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Transportation Models Notes

The document outlines transportation modeling concepts, including trip distribution via PA and OD matrices, and the use of gravity and opportunity models for understanding travel demand. It discusses the advantages and limitations of disaggregate mode choice models and describes route choice behavior and multipath assignment. Key formulas and calibration methods are provided to illustrate the application of these models in transport planning.

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13 views3 pages

Transportation Models Notes

The document outlines transportation modeling concepts, including trip distribution via PA and OD matrices, and the use of gravity and opportunity models for understanding travel demand. It discusses the advantages and limitations of disaggregate mode choice models and describes route choice behavior and multipath assignment. Key formulas and calibration methods are provided to illustrate the application of these models in transport planning.

Uploaded by

Visal.R
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Transportation Models Notes

1. Trip Distribution: PA Matrix to OD Matrix and Distribution Matrix


Trip Distribution Process (PA → OD Matrix):
- PA Matrix = Production-Attraction Matrix
- 'Production' refers to trip origins (usually home zones).
- 'Attraction' refers to trip destinations (e.g., workplaces, schools).

- OD Matrix = Origin-Destination Matrix


- Represents actual travel from each origin zone to each destination zone.

Conversion Steps:
1. PA matrix is based on land use and socio-economic data.
2. Use survey data or standard assumptions to split home-based trips correctly.
3. Convert PA format into directional OD flows.
4. The resulting OD matrix is a square matrix showing trip counts from origin i to
destination j.

Distribution Matrix:
- A distribution matrix is essentially the OD matrix.
- Created using models like gravity model or opportunity model.
- Helps understand travel demand and is essential for transport planning.

2. Assumptions and Explanation of the Opportunity Model


Assumptions:
1. Trips are made to the first suitable opportunity.
2. Travelers prefer shorter trips when opportunities are equal.
3. Opportunities are evenly or logically distributed.
4. Trip probability depends on intervening opportunities.

Explanation:
- Known as the Intervening Opportunities Model.
- Destination choice is not based on distance, but on the number of opportunities
encountered before reaching the destination.
- Used when distance data is not available or not the main factor.

3. Gravity Model and Calibration (with Example)


Gravity Model Formula:
T_ij = K * (P_i * A_j) / f(c_ij)
Where:
- T_ij: trips from zone i to j
- P_i: productions in zone i
- A_j: attractions in zone j
- f(c_ij): deterrence function (cost/distance/time)
- K: balancing constant

Calibration:
- Use observed OD data to adjust f(c_ij) and constants.
- Common deterrence functions:
- Inverse: f(c) = c^(-2)
- Exponential: f(c) = e^(-βc)

Example:
- Zone A: 100 trips, Zone B: 200 attractions, Distance = 10 km
- f(c) = c^2 → f(10) = 100
- T_AB = (100 * 200) / 100 = 200 trips

4a. Disaggregate Mode Choice Model: Advantages and Limitations


Advantages:
- Captures individual traveler behavior.
- Considers socio-economic factors.
- Accurate for policy-level analysis.
- Sensitive to changes in transport system.

Limitations:
- Requires large amount of detailed data.
- Complex calibration and implementation.
- High computational requirements.
- Sensitive to model assumptions.

4b. Route Choice Behavior and Multipath Assignment


Route Choice Behavior:
- Describes how travelers choose routes based on:
- Travel time, congestion
- Personal preferences, tolls
- Can be deterministic or stochastic.

Multipath Assignment:
- Distributes trips over multiple routes.
- More realistic than assigning all trips to one shortest path.
- Based on probabilistic models or user equilibrium.
- Useful in modeling congestion and route variability.

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