Solution
DPP-3( CURRENT ELECTRICITY )
Class 12 - Physics
1. V = A'll' = Al
or l = n2l
2
or V = π( r
n
′
) l = πr l
2 ′
= n4 R
′ 2
′ l n l 4 l
∴ R = ρ = ρ = n ρ
r
πr′2 π(
2
) πr2
n
2. To solve this problem we will use ohm's law which states that V = I× R
1 I
=
R V
So, slope of the graph is inversely proportional to resistance. Consider the figure,
ya
Since slope of 1 > slope of 2,
I1 I2
>
oti
V1 V2
V2 V1
⇒ >
I2 I1
∴ R2 > R1
V
∵
I
= R
Also, we know that resistance is directly proportional to the temperature as R2 > R1
Therefore, T2 > T1.
nd
Da
3. Given, R = 5 ohm, l = 15 m
A = 6 × 10 m (Area of cross-section of wire)
−7 2
−7
Resistivity ρ = RA
l
=
5×6.0×10
15
−7
= 2.0 × 10 Ωm
ul
V VA l
4. Current, I = R
=
ρl
[∵ R = ρ ] A
For the two wires p, A and V are same, therefore
1
ah
I ∝
l
IA lB
Hence IB
=
lA
=
1
2
= 1:2 [∵ lA : lB = 2 : 1]
5. Variation of current versus voltage for the material Ga-As semiconductor material can be shown as -
.R
Er
It shows at first current increases with applied voltage and then decreases in non linear fashion.
6. The potential difference V applied across a conductor is increased to 2V with its temperature kept constant, free electrons in a
conductor will become half of its previous value. If the temperature is kept constant, relaxation time - will remain constant, and e,
m are also constants.
q
7. i. The current is given by i = t
=
ne
Substituting the values we have
16 −19
i= 6 × 10 × 16 × 10
= 9.6 × 10-3 A
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Er.Rahul dandotiya Physics -9897520151
ii. Current density,
−3
j= I
=
9.6 × 10
−6
A 1.0 × 10
= 9.6 × 103 A-2
8. Refer to Figure, various resistances are
V V V
R1 = , R2 = , R3 =
I1 I2 I3
But I1 < I2 < I3 ∴ R1 > R2 > R3
Hence graph 1 represents the series combination of other two resistors.
9. l = 4m, A = 1 mm2 = 1 × 10-6 m2
ya
I = 2A, n
V
= 1029, t = ?
i = nAVde
oti
⇒ e = 1029 × 1 × 10-6 × Vd × 1.6 × 10-19
⇒ Vd = 29 −6
2
−19
10 × 10 × 1.6 × 10
= 1
=
1
t=
0.8 × 10
ℓ
Vd
=
4
8000
8000
= 4 × 8000
nd
= 32000 = 3.2 × 104 sec
Da
10. The equivalent resistance of the circuit is
R= +1=2+1=3Ω
6 × 3
6 + 3
Current drawn from the battery is
I= = 3A
9 V
ul
3Ω
As the current through 1Ω resistor is 3 A, so heat produced in this resistor in 1 minute (or 60 s) is
H = I2 Rt = 32 × 1 × 60 = 540 J
ah
Current through 6 Ω resistor,
3
I1 = × 3 = 1A
6 + 3
∴ Heat produced in 6 Ω resistor
.R
= l2 × 6 × 60 = 360 J
Current through 3Ω resistor,
Er
I2 = I - I1 = 3 - 1 = 2 A
∴ Heat produced in 3 Ω resistor
= 22 × 3 × 60 = 720 J
11. Resistance is given by, R = ρ A
l
= ρ
l
2
πr
Given
′
r =
r
2
and
′ l
l =
4
l
Therefore, New resistance, R ′
= ρ
4
= ρ
l
π r2 A
Implies, there is no change in resistance when the radius is halved and length is reduced to one-fourth of it's original length.
12. i. About 10 kΩ , it is mainly due to skin through which current enters and leaves our body.
ii. It is because our body is sensitive to minute currents even as low as a few mA.
iii. This impression is misleading. There is no special attractive force that keeps a person 'stuck' with a high power line. Actually,
current of the order of 0.05 A or even much less is enough to disorganise our nervous system. The result is that the affected
person may temporarily lose his ability to exercise his nervous control to get himself 'free' from the high voltage point.
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Er.Rahul dandotiya Physics -9897520151
iv. The cause of death is not heating, though a person may receive bums if the currents are too large. The cause of death is the
interference caused by external currents in our highly sensitive nervous system which is basically electrical in nature. External
currents cause convulsive actions and especially interfere with the nerve processes related to our heart beating. Beyond a
certain point, this interference is fatal.
v. About 0.1 V.
13. When the electric circuit is closed, the electric field is set up throughout the circuit almost instantly with the speed of light.
Electrons in every part of the circuit begin to drift in the opposite direction of electric field. A current starts flowing in the circuit
almost instantaneously.
14. n = 8.5 × 1028 m-3; I = 3.0 A
A = 2.0 × 10-6 m2 , l = 3.0 m, e = 1.6 × 10-19 C
Drift velocity, v = d
I
neA
3
=
28 −19 −6
8.5× 10 ×1.6× 10 ×2.0× 10
= 1.103 × 10-4 ms-1
t =
l
vd
=
3.0
−4
= 2.72 × 104 s (≈ 7.5 h)
1.103×10
ya
15. a. R vs. L graph:
oti
b. When length = L0
Area = A0
nd
Da
L0
Resistance = R0 = ρ A0
When, length 2L0
A0
Area =
2
Then R = ρ L
ul
A
2L0 L0
or, R = ρ A
= 4ρ = 4R0
0 A0
ah
eτ
16. Electron mobility of a conductor, μ = m
and τ ∝ T
i. When the temperature T of the conductor increases, the relaxation time τ of free electrons increases. So, mobility μ increases.
.R
ii. Mobility μ is independent of applied potential difference.
17. n =0.45 × 1012m-3, p = 5 × 1020m-3,
Er
μe= 0.135 m2V-1s-1, = 0.048 m2V-1s-1
Conductivity of the semiconductor is
σ = e (nμ + pμ )
e h
= 1.6 × 10-19 (0.45 × 1012 × 0.135 + 5 × 1020 × 0.048) Sm-1
= 1.6 × 10-7 (0.06075 + 0.24 × 108) Sm-1
= 1.6 × 10-7 × 0.24 × 108Sm-1 = 3.84 Sm-1
18.
Resistivity: The resistance of a material of a conductor of unit lenght and unit area of cross section is called resistivity.
Sl unit- Wm
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Er.Rahul dandotiya Physics -9897520151
Conductivity: The reciprocal of resistivity of the material is called conductivity.
It is represented by 'S'.
SI unit: ohm/m
19. Drift velocity is defined as the average velocity attained by the particles (electrons) of a given material due to an electric field that
is proportional to current
We consider a conductor of cross section area A and length I in which drift velocity of electron is Vd Applied voltage is V and
electric field E between conductor ending point.
So, electric current , l = neAVd
−
But Drift velocity v d =
eEτ
m
=
eV τ
ml
(∵ E =
V
I
)
eV τ 2 Aτ
∴ I = neA [ ] = ne V
ml ml
or V
=
ml
= constant = R
I n e2 Aτ
Where R is resistance of conductor.
m l
∴ V ∝ I and R = ( 2
)
A
ne τ
ρl 2
m ne
But R = So ρ = 2
;6 =
m
τ
a
A ne τ
20. Current, I = enAvd
tiy
i. In series, current I is constant. So, vd ∝ 1
v (X) AY
d
=
AX
=
3
2
=3:2
vd (Y )
ii. In parallel, V = IR = constant
do
1
∴ I ∝
R
But R ∝ l
A
A
an
∴ I ∝
l
IX AX lY
or IY
=
AY
⋅
lX
=
2
3
×
2
1
=
4
IX en AX vd (X) 2vd (X)
Also, = =
D
IY en AY vd (Y ) 3vd (Y )
2vd (X)
Hence, =
4
3
3vd (Y )
vd (X)
or =
2
=2:1
ul
vd (Y ) 1
21. Relaxation time (τ ): The average time interval between two successive collisions for the free electrons drifting within a conductor
(due to the action of the applied electric field) is called the relaxation time.
ah
.R
Er
−eEτ
vd = …(i) m
where E = electric field due to applied potential difference,
τ = relaxation time,
m = mass of electron and
e = electronic charge
Consider a conductor of length ‘l’, area of cross-section A and current density n.
Current flowing through the conductor is given by,
I = −neAvd …(ii)
from (i) and (ii)
I = −neA (−
eEτ
m
) …(iii)
Electric field applied across the ends is given by,
E = …(iv)V
So current flowing through the conductor becomes from (iii) and (iv),
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Er.Rahul dandotiya Physics -9897520151
2 V
n e Aτ
l V
I = [∵ E = ]
m l
V ml
⇒ =
I n e2 Aτ
l V m
∴ R= ρ [∵ = R and ρ = ]
A I 2
ne τ
This is the required expression for the electrical resistivity of the material.
22. Consider a conductor of length l and area of cross section A having n electrons per unit length, as shown in the figure.
Volume of the conductor = Al
Total number of electrons in the Conductor = Volume × electron density = Aln
If C is the charge of an electron, then total charge contained in the conductor,
Q = en Al
Let the potential difference V is applied across the conductor. The resulting electric field in the conductor is given by
V
E =
l
ya
oti
Under the influence this field E, free electrons begin to drift in a direction opposite to that of the field. Time taken by electrons to
cross over the conductor is
l
t =
vd
I =
Q
t
=
enAl
l/vd
nd
Where vd is the drift velocity of electrons. Therefore, current through the conductor is given by
or I = neAv I
or J = nevd
Da
d ⇒ = ne vd
A
⇒ J ∝ vd [∵ n, e, A are all constant]
Thus, current density is proportional to drift velocity.
23. i. Drift Velocity : It the average velocity with which electrons move along the conductor under influence of electric field. Or
I
Average velocity acquired by the electrons in the conductor in the presence of external electric field.v
ul
d =
neA
ii. Specific resistance or resistivity of the material of a conductor is defined as the resistance of a unit length with unit area of
cross-section of the material of the conductor.
ah
The unit of resistivity is ohm-meter or Ω -m.
we know that
.R
R = ρ(l/A)
⇒ ρ = RA/l
From Ohm's law, we get
Er
V = IR
⇒ El = neAvdR
⇒ R = El/neAvd and vd = eEτ /m
So, R = El×m
2
=
ml
2
n e AEτ n e Aτ
Substituting the value of R = ml
2
in Eq. (i), we have
n e Aτ
2
ρ = (ml/ne Aτ ) ⋅ A/l
⇒ Resistivity of the material is given by, ρ = m/ne τ 2
where τ = average relaxation time.
From the above formula, it is clear that resistivity of a conductor depends upon the following factors:
a. ρ ∝ 1
n
, i.e., the resistivity of material is inversely proportional to the number density of free electrons . As the free
electron density depends upon the nature of material, so resistivity of a conductor depends on the nature of the material.
b. ρ ∝ 1/τ , i.e. the resistivity of a material is inversely proportional to the average relaxation time τ of free electrons in the
conductor. As the value of τ depends on the temperature as temperature increases, τ decreases, hence ρ increases.
iii. Alloys like Constantan and Manganin are used for making standard resistors because
a. they have high value of resistivity
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Er.Rahul dandotiya Physics -9897520151
b. temperature coefficient of resistance is less
24. i. Let us consider a conductor of length ' l ' , cross-sectional Area ' A ' and having ' n ' number of electrons per unit volume
drifting with drift velocity v . d
I = neAvd . . . (i)
When these electrons are moving, they collide with another electrons and in between the two successive collision the time
taken is called relaxation time (τ ).
Electric field inside the wire is given by
E = V/l ...(ii)
where,E is electric field, l is the length of the conductor and V is potential.
If relaxation time is τ , the drift speed (v ) is given by, d
vd = eτ E/m
where, m = mass of electron, τ = relaxation charge, e = electronic charge and E = electric field.
Putting the value of Vd in Eq. (i). we get
2
⇒ I =
ne τ
m
AE ...(iii)
2
I = me τ AV /ml [From Eqs. (ii)]
a
2
⇒ J = I /A = ne τ V /ml
ii. Given, I = 1.5A, n = 9 × 10 28 −3
tiy
m
−7 2
A = 1.0 × 10 m
I
∵ vd =
neA
15
⇒ vd =
do
28 −19 −7
9× 10 ×1.6× 10 ×1.0× 10
−3
⇒ vd = 1.04 × 10 m/s
D an
ul
ah
.R
Er
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Er.Rahul dandotiya Physics -9897520151
