter
No. of
will produce a current of 1 ampere through MCM) (mils) wires
each wire Diameter Area Copper
(inch) Aluminum
a resistance of 1 ohm. (inch) (sq inch) Bare Tinned
Ampere (I) is the unit of electrical current 18 1620 — — 0.0403 0.0013 6.51 6.79 10.7
16 2580 — — 0.0508 0.0020 4.10 4.26 6.72
(coulombs per second).
14 4110 — — 0.0641 0.0032 2.57 2.68 4.22
Ohm (R) is the unit of electrical resistance 12 6530 — — 0.0808 0.0051 1.62 1.68 2.66
(volts/ampere). 10 10,380 — — 0.1019 0.0081 1.018 1.06 1.67
8 16,510 — — 0.1285 0.0130 0.6404 0.659 1.05
Watts (W) and kilowatts (KW) are units 6 26,240 7 0.0612 0.184 0.027 0.410 0.427 0.674
of electric power. 4 41,740 7 0.0772 0.232 0.042 0.259 0.269 0.424
3 52,620 7 0.0867 0.260 0.053 0.205 0.213 0.336
Kilovolt-ampere (KVA) is a measurement
2 66,360 7 0.0974 0.292 0.067 0.162 0.169 0.266
of apparent electric power. 1 83,690 19 0.0664 0.332 0.087 0.129 0.134 0.211
Kilowatt hour (Kwhr) is a unit of electrical 0 105,600 19 0.0745 0.372 0.109 0.102 0.106 0.168
energy or work performed. 00 133,100 19 0.0837 0.418 0.137 0.0811 0.0843 0.133
000 167,800 19 0.0940 0.470 0.173 0.0642 0.0668 0.105
Joule (J) is a metric unit of energy: 0000 211,600 19 0.1055 0.528 0.219 0.0509 0.0525 0.0836
watt per second. 250 250,000 37 0.0822 0.575 0.260 0.0431 0.0449 0.0708
1 Kwhr = 2,655,000 ft-lb = 1.341 hp-hr = 300 300,000 37 0.0900 0.630 0.312 0.0360 0.0374 0.0590
      3413 Btu = 3,600,000 joules. 400 400,000 37 0.1040 0.728 0.416 0.0270 0.0278 0.0442
500 500,000 37 0.1162 0.813 0.519 0.0216 0.0222 0.0354
Ohm law relationships (direct current) 600 600,000 61 0.0992 0.893 0.626 0.0180 0.0187 0.0295
700 700,000 61 0.1071 0.964 0.730 0.0154 0.0159 0.0253
E = IR + W/I = √ WR 800 800,000 61 0.1145 1.030 0.833 0.0135 0.0139 0.0221
W = I2R = E 2/R = EI 1000 1,000,000 61 0.1280 1.150 1.039 0.0108 0.0111 0.0177
1500 1,500,000 91 0.1284 1.140 1.561 0.00719 0.00740 0.0118
   I = E/R = W/E = √ W/R 2000 2,000,000 127 0.1255 1.630 2.087 0.00539 0.00555 0.00885
R = E/I = W/I 2 = E2/W *The resistance values given in the last three columns apply only to direct current. When using conductors larger than
number 4/0 with alternating current, use the multiplying factors in the table below to compensate for skin effect.
For electrical formulas, see the chart below.
Use the symbols above plus the ones
defined in the text above the table.

Electrical Formulas Multiplying Factors for Converting Resistance

Use the symbols in Electrical Terminology above, plus: to 60-Hertz AC Resistance
eff = efficiency (expressed as a decimal) Multiplying factor
For nonmetallic sheathed For metallic sheathed
pf = power factor (expressed as a decimal) Size cables in air or cables or all cables in
hp = horsepower output nonmetallic conduits metallic raceways
Copper Aluminum Copper Aluminum
Direct Alternating current
Required Up to 3 AWG 1.000 1.000 1.00 1.00
current Single-phase 3-phase† Up to 2 AWG 1.000 1.000 1.01 1.00
IE 1.73 IE Up to 1 AWG 1.000 1.000 1.01 1.00
KVA — 0 1.001 1.000 1.02 1.00
1000 1000
00 1.001 1.001 1.03 1.00
IE IE (pf) 1.73 IE (pf) 000 1.002 1.001 1.04 1.01
Kilowatts
1000 1000 1000 0000 1.004 1.002 1.05 1.01
Horsepower IE (eff) IE (eff)(pf) 1.73 IE (eff)(pf) 250 MCM 1.005 1.002 1.06 1.02
(output) 746 746 746 300 MCM 1.006 1.003 1.07 1.02
350 MCM 1.009 1.004 1.08 1.03
IE IE (eff)(pf) 1.73 IE (eff)(pf) 400 MCM 1.011 1.005 1.10 1.04
Joules
sec sec sec 500 MCM 1.018 1.007 1.13 1.06
Amperes 746 (hp) 746 (hp) 746 (hp) 600 MCM 1.025 1.010 1.16 1.08
(hp known) E (eff) E (eff)(pf) 1.73 E (eff)(pf) 700 MCM 1.034 1.013 1.19 1.11
750 MCM 1.039 1.015 1.21 1.12
Amperes 1000 KW 1000 KW 1000 KW 800 MCM 1.044 1.017 1.22 1.14
(KW known) E E (pf) 1.73 E (pf)
1000 MCM 1.067 1.026 1.30 1.19
Amperes 1000 KVA 1000 KVA 1250 MCM 1.102 1.040 1.41 1.27
— 1500 MCM 1.142 1.058 1.53 1.36
(kva known) E 1.73 E
1750 MCM 1.185 1.079 SWITCH
1.67 (SPST)
1.46 SWITCH (DPST
†
For 3-phase systems, E is measured line to line and I is phase current. 2000 MCM 1.233 1.100 1.82 1.56
Electrical Diagrams
SWITCH (SPST) SWITCH (DPST)
SWITCH (SPDT) SWITCH (DPDT
SWITCH (SPST) SWITCH (DPST)

SWITCH (SPDT) SWITCH (DPDT)

SWITCH (SPST) SWITCH (DPST)
SWITCH (SPDT) SWITCH (DPDT)

SWITCH (SPDT) SWITCH (DPDT)

U.S. 800-323-4340
In China, phone 021-51099909
l toll-free,
In India, phone 847-549-7600 (outside
91-22-6716-2222 the
In the UK, U.S.), www.coleparmer.com
phone-free 0500-345-300 2051
Canada 800-363-5900 l India 91-22-6716-2222 l UK 0500-345-300
 Registration Web Table-of-Contents

Technical Data
Electrical Data/Regulatory Agencies and Approvals

Receptacle
Information U.S. Standard U.S. (NEMA)
England
Denmark Switzerland

Australia Israel Europe India Italy

National Electrical Code (NEC) Hazardous Area Classifications

CLASS I: Areas where flammable gases or CLASS II: Areas made hazardous by the CLASS III: Areas made hazardous by the
vapors may be present in the air presence of combustible dust presence of easily ignitable
in sufficient quantities to be Group E: A
 tmospheres containing combustible fibers or dust, but which are not
explosive likely to be suspended in the air
1) metal dusts, regardless of resistivity in sufficient quantities to ignite
Group A: Atmospheres containing acetylene
2) d ust of similarly hazardous characteristics Division 1: A
 tmospheres where hazardous
Group B: A tmospheres such as butadiene, having a resistivity less than 100 kΩ-cm concentrations exist continuously,
ethylene oxide, propylene oxide,
3) electrically conductive dusts intermittently, or periodically under
acrolein, or hydrogen (or gases or
normal operating conditions
vapors equivalent in hazard to Group F: Atmospheres containing combustible
hydrogen, such as manufactured gas) Division 2: A
 tmospheres where hazardous
1) carbon black, charcoal, or coke dusts concentrations exist only in case
Group C: Atmospheres such as cyclopropane, having more than 8% total volatile material of accidental rupture or breakdown
ethyl ether, or ethylene (or gas or
2) dusts so sensitized that they present an of equipment
vapors of equivalent hazard)
explosion hazard, and dusts having a
Group D: Atmospheres such as acetone, resistivity greater than 100 Ω-cm but Explosion-proof: Enclosures or housings are
alcohol, ammonia, benzene, benzol, less than or equal to 1 x 108 Ω-cm designed to withstand internal explosions
butane, gasoline, hexane, lacquer and prevent the spread of fire to the outside.
solvent vapors, naphtha, natural Group G: Atmospheres containing combustible
Intrinsically safe: Systems in which
gas, propane, or gas or vapors of 1) d ust having resistivity equal to or greater electrical energy in the circuits is not present
equivalent hazard than 100 kΩ-cm at levels that would ignite a flammable
2) electrically nonconductive dusts mixture of a gas and air.

Regulatory Agencies and Approvals

ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange
is a method of encoding characters into 7 or 8 binary bits The icons below represent agencies that give various product approvals.
(typically 7 bits plus an 8th bit for parity).
Look for them next to products in this catalog.
ANSI: The American National Standards Institute is a
private organization that coordinates the creation of
voluntary standards in a number of fields including Products with this symbol Products with this mark meet
engineering, electronics, and construction. meet ISO quality standards certain requirements as reported
for design, development, by Factory Mutual Research.
ASTM: The American Society for Testing and Materials is a and servicing capabilities.
scientific and technical organization that develops material Products with this symbol conform to
standards and testing methods. ATEX Directive 94/9/EC—a European
Products with this symbol are listed directive applied to equipment intended
DIN: The Deutsche Industrie Normen is a German by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. for use in potentially explosive atmospheres.
organization that develops standards from physical Samples of these products have
quantities engineering to material engineering. been evaluated by UL and meet the Products with this symbol
applicable UL standards for safety. have been certified to Cenelec
FDA: Food & Drug Administration is responsible for
(European Electrotechnical
approving food and drugs for widespread use. Definitions
Standardization) and/or IEC
for proper use are found in a series of regulations Products with this symbol bear (International Electrotechnical
published annually under Government Regulations CFR 21. the UL Listing Mark for Canada. Commission) for use in hazardous areas
NEMA: The National Electrical Manufacturers
Association is a trade association of electrical equipment Products with this symbol have
Products with this symbol bear been tested and certified by
manufacturers that develops and publishes many
the UL Listing Mark for Canada NSF International. NSF is
manufacturing standards.
and the U.S. a nongovernmental agency
NIST: The National Institute of Standards and Technology that focuses on health-related
is a U.S. government agency that provides standard standards for products and services.
reference materials and calibration services. NIST-certified Products with this symbol
instruments are calibrated at NIST. NIST-traceable are recognized under the Products with this symbol have
instruments are factory calibrated against NIST-certified Recognized Component Program been approved for use with
standards. of Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. dairy products. It is recognized
and used by industries that
OEM: Products used by Original Equipment Manufacturers require sanitary products.
in the design of equipment. This symbol assures you that
the product meets certain safety
OSHA: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration standards and/or performance Products with this symbol
oversees and regulates workplace health and safety. criteria as set by the Canadian are listed by ETL Testing
UL: Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. is concerned with Standards Association. Laboratories, Inc. and meet
safety of personnel and property. UL listing indicates applicable safety standards.
compliance with UL safety standards for electrical, Products with this symbol conform
mechanical, and fire hazards. to certain standards and are Products with this symbol
eligible to be placed on the market measure temperatures based
USP Class VI: Safety evaluation standards of the U.S.
in the European Community. on the ITS-90 temperature scale.
Pharmacopoeia/National Formulary for biocompatibility
with plastics.

2052 Cole-Parmer U.S.

In U.S.,l fax: 800-323-4340
847-549-1700, toll-free,
E-mail: 847-549-7600 (outside
[email protected], visit the U.S.), www.coleparmer.com
www.coleparmer.com/dealers
Canada 800-363-5900 l India 91-22-6716-2222 l UK 0500-345-300
 Registration Web Table-of-Contents

Technical Data
Enclosure Ratings

Ingress Protection (IP) Ratings

The IP rating system First Digit Second Digit
classifies the degrees
of protection from Protection against solid objects Protection against liquids
solid objects and 0 no protection 0 no protection
liquids afforded by
1  protected against solid objects over 1 protected against vertically falling drops
electrical equipment
50 mm (e.g. accidental touch by hands) of water (e.g. condensation)
and enclosures. The
system is recognized 2  protected against solid objects over 2 protected against direct sprays of water
in most countries 12 mm (e.g. fingers) up to 15° from the vertical
and is set out in a 3  protected against solid objects over 3  protected against spraying water
number of British 2.5 mm (tools) up to 60º from the vertical
and European standards. These include:
Classification of Degrees of Protection 4 protected against solid objects over 4  protected against water sprayed from
Provided by Enclosures, BS (British 1 mm (fine tools/wires) all directions—limited ingress permitted
Standards) 5490:1977; IEC (International 5  protected against dust—limited 5  protected against low-pressure jets
Electrotechnical Commission) 529:1976. ingress (no harmful deposits) of water from all directions—limited
6  totally protected against dust ingress permitted
Specifications for Degrees of Protection
of Enclosures of Switchgear and Control 6  protected against strong jets of water
Gear for voltages up to and including from all directions—limited ingress
­
1000 VAC and 1200 VDC, BS 5420:1977; permitted (e.g. for use on ship decks)
and IEC 144:1963. 7  protected against the effects of
immersion between 15 cm and 1 m
NEMA/IEC Enclosure Ratings
Conversion of NEMA type classifications to IEC classification designation (IP ratings).
Note: NEMA standards meet or exceed IEC standards; therefore, the conversion does not work in the opposite direction.

NEMA IEC
enclosure NEMA definition enclosure
type no. class
General-purpose. Protects against dust, light, and indirect splashing but is not dust-tight; primarily prevents contact
1 IP10
with live parts; used indoors and under normal atmospheric conditions.
2 Drip-tight. Similar to Type 1 but with addition of drip shields; used where condensation may be severe (as in cooling rooms and laundries). IP11
Weather-resistant. Protects against weather hazards such as rain and sleet; used outdoors on ship docks,
3 and 3S IP54
in construction work, and in tunnels and subways.
Intended for outdoor use. Provides a degree of protection against falling rain and ice formation. Meets rod entry, rain,external icing,
3R IP14
and rust-resistance design tests.
Watertight (weatherproof). Must exclude at least 65 GPM of water from 1-in. nozzle delivered from a distance not less than 10 ft for 5 minutes.
4 and 4X IP56
Used outdoors on ship docks, in dairies, and in breweries.
5 Dust-tight. Provided with gaskets or equivalent to exclude dust; used in steel mills and cement plants. IP52
6 and 6P Submersible. Design depends on specified conditions of pressure and time; submersible in water; used in quarries, mines, and manholes. IP67
7 Hazardous. For indoor use in Class I, Groups A, B, C, and D environments as defined in the NEC. —
8 Hazardous. For indoor and outdoor use in locations classified as Class I, Groups A, B, C, and D as defined in the NEC. —
9 Hazardous. For indoor and outdoor use in locations classified as Class II, Groups E, F, or G as defined in the NEC. —
10 MSHA. Meets the requirements of the Mine Safety and Health Administration, 30 CFR Part 18 (1978). —
11 General-purpose. Protects against the corrosive effects of liquids and gases. Meets drip and corrosion-resistance tests. —
General-purpose. Intended for indoor use, provides some protection against dust, falling dirt, and dripping noncorrosive liquids.
12 and 12K IP52
Meets drip, dust, and rust resistance tests.
General-purpose. Primarily used to provide protection against dust, spraying of water, oil, and noncorrosive coolants.
13 IP54
Meets oil exclusion and rust resistance design tests.

Standard Pipe Thread Fittings

The illustrations are actual size. If you have
any question as to the size of fitting you
require, simply compare the threads per inch,
the diameter and length of the threading,
and the taper of the threading of your existing
fittings to these drawings.

U.S. 800-323-4340
In China, phone 021-51099909
l toll-free,
In India, phone 847-549-7600 (outside
91-22-6716-2222 the
In the UK, U.S.), www.coleparmer.com
phone-free 0500-345-300 2053
Canada 800-363-5900 l India 91-22-6716-2222 l UK 0500-345-300
 Registration Web Table-of-Contents

Technical Data
Glossary

Accuracy: The degree of precision. Factory calibration: The tuning or altering Series (Universal) motor: A non-induction
Usually expressed, in terms of error, of a control device by the manufacturer type motor utilized for small equipment.
as a percentage of the specified value, to bring it into specification. Speed will decrease as load increases.
or as a percentage of a range.
Gain: Ratio of output voltage, current, or Shaded-pole motor: A low-starting torque
A/D: Analog-to-digital conversion. The power to input voltage, current, or power. motor that depends on induced current to
process changes an analog signal into create the magnetic field necessary to start
Gauge pressure (psig): A measure of the
a digital value representative of the the motor.
force per area exerted by a fluid using
magnitude of the signal at the moment
atmospheric pressure as a zero reference. Shunt: A conductor joining two points in
of conversion.
Impedance: The opposition in an electric an electrical circuit to form a parallel path.
Absolute pressure (psia): The total force All or some portion of the current may
circuit to the flow of an alternating current.
per unit area exerted by a fluid. It is the pass through the shunt.
It consists of ohmic resistance, inductive
sum of atmospheric and gauge pressures.
reactance, and capacitive reactance. Single-phase motor: Any motor energized
Alternating current (AC): Current that by a single alternation voltage.
Inductive load: Electrical devices made
reverses polarity at a uniform frequency.
of wound or coiled wire. Current passing Single-pole, double-throw (SPDT):
Atmospheric pressure: The force through the coil creates a magnetic field A switch that in one position completes
exerted per unit area by the weight of that in turn produces mechanical work. one of two circuits. In the second position
the atmosphere. the switch completes a second circuit and
Intrinsically-safe motor: A motor designed
Automatic temperature compensation to prevent sparks generated within its breaks the first circuit.
(ATC): meters with ATC receive a housing from igniting surrounding vapor Single-pole, single-throw (SPST): A switch
continuous signal from a temperature or gas, but is not rated “explosion-proof.” that will open or complete a circuit.
sensor in a solution and then automatically
Ion-selective electrode (ISE): An electrode Solid-state: Any element that controls
standardize the displayed value to 25°C.
that is sensitive to specific ions in a solution. current without moving parts, heated
Baud rate: A unit of measure for data filaments, or vacuum gaps.
LIMS (Laboratory Information
transmission speed. It represents the
Management System): A system that Standard operating conditions, standard
number of signal elements (typically bits)
manages operations of a testing laboratory. temperature and pressure (STP): Defined
transmitted per second. Typical baud rates
are 300, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 14400, Linearity: The degree to which performance temperature and pressure to which all
and 28800. or response approaches the condition of values are referenced for comparison.
being linear. Expressed in percent. Generally 760 mm Hg (1 atm), 25°C.
Buffer: In chemistry terms, a solution
that maintains a set pH value regardless Normally closed (NC): A switch in which Stop bit: A signal following a character
of added acids or bases; often used for the contacts are closed (contacting) without or block that prepares the receiving device
calibration. In computer terms, a device any external force acting upon it. to receive the next character or block.
used to store data temporarily, normally Temperature compensation: Correction
to compensate for differences in speed Normally open (NO): A switch in which
the contacts are open (separated) when for the influence of temperature on a
between system components (for example, measurement.
a high-speed data acquisition board and no external forces act upon the switch.
main memory). On/off control: A simple control system in Tolerance: The maximum allowable
which the device being controlled is either deviation from a specified standard, as
Byte: Eight related bits of information the range of variation permitted,
processed as a unit. Eight bits equal full on or full off, with no intermediate
operating positions. expressed in actual values or more often
one byte. as a percentage of the nominal value.
Cavitation: Process in which small bubbles Open drip-proof (ODP) motor: An open
motor with ventilator openings that Totally enclosed (TE) motor: Motors that
are formed and implode violently. This prevent the free flow of air from the inside
results in aggressive cleaning action in prevent liquids and solids, dropped from
an angle of 0° to 15° from vertical, from of the motor enclosure to the outside.
ultrasonic cleaners.
interfering with its operation. Totally enclosed, nonventilated (TENV)
Contacts: Elements used to mechanically motor: A motor in a totally-enclosed
make or break an electric circuit. Parallel transmission: The transmission
of data bits over different lines, usually housing that is not equipped with
Continuous duty: A device able to operate simultaneously; as opposed to serial an external cooling device.
continuously with no off or rest periods. transmission. Totally enclosed, fan-cooled (TEFC) motor:
Convection: Transmission of energy or pH: An indication of the acidity or alkalinity A motor in a totally-enclosed housing
mass in a medium by movement of the of a solution. Units range from 0 (most that is equipped with a separate external
medium itself. acidic), to 7 (neutral), to 14 (most alkaline). blower.

Density: The mass of a given substance PID control (proportional, integral, Transducer: Any device that generates
per unit volume, often expressed as derivative): Control in which the control an electrical signal from real-world
pounds/ft 3 or grams/cm 3. signal is a linear combination of the error physical measurements.
signal, its integral, and its derivative. Transmitter: A device that translates
Direct current (DC): A current with
a constant polarity. Pressure: Force exerted per unit area. the low-level output of a sensor or
transducer to a higher level signal suitable
Double-pole, double-throw (DPDT): Proportional control: Control in which the for transmission to a site where it can be
A term used to describe a switch or relay amount of corrective action is proportional further processed.
output contact form (form C). Two separate to the amount of error.
switches that operate simultaneously, each Three-phase motor: A relatively
with a normally open and normally closed Range: The limits within which a device inexpensive, self-starting motor (no
contact and a common connection. or circuit operates or the distance over starting winding or capacitor); can
which a transmitter operates reliably. start heavy loads. The motor requires
Explosion-proof (XPRF) motor: A totally a three-phase AC power supply.
enclosed motor that will withstand an RS-232: A standard computer interface
explosion of a specific vapor or gas within used primarily to connect PCs and Viscosity: The resistance of a fluid to
its housing, or will prevent sparks or microprocessors with instruments, flow when subjected to shear stress.
flashes generated within its housing from such as pH meters.
igniting surrounding vapor or gas. Serial transmission: Sending one bit at
a time on a single transmission line.

2054 Cole-Parmer U.S.

In U.S.,l fax: 800-323-4340
847-549-1700, toll-free,
E-mail: 847-549-7600 (outside
[email protected], visit the U.S.), www.coleparmer.com
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 Registration Web Table-of-Contents

Technical Data
Labware—Physical Properties

Physical Properties of Glass

Various standards govern the classification of used to package water for injection, UN-buffered Surface treatment is not usually required,
glass into types suitable for specific uses. The products, chemicals, sensitive lab samples, and ­however it will further enhance the desirable
­following description of standards pertains to those samples requiring sterilization. All lab glass ­characteristics of an already superior container.
much of the glassware sold here. apparatus is generally Type I borosilicate glass. This surface enhancement may become
Wheaton 180, 200, 400; Corning Pyrex® 7740, and especially important for small containers
USP Type III Soda Lime Glass is acceptable
Corning Vycor® 7913, are all examples of Type I because of the high ratio of container surface
in packaging some dry powders which are­
borosilicate glass. area to the volume of the container contents.
­subsequently dissolved to make solutions or
buffers. It is also suitable for packaging liquid In most cases Type I glass is used to package Reprinted with permission of Wheaton Science
­formulations that prove to be insensitive to alkali. products which are alkaline or will become International.
Type III glass should not be used for products alkaline prior to their expiration date. Care must
that are to be autoclaved, but can be used in dry be taken in selecting containers for applications
heat sterilization. Examples of Type III soda lime where the pH is very low or very high, as even
glass include Wheaton 810 and 910. Type I glass can be subject to attack under certain
conditions. Although Type I borosilicate has the Search our expanded online­
USP Type I Borosilicate Glass is the least Click Technical Library for information
least pH shift of any glass, there still may be
reactive glass available for containers. It can be Here on the ­typical chemical composition
some sensitivity with certain packaged products. www.coleparmer.com

used for all applications and is most commonly

and ­properties of glass!

Physical Properties of Stainless Steel

Two corrosion-resistant stainless steel alloys, Type 316 is ideal for chemical and pulp handling argon shield in helioarc welding prevents
Type 304 and Type 316, are ideally suited for a equipment, for photographic equipment, food ­oxidation and ensures a cleaner, stronger weld.
variety of applications. and beverage processing and for dispensing The following table indicates the typical
equipment and equipment that will be exposed
Type 304 is commonly used for chemical components of stainless steels.
to salt water.
processing equipment, for food, dairy, and
Components Type 304 Type 316 Type 316L
­beverage industries, for heat exchangers, and Type 316L is an extra-low carbon modification
Chromium 18-20% 16-18% 16-18%
for the milder chemicals. of Type 316 stainless steel used when
Nickel 8-10.5% 10-14% 10-14%
­applications are welded.
Type 316 contains molybdenum to control pit Carbon 0.08% 0.08% 0.03%
type attack so it is slightly more corrosion Fabrication methods also influence the quality Manganese 2% 2% 2%
resistant than Type 304 stainless steel. and durability of stainless steel products. The Silicon 1% 1% 1%
Molybdenum — 2-3% 2-3%

Physical Properties of Ceramics

Coors Ceramics Company Typical Ceramic Characteristics Summary
The development of new ceramic materials Physical properties* Chemical-porcelain High-alumina
is helping to meet the growing demand in 1400ºC (2560ºF ) unglazed
industrial and ­laboratory applications. Coors Maximum use temp (no load) 1750ºC (3182ºF)
1150ºC (2100ºF) glazed
ceramic components are harder, lighter, and
more resistant to heat, ­corrosion, and wear than 3.56 x 10-6 from 20 to 200ºC
Thermal-expansion coefficient gradually increasing to 8.0 x 10-6/ºC from 25 to 1000ºC
steel counterparts. Coors ceramic demonstrates
excellent dimensional stability and can be 4.69 x 10-6 at 1000ºC
manufactured to meet precise tolerances. Its Thermal shock resistance Good Fair
strength and temperature resistance, combined Compressive strength — >300,000 psi
with high resistivity and dielectric strength, make it Density (g/cc) 2.5 (typical) 3.9 (typical)
an attractive alternative. Rockwell 45N 57.5 79
Hardness
Mohs — 9
Chemical-Porcelain has excellent thermal-shock Gas permeability 0 0
resistance. The chemical-porcelain used to
Water absorption 0 0
make the ­products featured has a fusion point
of 1670ºC and a ­softening point of 1400ºC. Maximum heating/cooling rate 200ºC (392ºF)/hour 150ºC (302ºF)/hour
Autoclavable Up to 137ºC (280ºF) at 30 psi Up to 137ºC (280ºF) at 30 psi
High-Alumina Ceramicware made of 99.8%- Acid Good except HF High except HF
pure aluminum oxide, is frequently selected Corrosion Alkali Good High
by metallurgists and chemists. It is useful resistance Metals Fair to good High except Na, Li
for applications requiring high-temperature Atmospheric — OK oxidizing, reducing
analysis with contaminant-free results. This
highly refractory labware is meant for use High-purity 99.8% alumina,
intended for use in oxidizing and
in reducing and oxidizing atmospheres. It Wide variety of applications,
Advantages reducing atmospheres.
can be used with refractory ­metals such as economical.
molybdenum, platinum, rhodium, ­tungsten, Highly refractory.
tantalum and iridium. It is inert in hydrogen Very corrosion resistant.
and carbonaceous atmospheres and offers high *This chart is intended to illustrate typical values available from Coors Ceramics Company. Engineering data is
resistance to alkalies and other fluxes at low representative. The designer should recognize that exact properties may vary according to product configuration. The
temperatures. information set forth is offered for comparison only, and is not to be construed as absolute engineering data or con-
stituting a warranty or representation for which we assume legal responsibility. Reprinted with permission from the
High-alumina chemical tests conducted by Coors Ceramics Company.
Coors Ceramics Company using crucibles
weighing approximately 32 g yielded the
following results: *Warning!
Test the labware for 72 hours under expected or proposed conditions of use, BEFORE ­
Chemical test Temp Time Wt loss
putting into service. Test with care to avoid injury or property damage. Cole-Parmer ­
Hot conc. H2SO4 100°C 4 hrs ~ 6 x 10-4 % does not warrant (neither express nor implied) that the ­information in these tables ­
Hot 10% NaOH 100°C 4 hrs ~ 9 x 10-4 % is accurate or complete or that any material is suitable for any purpose.
Hot 50% H3PO4 90°C 4 hrs ~ 0.16 %

U.S. 800-323-4340
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l toll-free,
In India, phone 847-549-7600 (outside
91-22-6716-2222 the
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 Registration Web Table-of-Contents

Technical Data
Labware—Physical Properties

­
Chemical Resistance and Physical Properties of Plastics
Resin Codes
ECTFE: Halar® ECTFE (ethylene- PK: Polyketone
chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer)
PFA: Teflon ® PFA (perfluoroalkoxy) Do not store strong oxidizing agents in
ETFE: Tefzel® ETFE plastic labware except if made of Teflon®
(ethylenetetrafluoroethylene) PMMA: Polymethyl methacrylate FEP, PFA, or PTFE. Other plastics will become
FEP: Teflon FEP (fluorinated
® PMP: Polymethylpentene (“TPX®”) brittle after prolonged exposure.
ethylene propylene)
PP: Polypropylene
FLPE: Fluorinated high-density Do not place plastic labware directly in a
polyethylene PS: Polystyrene flame or on a hot plate unless specified.
FLPP: Fluorinated polypropylene PSF: Polysulfone
Use the charts on pages 2059–2060 as general
HDPE: High-density polyethylene PTFE: Teflon ® PTFE guides only. They are recommendations, not
(polytetrafluoroethylene) guarantees, of fitness for particular uses.
LDPE: Low-density polyethylene
PUR: Polyurethane Test materials under actual conditions first
NYL: Nylon (polyamide) before using them for your applications.
PVC: Polyvinyl chloride
PPCO: Polypropylene copolymer
PVDF: Polyvinylidene fluoride (Kynar®)
PC: Polycarbonate
TPE: Thermoplastic elastomer
PETG: Polyethylene terephthalate
copolyester XLPE: Cross-linked high-density
polyethylene

Chemical Resistance Summary E—No damage after 30 days of constant

exposure.
G—Little or no damage after 30 days of
A
PF

Classes of substances;
/P FE

constant exposure.
PE PE
LP FE/
EP /ET

temperature 68°F (20°C)

LD /XL

PS CO
T

PM A
F E

F
F—Some effect after seven days of
TF

TG

M
PE
E

E†
P

D
R
YL

C
F
/P
PM

EC

PV
PK

PS

PU
D

PV
C

PE

TP
PP
N
F

constant exposure. Depending on the

H

Acids, weak or dilute E E E E E F E E E G E E E E G E E E

plastic, the effect may be cracking,

Acids*, strong or
concentrated
G E E E E N N N G N E E F G F E E F crazing, loss of strength, or discoloration.
Alcohols, aliphatic E E E E E N G E G N E E E G F E E E
Solvents may cause softening, swelling,
Aldehydes E E G G G F F N E G G G N F G N E N
and permeation losses with PPCO,
PP, PMP, LDPE, and HDPE; the solvent
Bases E E F E E F N N G F E E E E N E E E
effects on these materials are normally
Esters E E E G G E N N E N G G N N N N G N
reversible.
Hydrocarbons, aliphatic E E E G F E F E E G F G N G E E E N
Hydrocarbons, aromatic E E E G F E N N E N F F N N N N E N N—Not recommended for continuous
Hydrocarbons, halogenated E E G F N G N N E N N F N N N N N N use. Immediate damage may occur.
Ketones G E E G G E N N E N F G N N N N N N Depending on the plastic, the effect
Oxidizing agents, strong F E F F F N N N G N F F N G N G G N
will be severe cracking, crazing, loss of
strength, discoloration, ­deformation,
*For oxidizing acids, see table entry “Oxidizing agents, strong.”     †TPE gaskets dissolution, or permeation loss.

Physical Properties
Permeability (approximate)
Max use Brittleness Sterilization Specific cc-mm Water
Resin temp temp Transparency gravity Flexibility m2 - 24hr - Bar absorption
(°F/°C) (°F/°C) (g/mL) (%)
Autoclave Gas Dry heat Radiation‡ Disinfectants N2 O2 CO2
ECTFE, ETFE 302/150 –157/–105 Translucent Yes Yes Yes No Yes 1.70 Rigid — — — <0.03
FEP 401/205 –454/–270 Translucent Yes Yes Yes No Yes 2.15 Excellent 4960 11,625 34,100 <0.01
HDPE 248/120 –148/–100 Translucent No Yes No Yes Yes 0.95 Rigid 651 2868 8990 <0.01
LDPE 176/80 –148/–100 Translucent No Yes No Yes Yes 0.92 Excellent 2790 7750 41,850 <0.01
NYL 194/90 32/0 Translucent No Yes No Yes Yes 1.13 Rigid — — — 1.30
PPCO 250/121 –40/–40 Translucent Yes Yes No No Yes 0.90 Moderate 698 3100 10,075 <0.02
PC 275/135 –211/–135 Transparent Yes** Yes No Yes Yes 1.20 Rigid 775 4650 16,663 0.35
PETG 158/70 <–40/<–40 Transparent No Yes No Yes Yes 1.27 Moderate 155 388 1240 0.15
PFA 482/250 –454/–270 Translucent Yes Yes Yes No Yes 2.15 Excellent 4511 13,656 35,030 <0.03
PK 220 –40 Opaque Yes Yes — Yes Some 1.24 Rigid — 3.1 25 0.45
PMMA 122/50 — Transparent No Yes No Yes Some 1.20 Rigid — — 310 0.35
PMP 347/175 68/20 Transparent Yes Yes Yes** No Yes 0.83 Rigid 17,050 69,750 — 0.01
PP 275/135 32/0 Translucent Yes Yes No No Yes 0.90 Rigid 744 3720 12,400 <0.02
PS 194/90 68/20 Transparent No Yes No Yes Some 1.05 Rigid 853 4650 17,825 0.05
PSF 329/165 –148/–100 Transparent Yes Yes Yes** Yes Yes 1.24 Rigid 853 4650 10,850 0.30
PTFE 500/260 –450/–267 Translucent Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2.15 Rigid — — — 0.01
PUR 180/82 –94/–70 Transparent Yes**†† Yes No Yes Yes 1.20 Excellent — 1162-5068 6975-25,575 0.03
PVC 158/70 –22/–30 Transparent No**‡‡ Yes No No Yes 1.34 Rigid 31-310 62 62 0.15-0.75
PVDF 230/110 –80/–62 Translucent No Yes No No Yes 1.75 Rigid 140 217 7,828 0.05
TPE 250/121 — Opaque Yes Yes No — Some 1.20 Excellent 481-2248 1317-10,013 13,950-133,827 <0.01
XLPE 212/100 –180/–118 Translucent No Yes No Yes Yes 0.93 Rigid — — — <0.01
NOTE: See pages 2057–2058 for recommendations on sterilization. ††
PUR tubing is not autoclavable.
‡Radiation—gamma irradiation at 2.5 mrad with unstabilized plastic. ‡‡
Some PVC tubing may be autoclaved; see specific product information.
**Sterilizing reduces mechanical strength. Do not use PC vessels for Reprinted with permission from Nalge Nunc International.
vacuum applications if they have been autoclaved.

2056 Cole-Parmer U.S.

In U.S.,l fax: 800-323-4340
847-549-1700, toll-free,
E-mail: 847-549-7600 (outside
[email protected], visit the U.S.), www.coleparmer.com
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 Registration Web Table-of-Contents

Technical Data
Labware—Care and Cleaning

­
Caring for Your Plasticware
General Cleaning Sterilizing Plastics Microwaving: In general, all plastics allow
transmission of microwaves. Among commonly
Washing Plastics with a Autoclaving: Certain chemicals that have used plastics, PMP and PSF are most transparent
Mild Detergent is sufficient no appreciable effects on plastics at room to microwaves; we recommend their use when
for most general applications. ­temperature may cause deterioration at autoclave the chemical and temperature resistance of PMP
Be sure to rinse with tap water, temperatures and therefore must be removed. To and PSF are compatible with the material to be
and then rinse again with avoid baking these contaminants onto the surface heated. Use fluoro­polymers when heating such
distilled water. Most plastics, ­particularly the of the plastic, carefully clean all items and rinse aggressive chemicals as acids or solvents; proper
polyolefins (PPCO, PP, PMP, LDPE, and HDPE), thoroughly with distilled water before autoclaving. ventilation is essential. Note: Closure threads
have nonwetting surfaces that resist attack and
Because of differences in heat transfer between must be completely disengaged before heating
are easy to clean. Do not use abrasive cleaners
plastics and inorganic materials, the contents of bottles or containers in a microwave oven.
or scouring pads on any plastic labware. Do
plastic containers may take longer to reach
not use strong alkaline cleaning agents with
sterilization temperatures (typically 121°C). Thus, Hazardous Matter
polycarbonate (PC).
Labware Washing Machines can be used
longer autoclaving cycles may be necessary for For Labware Contaminated
with most resins except acrylic, polystyrene
liquid contents. Cycle lengths can be determined with Infectious or Toxic Materials,
only by experience with specific liquids and autoclaving is the preferred method
(PS), and LDPE due to temperature limitations.
containers. Do not autoclave containers (except for sterilization. However, any
PC will be weakened by repeated washings
those made of fluoropolymers) containing method of chemical or heat
in dishwashers. PC labware exposed to high
­detergent or wetting solutions. sterilization compatible with the plastic
stresses (centrifuge ware, vacuum chambers)
Note: Before autoclaving, just set cap or closure can be used. Liquid waste that contains
should always be washed by hand using mild,
on top of the container without engaging threads. biohazardous materials must be decontaminated
nonalkaline ­detergents. For PS, use a mild,
Polypropylene (PP), polypropylene copolymer before disposal.
neutral pH, nonabrasive, noncaustic detergent
without ­sheeting agents. Set water temperature (PPCO), polymethylpentene (PMP), Tefzel ® ETFE,
no higher than 135°F (57°C), and keep exposure and Teflon ® FEP and PFA can be autoclaved
as short as possible. Avoid excessive abrasion repeatedly at 121°C/15 psi. Cycle length should be
of plastics in dishwashers by covering metal at least 15 minutes at 121°C to ensure sterility. For information on “Removing RNase
spindles with soft material such as plastic Polysulfone (PSF) and polycarbonate (PC) are Click or DNase from Plastic Containers.”
tubing. Labware should be weighted down and autoclavable, but can be weakened by repeated Here
held in place with ­accessory racks.
www.coleparmer.com

autoclaving. If autoclaved repeatedly, PSF will

Ultrasonic Cleaners can be used as long as eventually fail under high-stress applications.
labware does not rest on the bottom of the After repeated autoclaving, PC shows some loss For Labware Contaminated with Both
tank. Use a cleaning basket for best results. of mechanical strength and may not function Biohazardous and Radioactive Material,
well under high-stress applications such as first sterilize the labware, then remove the ­­­­
Removing Grease and Oils. Washing with
centrifugation. Limit PSF and PC autoclave cycles radio­active material. Methods for removing
a mild detergent will remove grease and oils
to 20 minutes at 121°C. radioactive material depend on the isotope
in many situations. Another effective method
used, its quantity, half-life, material, and
is to boil lab­ware in dilute sodium bicarbonate Polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), nylon,
solubility. For routine decontamination of
(NaHCO 3 ). Do not use this method with acrylic, acrylic, low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and
noninfectious/nontoxic labware, first soak in a
PC, PS, or LDPE. high-density polyethylene (HDPE) labware and
decontaminant/cleaner for 24 hours at room
To remove grease and oils, you can use organic polyurethane tubing are not autoclavable under
temperature. Follow this with several rinsings
solvents (such as acetone, alcohols, or methylene any conditions.
in distilled water. To accelerate decontami­nation,
chloride) with caution. Extended exposure to Note: Some transparent plastics may absorb increase the cleaner concentration and
these solvents may cause polyolefins to swell. minute amounts of water vapor and appear solution temperature. Always dispose of
Rinse off all solvents before using labware. cloudy after autoclaving. The clouding will radioactive wastes and ­effluents properly.
Use only alcohols on PC, PS, PSF, or PVC; other ­disappear as the plastic dries.
organic solvents attack these plastics. Do not use Gas Sterilization: All of the resins mentioned
organic solvents with acrylic. on this page can be gas sterilized (ethylene
Removing Organic Matter. Soaking plastic oxide, formaldehyde). Allow an appropriate For more information on handling ­
in a chromic acid solution will remove organic ­aeration time suited to the par­ticular application contaminated labware, contact your
­matter, but since it is a strong oxidizing agent, before using the item. Biosafety/Radiation Safety office, or refer to
it will eventually embrittle plastics. To minimize Chemical Disinfectants: In general, all of the NIH Biohazardous Safety Guide, Radiation
embrittlement, soak for no more than 4 hours. plastics mentioned on this page can be Guide, and Laboratory Safety Monograph.
To make the recommended chromic acid subjected to commonly used disinfectants
­solution: Dissolve 120 g of sodium dichromate (formalin, iodophors, quaternary ammonium Trace Level Cleaning
(Na 2Cr 2O7 • 2H 2O) in 1000 mL tap water. Add compounds, benzalkonium chloride). There may For Most Trace Metal Analyses, plastic is
1600 mL concentrated sulfuric acid. Note: be some ­surface attack (crazing) when using a ­ enerally less contaminated than glass or other
g
Because this solution gen­erates considerable more ­chemically aggressive disinfectant for a materials. However, plastic does contain trace
heat, we recommend external cooling. Do not ­prolonged time on the less chemical resistant ­levels of certain metals. To minimize potential
mix in a plastic container. plastics (acrylic, PS, PC, PVC). low-level contamination, remove or leach these
Dry Heat: Recommended only for ECTFE, metals from plastic by soaking in 1N HCl and
This solution produces an excess of dichromate
Tefzel ETFE, Teflon FEP and PFA, PMP, PSF, and ­rinsing in distilled water. For more precise work,
in the precipitate form. It dissolves as needed,
TFE. Maximum temperatures and minimum use HCl, followed by soaking in 1N HNO 3 and
which extends the solution’s life considerably
sterilization times at each temperature are given rinsing in distilled water. Soak­ing time can
longer than commercially available solutions.
in the following table: vary according to individual needs, but plastics
The solution can be used repeatedly until it
should not be soaked longer than 8 hours.
begins to develop a greenish color, indicating a
Dry heat sterilization Caution: Concentrated nitric acid is a strong
loss of potency. Resins
Temperature Time oxidizing agent and will embrittle many plastics.
Sodium hypochlorite solutions (bleaches) are 170°C (338°F) 60 min To Remove Trace Organics that contribute
also effective at removing organic matter. Use Teflon FEP and PFA,
160°C (320°F) 120 min to trace metal absorption, clean plastic surfaces
PMP*, TFE, PSF,
at room temperature. 150°C (302°F) 150 min with alcohol, alkalies, alcoholic alkalies, or
ECTFE, Tefzel® ETFE
140°C (284°F) 180 min ­chloroform. A final rinse of 1N HCl also
*with no load, no stacking minimizes absorption of trace elements.

Reprinted with permission of Nalge Nunc International.

U.S. 800-323-4340
In China, phone 021-51099909
l toll-free,
In India, phone 847-549-7600 (outside
91-22-6716-2222 the
In the UK, U.S.), www.coleparmer.com
phone-free 0500-345-300 2057
Canada 800-363-5900 l India 91-22-6716-2222 l UK 0500-345-300
 Registration Web Table-of-Contents

Labware—Care and Cleaning

­
Caring for Your Glassware
General Cleaning before cleaning. It can best be processed in the Handling and Storing
­laboratory by placing it in a large bucket or boiler
Good Laboratory Technique demands filled with water, to which 1–2% soft soap or To Prevent Breakage when rinsing or
clean glassware, because the most carefully detergent has been added, and boiled for washing pipettes, cylinders, or burettes, be
executed piece of work may give an erroneous 30 ­minutes. The glassware can then be rinsed in careful not to let tips hit the sink or the water
result if dirty glassware is used. In all instances, tap water, scrubbed with detergent, rinsed again. tap.
­glassware must be physically clean; it must be
You may autoclave glassware or sterilize it in a Dry Test Tubes, Culture Tubes, Flasks,
chemically clean; and in many cases, it must be
large steam oven or similar apparatus. If viruses and other labware by hanging them on wooden
bacteriologically clean or sterile.
or spore-bearing bacteria are present, ­autoclaving pegs or placing them in baskets with their
Glassware Must be Absolutely Grease- is absolutely necessary. mouths ­downward and allowing them to dry
Free. The safest criteria of cleanliness is uniform in the air; or place them in baskets to dry in an
wetting of the surface by distilled water. This oven.* Drying temperatures should not exceed
is especially important in glassware used for Rinsing 140°C. Line the drying basket with a clean cloth
­measuring the volume of liquids. Grease and to keep the ­vessel mouths clean.
other contaminating materials will prevent the It is Imperative that all soap, detergents and
other cleaning fluids be removed from glassware Dry Burettes, Pipettes, and Cylinders by
glass from becoming uniformly wetted. This in
before use. This is especially important with the standing them on a folded towel. Protect clean
turn will alter the volume of residue adhering to
detergents, slight traces of which will interfere glassware from dust. This is done best by
the walls of the glass container and thus affect
with serologic and cultural reactions. ­plugging them with cotton, corking, taping a
the volume of liquid delivered. Furthermore,
heavy piece of paper over the mouth or placing
in pipettes and burettes, the meniscus will be After Cleaning, rinse the glassware with the glassware in a dust-free cabinet.
­distorted and the correct adjustments cannot ­running tap water. When test tubes, graduates,
be made. The presence of small amounts of flasks, and similar containers are rinsed with Store Glassware in specially designed racks.
­impurities may also alter the meniscus. tap water, allow the water to run into and over Avoid breakage by keeping pieces separated.
Wash Labware as Quickly as Possible them for a short time, then partly fill each piece Do not store alkaline liquids in volumetric
after Use. If a thorough cleaning is not possible with water, thoroughly shake and empty at least flasks or burettes. Stoppers or stopcocks
i­mmediately, put glassware to soak in water. six times. Pipettes and burettes are best rinsed may stick.
If labware is not cleaned immediately, it may by attaching a piece of rubber tubing to the
faucet and then attaching the delivery end of the *Do not apply heat directly to empty glassware which
become impossible to remove the residue. is used in volumetric measurements. Such glassware
pipettes or burettes to a hose, allowing the should be dried at temperatures of no more than
Most new glassware is slightly alkaline in water to run through them. If the tap water is 80–90°C.
­reaction. For precision chemical tests, new very hard, it is best to run it through a deionizer
­glassware should be soaked several hours in Reprinted with permission of the Corning Corporation.
before using.
acid water (a 1% solution of hydrochloric or
nitric acid) before washing. Rinse the Glassware in a large bath of
distilled water. Rinse with distilled water. To
Brushes with wooden or plastic handles are conserve ­distilled water, use a five-gallon
recommended as they will not scratch or abrade bottle as a ­reservoir. Store it on a shelf near
the glass surface. your clean-up area. Attach a siphon to it and
use it for ­replenishing the reservoir with used For information on:
distilled water. Click The “Use and Care of PyrexPlus®­
Sterilizing Glassware Here
www.coleparmer.com
●
Laboratory Glassware”
Glassware which is Contaminated with For Sensitive Microbiologic Assays, ● “Guide to Fritted Ware”­
blood clots, such as serology tubes, culture ­meticulous cleaning must be followed by rinsing ● “Suggestions for Cleaning”
media, petri dishes, etc., must be sterilized 12 times in distilled water.

Caring for Your Stainless Steelware

Use the Proper Tools. When cleaning your Use Alkaline, Alkaline Chlorinated, or Clean Frequently to avoid build-up of hard,
stainless steel products, take care to use Non-Chloride Containing Cleaners at the stubborn stains. If chlorinated cleaners are
non-­abrasive tools. Soft cloths and plastic recommended strength. While many traditional used, you must rinse thoroughly. Wipe
scouring pads will not harm the steel’s passive cleaners are loaded with chlorides, the industry dry immediately to remove all traces of
layer. Stainless steel pads can also be used but is providing an ever increasing choice of chlorination. After wiping the equipment
the scrubbing motion must be in the direction of non-­chloride cleaners. If you are unsure of your down, allow it to air dry because oxygen helps
the manufacturer’s polishing marks. cleaner’s chloride content, contact your cleaner maintain the stainless steels’ ­passivity film.
supplier. If they tell you that your present cleaner
Clean with the Polish Lines. Some stainless Treat your Water. Softening hard water can
contains chlorides, ask if they have an alternative.
steels come with visible polishing lines or do much to reduce deposits. Certain filters can
Also, avoid cleaners containing quaternary salts
“grain.” When visible lines are present, you be installed to remove distasteful and corrosive
as they also can attack stainless steel and cause
should always scrub in a motion that is parallel elements. If you are unsure of the proper water
pitting and rusting. Never use hydrochloric acid
to them. When the grain cannot be seen, use a treatment for your applications, contact a
(muriatic acid) on stainless steel.
soft cloth or plastic scouring pad. treatment specialist.

Caring for Your Ceramicware

For General Cleaning, use weak to moderate How to Ensure Ceramic Marking Ink will be Prevent Cracking or Breakage during
concentration acids (except hydrofluoric) or permanent. After applying the ink to the surface heating or cooling. Follow the recommended
­alkalis. Also acceptable are detergents, abrasives, of the part, heat the entire part 200°C per hour in heating/ cooling rates. Use an oven or hot plate
and standard soap. Burning off organic residue a furnace to 1100°C and hold that temperature for to ­pre-heat the ceramicware. A desiccator plate
by gas burner or furnace is also acceptable. one hour. Allow the part to cool before removing may be used to place the ceramicware on
from the furnace. during ­cooling. Gradually increase the flame
For porous ceramic, use weak to moderate
intensity when using a gas burner. Use smallest
concentration acids (except hydrofluoric) or How to Use Liquid Nitrogen with a mortar
part ­possible to minimize thermal stress.
­alkalis. Back flushing is also a method commonly and pestle. Freeze the mortar and pestle at least
used to unclog pores. For surface deposits, light eight hours just prior to use. This will reduce the Reprinted with permission of the Coors Ceramics
sanding may be acceptable. ­temperature gradient and minimize thermal stress. Company.

2058 U.S. 800-323-4340 toll-free, 847-549-7600 (outside the U.S.), www.coleparmer.com

l

Canada 800-363-5900 l India 91-22-6716-2222 l UK 0500-345-300

 Registration Web Table-of-Contents

Labware—Chemical Resistance­
­

Chemical Resistance of Labware Materials

How to Use This Chart

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Use This Chart as a General CHEMICAL

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first before storing in labware. The

Acetaldehyde GN GF GN GN EE GF FN GN NN EE NN EG EE EE EE

first ­letter of each pair represents the Acetamide, sat. EE EE EE EE EE EE NN NN NN — EE EE EE EE EE
Acetic acid, 5% EE EE EE EE EE EE EG EE EE EE EG FN EE EE EE
resistance rating at 20°C; the second
Acetic acid, 50% EE EE EE EE EE EG EG EG GG EE GG NN EE EE EE
at 50°C. Acetone NN NN EE EE EE GF NN NN NN NN NN EE EE EE EE
Acetonitrile EE EE FN FN EE EE NN NN NN EE NN EE EG EE EE
E—No damage after 30 days of
Acrylonitrile EE EE FN FN EE EG NN NN NN GF NN EG EG EE EE
constant exposure. Adipic acid EG EE EE EE EE EE EE EG GG — EE EF EG EE EE
Alanine EE EE EE EE EE EE NN NN NN — EE EG — — —
G—Little or no damage after
Allyl alcohol EE EE EE EG EE EE GF GF GF — GF NN EE EG EG
30 days of constant exposure. Aluminum hydroxide EG EE EG EG EE EE FN EG GG EE GG EE EE NN EE
Aluminum salts EE EE EE EE EE EE EG EE EE EE GG NN GG EE EE
F—Some effect after 7 days of
Amino acids EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EG — — —
constant exposure. Depending on Ammonia EE EE EE EE EE EE NN EG GF EE GF FF EE EE EE
the material, the effect may be Ammonium acetate, sat. EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EG EG EE EE
­cracking, crazing, loss of strength, or Ammonium glycolate EG EE EG EG EE EE GF EE GG EE EE GG — — —
discoloration. Solvents may cause Ammonium hydroxide, 5% EE EE EE EE EE EE FN EE GG EE EF GF EE EE EE
Ammonium hydroxide, 30% EG EE EG EG EE EE NN EG GG EE GF FN EE EE EE
softening, swelling, and permeation Ammonium oxalate EG EE EG EG EE EE EE EE EE EE EE GF EE EE EE
losses with PA, PP, PMP, LDPE, and Ammonium salts EE EE EE EE EE EE EG EG EE EE GG NN EE EE EE
HDPE; the solvent effects on these n-Amyl acetate GF EG GF GF EE EE NN NN NN EE NN EE EE EE EG
mate­rials are normally reversible. Amyl chloride NN FN NN NN EE EE NN NN NN EE NN EG EG EE EE
Aniline EG EG GF GF EE GN FN NN NN EF NN GF EG EE EE
N—Not recommended for Benzaldehyde EG EE EG EG EE EF FN NN FF EE NN EG GG EE EE
c­ ontinuous use. Immediate damage Benzene FN NN GF GF EE EG NN NN NN EE NN EE GG EE EE
may occur. Depending on the material, Benzoic acid, sat. EE EE EG EG EE EE EG EG FF EE GG NN EG EE EE
Benzyl acetate EG EE EG EG EE EG FN NN NN — NN EG GG EE EE
the effect will be severe cracking,­ Benzyl alcohol NN FN NN NN EE EE NN GF NN EE NN NN GG EE EE
­crazing, loss of strength, discoloration, Bromine NN FN NN NN EE EG FN GN NN EE NN NN EE EG GG
deformation, dissolution, or Bromobenzene NN FN NN NN EE GN NN NN NN EE NN EG GG GG GG
­permeation loss. Bromoform NN NN NN NN EE GF NN NN NN EE NN FF GG EE EE
Butadiene NN FN NN NN EE EE NN FN NN EE NN FF GG EE EE
n-Butyl acetate GF EG GF GF EE EG NN NN NN EE NN EE GG EE EE
n-Butyl alcohol
Effects of Chemicals sec-Butyl alcohol
EE
EG
EE
EE
EE
EG
EG
EG
EE
EE
EE
EE
GF
GF
GF
GG
GF
GF
EE
EE
EG
GG
NN
NN
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
on Labware tert-Butyl alcohol EG EE EG EG EE EE GF EG GF EE EE NN EE EE EE
Butyric acid NN FN NN NN EE EE FN GN GG EE NN FN GG EE EE
Chemicals may affect the weight, Calcium hydroxide, conc. EE EE EE EE EE EE NN EE GG EE GG NN GG NN EE
strength, color, dimensions, flexibility, Calcium hypochlorite, sat. EE EE EE EG EE EE FN GF EE EE GF NN EE EE EE
and surface appearance of labware. Carbazole EE EE EE EE EE EE NN NN NN — EE EE — — —
Carbon disulfide NN NN NN NN EE EF NN NN NN EE NN EG EE EE EE
The basic models of interaction Carbon tetrachloride FN GF GF NN EE EE NN GF NN EE NN EE GG EE EE
that cause these changes are: (1) Cedarwood oil NN FN NN NN EE EG GF FN FF EE NN EG — — —
chemical attack on the polymer chain, Cellosolve acetate EG EE EG EG EE EG FN FN NN EG NN EE GG EE EE
with resultant reduction in physical Chlorine, 10% in air GN EF GN GN EE EE EG EE NN EE FN NN FF EE EE
­properties, ­including oxidation; Chlorine, 10% (moist) GN GF FN GN EE EE GF EG NN EE NN NN FF EE EE
Chloroacetic acid EE EE EG EG EE EE FN FN NN E– GN NN GG EE EE
­reaction of functional groups in or on p-Chloroacetophenone EE EE EE EE EE EE NN NN NN — NN EG — — —
the chain; and ­depolymerization; Chloroform FN FN GF NN EE GF NN NN NN EE NN FF EE EE EE
(2) physical change, including Chromic acid, 10% EE EE EE EE EE EE GF EG NN EE EE NN GG EE EE
­absorption of solvents, ­resulting in Chromic acid, 50% EE EE GF GF EE EE FN EF NN EG FF NN FF EE NN
Cinnamon oil NN FN NN NN EE EG GF NN FF — NN GF EE — —
softening and swelling of the plastic;
Citric acid, 10% EE EE EE EE EE EE EG GG EE EE EG NN GG EE EE
permeation of solvent through the Cresol NN FN GF NN EE EG NN NN NN EE NN NN EE EE EE
plastic; or ­dissolution in a solvent; and Cyclohexane FN FN FN NN EE EG EG GF NN EE NN EE EE EE EE
(3) stress-cracking from the ­­­­­­interaction DeCalin GF EG GF FN EE EE NN EG NN — NN EE — — —
of a ‘‘stress-cracking agent’’ with o-Dichlorobenzene FN FF FN FN EE EF NN NN NN EE NN EG GG EE EE
p-Dichlorobenzene FN GF GF GF EE EF NN NN NN EE NN EG GG EE EE
molded-in or external stresses. Diethyl benzene NN FN NN NN EE EG FN NN NN — NN EE GG EE EE
The reactive combination of Diethyl ether NN FN NN NN EE EG NN FN NN EG NN EE GG EE EE
Diethyl ketone NN NN GG GF EE GF NN NN NN NN NN EE GG EE EE
­compounds of two or more classes Diethyl malonate EE EE EE EG EE EE FN GN FF EG NN EE — — —
may cause a ­synergistic or undesirable Diethylene glycol EE EE EE EE EE EE GF FN GG EE GG EE EE EE EE
chemical effect. Other factors Diethylene glycol ethyl ether EE EE EE EE EE EE FN FN FF — NN EE EE EE EE
affecting chemical resistance Dimethyl formamide EE EE EE EE EE GG NN FN NN NN NN GF EE EE EE
include: ­temperature, ­pressure, Dimethylsulfoxide EE EE EE EE EE EG NN NN NN — EG EE EE EE EE
1,4-Dioxane GF GG GF GF EE EF GF FN GF NN NN EF GG EE EE
internal or external stresses (such as Dipropylene glycol EE EE EE EE EE EE GF GF GG — EE EE — — —
­centrifugation), and length of Ether NN FN NN NN EE EG NN FN NN EG NN EE EE EE EE
exposure to and concentration of the Ethyl acetate EE EE EE FN EE EE NN NN NN NN NN EE GG EE EE
chemical. As temperature increases, Ethyl alcohol (absolute) EG EE EG EG EE EE EG EG EG EE FN NN EE EE EE
Ethyl alcohol, 40% EG EE EG EG EE EE EG EE EG EE GF NN EE EE EE
resistance to attack decreases.
Ethyl benzene FN GF FN FN EE GF NN NN NN — NN EE GG — —
Ethyl benzoate FF GG GF GF EE EG NN NN NN NN NN EE — — —
Ethyl butyrate GN GF GN FN EE EG NN NN NN NN NN EE EG — —
*Warning! Ethyl chloride, liquid FN FF FN FN EE EE NN NN NN EE NN GF EE EE EE
Do not store strong oxidizing Ethyl cyanoacetate EE EE EE EE EE EE FN FN FF NN GN GF — — —
Ethyl lactate EE EE EE EE EE EE FN FN FF NN FN EG — — —
agents in plastic containers Ethylene chloride GN GF FN NN EE EE NN NN NN EE NN EG GG EE EE
except those made of Teflon® Ethylene glycol EE EE EE EE EE EE GF EE EE EE EE EE GG EE EE
FEP, PFA, or PTFE. Other Ethylene glycol methyl ether EE EE EE EE EE EE FN FN FF — NN EE — — —
Ethylene oxide FF GF FF FN EE EE FN FN EE EE NN EE GG EE EE
plastics will become brittle Fluorides EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE GG EE — — —
after ­prolonged exposure. Fluorine FN GN FN FN EG EF GF EG NN — NN NN EG EE —
Formaldehyde, 10% EE EE EE EG EE EE EG GF GF EE FN GF EE EE EE

U.S. 800-323-4340 toll-free, 847-549-7600 (outside the U.S.), www.coleparmer.com

l 2059
Canada 800-363-5900 l India 91-22-6716-2222 l UK 0500-345-300
 Registration Web Table-of-Contents

Labware—Chemical Resistance­

­
Chemical Resistance of Labware Materials

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2061–2069

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Formaldehyde, 40% EG EE EG
EG EE EE EG GF GF EE NN GF EE EE EE for our General Chemical

Formic acid, 3% EG EE EG EG EE EE EG GF GG EE EG NN GG EE EE
Formic acid, 50% EG EE EG EG EE EE EG GF GG EE FF NN GG EE EE Compatibility charts. See the
Formic acid, 98 to 100% EG EE EG EF EE EE EF FN FF EE FF NN GG EE EE “Pumps—Masterflex” section
Freon® TF EG EG EG FN EE EG GF GF EG EE FN — EE EE EE on pages 1215–1225 for chemical
Fuel oil FN GF EG GF EE EE EG EE EG EE NN EE EE EE EE
Gasoline FN GG GF GF EE EE FF GN FF EE NN EE EE EE EE compatibility data specific to
Glacial acetic acid EG EE EG EG EE EE NN EG FN EG NN NN EG EE EE Masterflex pump tubing.
Glycerine EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE
n-Heptane FN GF FF FF EE EE EG GF EG EE NN EE EE EE EE
Hexane NN GF GF FN EE EE FN GN EG EE NN EE EE EE EE
Hydrochloric acid, 1 to 5% EE EE EE EG EE EE EE EE EE EE EE NN NN EE EE
Hydrochloric acid, 20% EE EE EE EG EE EE GF EG EE EE EE NN NN EE EE
Hydrochloric acid, 35% EE EE EG EG EE EE NN GF EE EE FF NN NN EE EE
Hydrofluoric acid, 4% EG EE EG EG EE EE GF GF GF EE GF NN NN NN —
Hydrofluoric acid, 48% EE EE EE EE EE EE NN GF FN EE NN NN NN NN NN
Hydrogen peroxide, 3% EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EG NN GG EE EG
Hydrogen peroxide, 30% EG EE EG EG EE EE EE EE EE EE EG NN GG EE EG
Hydrogen peroxide, 90% EG EE EG EG EE EE EE EG EE E- EG NN GG EE EG
Isobutyl alcohol EE EE EE EG EE EE EG EG EG EE GG NN EE EE EE
Isopropyl acetate GF EG GF GF EE EG NN NN NN — NN EE GG EE EE
Isopropyl alcohol EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EG EE EE EG NN GG EE EE
Isopropyl benzene FN GF FN NN EE EG NN NN NN — NN EG — — —
Kerosene FN GG GF GF EE GF EE EE GF EE NN EE EE EE EE
Lactic acid, 3% EG EE EG EG EE EE EG GF EE EG GG NN GG EE EE
Lactic acid, 85% EE EE EG EG EE EG EG GF EE GF GG NN GG EE EE
Methoxyethyl oleate EG EE EG EG EE EE FN NN NN — NN EG — — —
Methyl alcohol EE EE EE EE EE EE GF EF GF EE FN NN EE EE EE
Methyl ethyl ketone NN NN EG NN EE GF NN NN NN NN NN EE EE EE EE
Methyl isobutyl ketone NN NN GF FF EE GF NN NN NN GN NN EE GG EE EE
Methyl propyl ketone GF EG GF FF EE EG NN NN NN NN NN EE EE — —
Methylene chloride FN FN FN FN EE GG NN NN NN NN NN GF GG EE EE
Mineral oil GN EE EE EG EE EE EG EG EE EE EE EE EE EE EE
Nitric acid, 1 to 10% EE EE EE EE EE EE EG EG EF EE GN NN EE EE EE
Nitric acid, 50% GN GN FN GN EE EE GF GF GF EG NN NN EG EG NN
Nitric acid, 70% FN GN NN GF EE EE NN FN NN GF NN NN GG EE NN
Nitrobenzene NN FN NN NN EE EG NN NN NN EN NN FF GG EE EE
n-Octane EE EE EE EE EE EE GF FN GF EE NN EE EE EE EE
Orange oil FN GF GF FF EE EE FF FN FF EE NN GF EE EE EE
Ozone EG EE EG EE EE EE EG EG EE EE FF EG EG — —
Perchloric acid GN GN GN GN GF EG NN GN NN EE GF NN FF EE EE
Perchloroethylene NN NN NN NN EE EE NN NN NN EE NN EE EG EE EE
Phenol, crystals GN GF GN FG EE EE NN FN FF EE NN NN GG EE EE
Phosphoric acid, 1 to 5% EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE GG NN NN EE EE
Phosphoric acid, 85% EE EE EG EG EE EE EG EG EE EE EG NN NN EE EE
Pine oil GN EG EG GF EE EG GF FN FF EE NN GF EE — —
Potassium hydroxide, 1% EE EE EE EE EE EE FN EE EE EE GG FF EG GF GF
Potassium hydroxide, conc. EE EE EE EE EE EE NN EG EE EG GG FF EG NN NN
Propane gas NN FN NN NN EE EE FN EG FF EE NN FF GF NN NN
Propylene glycol EE EE EE EE EE EE GF FN GG — EE EE GG EE EE
Propylene oxide EG EE EG EG EE FN GF FN GG FN NN EE EE — —
Resorcinol, sat. EE EE EE EE EE EE GF FN NN — GF NN — — —
Resorcinol, 5% EE EE EE EE EE EF GF GN NN — GF NN — — —
Salicylaldehyde EG EE EG EG EE EN GF FN FF EG NN EG — — —
Salicylic acid, powder EE EE EE EG EE EE EG GF EE EE EE EG GG EE EE
Salicylic acid, sat. EE EE EE EE EE EE EG GF EE EE EG NN GG EE EE *Warning!
Salt solutions, metallic EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE GG FF EG — — The plastic resin information
Silver acetate EE EE EE EE EE EE EG GG EE EE GG EF — — — in these tables (does
Silver nitrate EG EE EG EE EE EE EE EG EE EE GF NN GG EE EE
Sodium acetate, sat. EE EE EE EE EE EE EG GF EE EE GG FF GG EE EE not include SS, glass, or
Sodium hydroxide, 1% EE EE EE EE EE EE FN EE EE EE GG EE GG GE GE ceramic) has been provided
Sodium hydroxide, 50% to sat. GG EE EE EE EE EE NN NN EG EG EE GF GF NN NN by Nalge Nunc International
Sodium hypochlorite, 15% EE EE GF EE EE EE GF EE EE EE EE NN NN EE EG
Stearic acid, crystals EE EE EE EE EE EE EG EG GG EE EG EF EG EE EE and is reprinted with their
Sulfuric acid, 1 to 6% EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EG EE EE EG NN FN EE EG ­permission. It should be used
Sulfuric acid, 20% EE EE EG EG EE EE EG EG EE EE EG NN NN EE GG ONLY as a guide for selecting
Sulfuric acid, 60% EG EE EG EG EE EE GF EG EE EE GN NN NN EE NN
Sulfuric acid, 98% GG GG FN GG EE EE NN GN NN EG NN NN NN EE NN labware for testing.
Sulfur dioxide, liq., 46 psi NN FN NN NN EE EG GN FN GG EE NN NN FN NN NN
Sulfur dioxide, wet or dry EE EE EE EE EE EE EG EG GG GE FN NN FN EE EE Test the labware for 72 hours
Sulfur salts FN GF FN FN EE EG FN NN GG GF NN NN — — — under expected or proposed
Tartaric acid EE EE EE EE EE EE EG EG EE EE GG EF FF EE EE conditions of use, BEFORE
Tetrahydrofuran FN GF GF FF EE GF NN NN NN FN NN EE EE EE EE
Thionyl chloride NN NN NN NN EE EE NN NN NN — NN NN NN EE EE
putting into service. Test
Toluene FN GG GF FF EE EE FN NN NN EE NN EE EE EE EE with care to avoid injury or
Tributyl citrate GF EG GF GF EE EG NN FN FF EF NN EG — — — ­property damage.
Trichloroethane NN FN NN NN EG NN NN NN NN — NN EE GG EE EE
Trichloroethylene NN FN NN NN EE EG NN NN NN EE NN EE GG EE EE Cole-Parmer® does not
Triethylene glycol EE EE EE EE EE EE EG GF EE — EG EE — — —
Tripropylene glycol EE EE EE EE EE EE EG GF EE — EE EE — — —
warrant (neither express nor
Turpentine FN GG GF FF EE EE FN GF NN EE NN EE EE EE EE implied) that the information
Undecyl alcohol EF EG EG EG EE EG GF EF FF EE GG EE — — — in these tables is accurate or
Urea EE EE EE EG EE EE NN GN FF EE EG EE GG EE EE
Vinylidene chloride NN FN NN NN EE GF NN NN NN EE NN NN GG — — complete or that any material
Xylene GN GF FN FN EE EG NN NN NN EE NN EE GG EE EE is suitable for any purpose.
Zinc stearate EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EG EE EE EE EE EE EE EE
Reprinted with permission from Nalge Nunc International; except SS, glass, and ceramic.

2060 U.S. 800-323-4340 toll-free, 847-549-7600 (outside the U.S.), www.coleparmer.com

l

Canada 800-363-5900 l India 91-22-6716-2222 l UK 0500-345-300