Single-line or One-line Diagram
The purpose of one-line diagram is to supply the significant information about the
system in concise form. The amount of information included on the diagram depends on
the purpose for which the diagram is intended.
Example:
The location of circuit breakers and relays is not important in making a load study.
However, information about the circuit breakers may be of extreme importance for
determination of the stability of a system under transient conditions resulting from a
fault.
Rules:
1. Completed circuit through the neutral is omitted.
2. Component parts are indicated by standard symbols.
3. Circuit parameters are not shown.
4. A transmission line is represented by a single line between its two ends.
Single-line or One-line Diagram
Commonly used symbols
Note: If a resistor or reactor is inserted between the neutral of the Y and, the appropriate
symbol for resistance or inductance may be added to the standard symbol of the
grounded Y.
Single-line or One-line Diagram
One-line Diagram of a simple power system
Two generators, one grounded through a reactor and one through a resistor, are
connected to a bus and through a step-up transformer to a transmission line. Another
generator, grounded through a reactor, is connected to a bus and through a transformer
to the opposite end of the transmission line. A load is connected to each bus.
Impedance Diagram
Single-phase or per phase equivalent circuit, drawn from one-line diagram, in order
to calculate the performance of a system under load conditions.
One-line
Diagram
Combine the equivalent
Do not include the current
circuits for the various
limiting impedances. Why?
components.
Impedance
Diagram
Reactance Diagram
Drawn in order to calculate the performance of a system upon the occurrence of a fault
Impedance
Diagram
Omit: 1. all static loads. 2. all
resistances. 3. shunt admittance of
each transformer. 4 . capacitance of
transmission line.
Reactance
Diagram
Per-Unit Quantities
actual quantity
Per-unit quantity=
base quantity
The ratio in percent is 100 times the value in per unit.
The per-unit method has an advantage over the percent method because the product of
two quantities expressed in per unit is expressed in per unit itself, but the product of two
quantities expressed in percent must be divided by 100 to obtain the result in percent.
Per-Unit Quantities
Usually, base megavoltamperes and base voltage in kilovolts are the quantities selected
to specify the base.
For single-phase systems:
base kVA1
Base current, A
base voltage, kVLN
base voltage, VLN
Base impedance,
base current, A
base voltage, kVLN 1000
2
Base impedance,
base kVA1
base voltage, kV
2
LN
Base impedance,
base MVA1
Base power, kW1 base kVA1
Base power, MW1 base MVA1
actual impedance,
Per-unit impedance of an element =
base impedance,
The subscripts and denote ‘per phase’ and ‘line to neutral’.
Per-Unit Quantities
The base voltage to neutral is the base voltage from line to line divided by 3.
The three phase kVA base is three times the base kVA per phase.
Unless otherwise specified, a given value of base voltage in a 3φ system is a line-to-line
voltage, and a given value of base kVA or base MVA is the total 3φ base.
If base values are interpreted to mean base kilovoltamperes for the total of three phases
and base voltage from line to line
base kVA 3
Base current, A
3 base voltage, kVLL
2
base voltage, kV LL
3 1000
Base impedance
base kVA 3 3
base voltage, kV
2
LL
1000
Base impedance
base kVA 3
base voltage, kVLL
2
Base impedance
base MVA 3
Changing the Base of Per-Unit Quantities
Sometimes p.u. impedance of a component is expressed on a base other than the one
selected as base for the part of the system in which the component is located. Resistance
and reactance of a device in percent or per unit are usually available from the
manufacturer. The impedance base is understood to be derived from the rated kVAs and
kVs of the device.
All impedances in any one part of a system must be expressed on the same impedance
base.
Converting p.u. impedances from one base to another:
actual impedance, base kVA
Per-unit impedance =
base voltage, kV 1000
2
Per unit impedance is directly proportional to base kVA and inversely proportional to
square of base voltage
2
base kV base kVA
given
new
Per-unit Z new = per-unit Z given base kVA
base kVnew given
Three-Phase Transformers
Three-Phase Transformers
Three-Phase Transformers
Three-Phase Transformers
Three-Phase Transformers: Phase Shift
(1) N1
VA
Vab(1)
N2
N1
VA(1) 3Va(1)30
N2
VA(1) Va(1)30 in per-unit
Three-Phase Transformers: Phase Shift
(2) N1
VA
Vab(2)
N2
N1
VA(2) 3Va(2) 30
N2
VA(2) Va(2) 30 in per-unit
Three-Phase Transformers: Phase Shift
(1) (1) (1) (1)
When stepping up from the low-voltage to the high-
V
A
V 30
a
I A
I 30 voltage side of a Δ-Y or Y-Δ transformer, advance
a
(2) (2) (1) (1)
V
A
V 30
a
I A
I 30 positive-sequence voltages and currents by 30° and
a
retard negative-sequence voltages and currents by 30°.
1
I (1) V (1)*
A
A(1)*
(1) (1)* (1) (1)* (1) (1)*
I (1)
a
Va
V I
A A
V 30 I
a a
30 V Ia a
Current ratio of any
Real and reactive power flow is not affected by transformer with phase shift is
the phase shift. the reciprocal of the complex
conjugate of the voltage ratio.
Problem
A three-phase generator rated 300 MVA, 23 kV supplies a system load of 240 MVA, 0.9
power-factor lagging at 230 kV through a 330 MVA 23Δ/230Y-kV step-up transformer
of leakage reactance 11%. Neglecting magnetizing current and choosing base values at
the load of 100 MVA and 230 kV, find , , and supplied to the load. Specifying the
proper base for the generator circuit, determine , , and from the generator and its
terminal voltage.
Per-Unit Impedances of Three-Winding Transformers
All three windings of a three-winding transformer may have
different kVA ratings.
p s The impedance of each winding may be given in percent or
p.u. based on the rating of its own winding, or tests may be
t made to determine the impedances. In any case, all the p.u.
impedances must be expressed on the same kVA base.
Schematic diagram Three impedances may be measured by the standard short-
circuit test:
leakage impedance measured in p with s short-
circuited and t open
leakage impedance measured in p with t short-
circuited and s open
leakage impedance measured in s with t short-
circuited and p open
Equivalent circuit
Per-Unit Impedances of Three-Winding Transformers
The impedances of each winding are related to the
measured impedances as follows:
p s
Z ps Z p Z s
t Z pt Z p Z t
Z st Z s Z t
Schematic diagram
Zp, Zs and Zt are the impedances of the primary, secondary
and tertiary windings respectively, referred to the primary
circuit if Zps, Zpt and Zst are referred to primary. Solving
these equations yields:
Zp 1
2 Z ps
Z pt Z st
Zs 1
2 Z
ps
Z st Z pt
Zt 1
2 Z
pt
Z st Z ps
Equivalent circuit
The Advantages of Per-Unit Computations
Note:
A base kilovolts and base kilovoltamperes is selected in one part of the system. The
base values for a three phase system are understood to be line-to-line kilovolts and
three-phase kVAs or MVAs.
For other parts of the system the base kilovolts for each part is determined according
to the line-to-line voltage ratios of the transformers. The base kilovoltamperes will
be the same in all parts of the system.
Impedance information available for three-phase transformers will usually be in per
unit or percent on the base determined by their own ratings.
For three single-phase transformers connected as a three-phase unit the three-phase
ratings are determined from the single-phase rating of each individual transformer.
Impedance in percent for the three-phase unit is the same as that for each individual
transformer.
Per-unit impedance given on a base other than that determined for the part of the
system in which the element is located must be changed to the proper base.
The Advantages of Per-Unit Computations
Advantages:
Manufacturers usually specify the impedance of an apparatus in per-unit on the base
of the nameplate rating.
The per-unit impedances of machines of the same type and widely different rating
usually lie within a narrow range although the ohmic values differ materially for
machines of different ratings.
The per-unit impedance, once expressed on the proper base, is the same referred to
either side of any transformer.
The way in which transformers are connected in 3-phase circuits does not affect the
p.u. impedances of the equivalent circuit although the transformer connection does
determine the relation between the voltage bases on the two sides.
Problem
The generators and transformers are rated as follows:
Generator 1: 20 MVA, 13.8 kV, = 20%
Generator 2: 30 MVA, 18 kV, = 20%
Generator 3: 30 MVA, 20 kV, = 20%
Transformers T1: 25 MVA, 220Y/13.8Δ kV, = 10%
Transformers T2: single-phase units, each rated 10 MVA, 127/18 kV, = 10%
Transformers T3: 35 MVA, 220Y/22Y kV, = 10%
Draw the impedance diagram with all reactances marked in per unit. Choose a base of
50 MVA, 138 kV in the circuit of generator 1.
Problem
The one-line diagram of a three-phase power system is shown
The manufacturer’s data for each device is given as follows:
G: 90 MVA 22 kV X = 18 %
T1: 50 MVA 22/220 kV X = 10 %
T2: 40 MVA 220/11 kV X = 6.0 %
T3: 40 MVA 22/110 kV X = 6.4 %
T4: 40 MVA 110/11 kV X = 8.0 %
M: 66.5 MVA 10.45 kV X = 18.5 %
The three-phase load at bus 4 absorbs 57 MVA, 0.6 power factor lagging at 10.45 kV.
Line 1 and line 2 have reactances of 48.4 Ω and 65.43 Ω, respectively.
(a) Draw an impedance diagram with all impedances including the load impedance
marked in per-unit. Select a common base of 100 MVA and 22 kV on the generator
side.
(b) Determine the voltage at the generator bus bar (bus 1) if the motor operates at full-
load 0.8 power factor leading at a terminal voltage of 10.45 kV.
