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Introduction To Electrical Power Systems: Yoseph Mekonnen

This document provides an introduction to electrical power systems components and concepts. It discusses key topics such as: - Components of power systems and how they are represented symbolically. - Three-phase circuits and how to calculate total power in balanced three-phase systems. - The per-unit system for expressing voltages, currents, impedances and other quantities relative to defined base values in order to analyze and compare different parts of a power system. - Examples of converting values to per-unit and calculating per-unit impedances for transformers and other equipment. - Reactance diagrams which represent a power system using sources and reactances by omitting resistance and shunt elements.

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Kalab Tenadeg
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81 views24 pages

Introduction To Electrical Power Systems: Yoseph Mekonnen

This document provides an introduction to electrical power systems components and concepts. It discusses key topics such as: - Components of power systems and how they are represented symbolically. - Three-phase circuits and how to calculate total power in balanced three-phase systems. - The per-unit system for expressing voltages, currents, impedances and other quantities relative to defined base values in order to analyze and compare different parts of a power system. - Examples of converting values to per-unit and calculating per-unit impedances for transformers and other equipment. - Reactance diagrams which represent a power system using sources and reactances by omitting resistance and shunt elements.

Uploaded by

Kalab Tenadeg
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

Introduction to Electrical

Power Systems
Yoseph Mekonnen

Page 1
Components
Power system components are represented by a symbol for
analysis Purpose.

Page 2
Components
Remaining:

Page 3
Balanced Three Phase Circuit
The total power delivered by a three-phase generator (Y)
or absorbed by a three phase load (Y) is found simply by
adding the power in each of the three phases.
In a balanced circuit this is the same as multiplying the
power in any one phase by 3 since the power is the same in all
phases.

Where θp is the angle by which phase current lags the


phase voltage.

Page 4
…Contd..
Power in line to line

Three-phase system, in a balanced conditions are assumed


unless described otherwise; and the terms voltage, current ,
and power, unless identified otherwise, are understood to
mean line-to-line voltage, line current , and total three-phase
power , respectively.

Page 5
…Contd..
If the load is connected in delta , the voltage across each
impedance is the line -to-line voltage and the magnitude of
the current through each impedance is the magnitude of the
line current divided by

Page 6
Per unit System
Power System quantities such as current, voltage,
impedance and power are often expressed in per-unit values.

 One major advantage of the per-unit is that by properly


specifying base quantities, the equivalent circuit of a
transformer can be simplified.

In per unit representation the overall interconnected


system falls into simple impedance diagram.
Per unit quantities are calculated as:

Page 7
Example
A transmission system operating at 117,300 volts with a nominal
base rating of 115,000 volts find the a per-unit value.

distribution system operating at 12,100 volts with a nominal base


rating of 12,470 volts has Find the per unit value.

While studying transmission systems it is better to evaluate


analysis results in a per-unit value as shown above. While studying
distribution systems it is better to convert the per-unit value to
actual value reaching the load.

Page 8
…Contd..
The following holds true:

Complex Power in p.u

Voltage in p.u

Current in p.u

Impedance in p.u

Page 9
…Contd..
In the per unit equation the numerators (S, V, I and Z) are
complex or phasor quantities, but the denominators (SB, VB,
IB and ZB) are always real numbers.
To completely define per-unit system minimum four base
quantities are required.

Two independent base values are arbitrarily selected at a


given point in a power system network.
Usually three-phase volt-ampere SB (MVA)B and the line to
line base voltage VB (KV)B are selected.

The base value has the same units as the actual quantity
and hence making the per unit quantity dimensionless.

Page 10
…Contd..
In three-phase power systems, voltage and apparent power
(VA) are typically chosen as bases; from these, current,
impedance, and admittance bases can be determined using the
following equations.

Page 11
…Contd..
Simplified

Page 12
…Contd..
For equipment such as motors, generators, and transformers, the
base power rating and voltage are typically used to calculate a per-
unit impedance.
In some instances it is necessary to convert these per-unit values
with different power and voltage bases to one common base.
The power base will remain constant throughout the system, and
the voltage base is typically the nominal voltage for each part of
the system.
Conversion to a new impedance base is as follows:

Page 13
Per Unit Representation of TF
Consider the following transformer

Choosing VpB, IpB, ZpB are base voltage, current and


impedance in the primary side
Choosing VpB, IpB, ZpB are base voltage, current and
impedance in the primary side
Results

Page 14
Examples
Assuming a 100 MVA apparent power base and the nominal base
voltages shown in, convert the system quantities into per unit
quantities.

Solution

Per-Unit
Impedance

Page 15
…Contd..

Solution

Page 16
…Contd..

Solution

Page 17
…Contd..

Solution

Page 18
Reactance Diagram
When the single line diagram is represented by source and
reactance by omitting resistance and shunt admittances it is
called reactance diagram.

Page 19
Example
Example

Page 20
Example
Solution

Page 21
Example
Solution

Page 22
Example
Reactance Diagram

Page 23
Page 24

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