Solution

WEEKLY TEST -3

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1.
(c) in series with the element through which current is to be determined
Explanation:
Ammeter is a device used to measure current. Since it has to allow the complete current flowing in the circuit through it, it has
to be connected in series. For this reason, ammeters have very low values of resistances so that they do not add to the value of
resistance connected in the circuit.

2.
(d) 96500 C
Explanation:
Let X be the element in electrolytic solution to be deposited.
+ −
X + e → X (s)

⇒ 1mole e- is required to produce 1 mole of X

Now 1 mole electrons = N A × e
−

23 −19
= 6.022 × 10 × 1.6 × 10

= 96500C

3.
(d) S
Explanation:
S

4.
(d) 1 : 5
Explanation:
The resistance of the first wire is:
(5 L)
R1 = ρ
A
The resistance of the second wire is:
(3 L) L
R2 = ρ =ρ
3 A A
Dividing R1 by R2, we get:
(5 L)
⎡ ⎤
R1 A
R2
= ⎢ρ L
⎥ =5
⎣ ρ ⎦
A

Therefore, the ratio of their resistances is 5 : 1, which simplifies to 5 : 1 or 1 : 5.

5.
(c) 5 ohm
Explanation:
If coils are connected in series then current through each coils must be same.
Given potential difference across first coils with resistance 2Ω is 5 V.
V
∴ I =
R
5
⇒ I = = 2.5A
2

Same current must flow through second coil. Potential difference across second coil is,
V2 = 12.5V

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 V2
∴ R2 =
I
12.5
⇒ R2 =
2.5

R2 = 5 ohm

6. (a) 0.2
Explanation:
0.2
7.
(c) Remains constant
Explanation:
The ratio of voltage and electrical current in a closed circuit Remains constant.

8.
(d) 16 R
Explanation:
The volume of the wire remains unchanged.
V = A1l1 = A2l2
r 2
2 ( )
l1 A2 r
2 2 1
∴ = = = =
l2 A1 2 2 4
r r
1

R1 l1 A2 1 1 1
= × = × =
R2 l2 A1 4 4 16

or R2 = 16 R1 = 16 R

9. Current, I = V

R
=
VA

ρl
[∵ R = ρ ] A
l

For the two wires p, A and V are same, therefore

1
I ∝
l
IA lB 1
Hence IB
=
lA
=
2
= 1:2 [∵ lA : lB = 2 : 1]
Section B
10. Here r = 5.0 × v = 2.2 × 10-11m, 106 ms-1, e = 1.6 × 10-19C
Period of revolution of electron,
−11
2πr 2π × 5.0 × 10
T= v
=
6
s
2.2 × 10
6
2.2 × 10
Frequency, ν = 1

T
=
−11
2π × 5.0 × 10

17

1015 s-1
2.2 × 7 × 10
= =7×
2 × 22 × 5

Current, I = e ν = 1.6 × 10-19 × 7 × 1015

= 1.12 × 10-3 A
11. Mass of wire = volume × density
= area of cross-section × length × density
2 2
∴ m = πr lA d = πr lB d
A B
2
1
2
lB r
or lA
= (
rB
A
) = (
2

1
) =
1

lB
ρ
2 2
RB πr lB rA 2
B 1 1 1
∴ = = × ( ) = × ( ) =
R l l rB 4 2 16
A A A
ρ
2
πr
A

or RB = 1

16
RA =
1

16
× 24Ω = 1.5Ω

5 × 20
12. The equivalent resistance of the 5 Ω and 20 Ω resistances connected in parallel = = 4Ω . This resistance is connected in
5 + 20

series with the rheostat whose minimum and maximum resistances are 0 Ω and 30 Ω .
When the rheostat is adjusted at the minimum resistance of 0 Ω , current will be maximum.
6 V
Imax = 4Ω
= 1.5 A

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 When the rheostat is adjusted at the maximum resistance of 30 Ω , current will be minimum.
6 V
Imin = = 0.18 A
(4 + 30)Ω

13.

Consider a conductor of length l and area of cross section A and potential difference V is applied across the ends of wire
Volume of the wire = Al
No. of e- in this volume = nAl
Charge on the conductor = (nAl)e
The amount of charge crossing the area A in time Δt is IΔt; where I is the magnitude of the current. Hence,
IΔt = +neA|Vd| Δt
⇒ I = neAvd
Since |vd| = eE

m
τ

2
eτ V ne τ V
I = neA ( ) = ( )A( )
m l m l

V m I
⇒ = ( )
I 2 A
ne τ

Hence V

I
is constant for a given conductor at constant temperature.
⇒ V αI

14. The velocity gained by the accelerating electrons in uniform electric field inside the conductor is drift velocity. The average
velocity, acquired by free electrons along the length of a metallic conductor, due to existing electric field is called drift velocity.

Let n be the number density of free electrons in a conductor of length l and area of cross-section A.
Total charge in the conductor, Q = Ne = (nAl )e
Time taken, t is given by,
t= ℓ

vd

Therefore, the current flowing across the conductor is given by,

Q (nAℓ)e
l= t
=
(ℓ/vd )

That is, I = neAvd,

I
vd= neA
and J = I /A

thusJ=ne vd ,it gives the relation between drift velocity and current density.
Section C
15. Consider a conductor of length l and area of cross section A having n electrons per unit length, as shown in the figure.
Volume of the conductor = Al
Total number of electrons in the Conductor = Volume × electron density = Aln
If C is the charge of an electron, then total charge contained in the conductor,
Q = en Al
Let the potential difference V is applied across the conductor. The resulting electric field in the conductor is given by
V
E =
l

Under the influence this field E, free electrons begin to drift in a direction opposite to that of the field. Time taken by electrons to
cross over the conductor is
l
t =
vd

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 Where vd is the drift velocity of electrons. Therefore, current through the conductor is given by
Q enAl
I = =
t l/vd

or I = neAv d ⇒
I

A
= ne vd or J = nevd
⇒ J ∝ vd [∵ n, e, A are all constant]
Thus, current density is proportional to drift velocity.
16. Relaxation time (τ ): The average time interval between two successive collisions for the free electrons drifting within a conductor
(due to the action of the applied electric field) is called the relaxation time.

−eEτ
vd = …(i) m

where E = electric field due to applied potential difference,

τ = relaxation time,
m = mass of electron and
e = electronic charge
Consider a conductor of length ‘l’, area of cross-section A and current density n.
Current flowing through the conductor is given by,
I = −neAvd …(ii)
from (i) and (ii)
I = −neA (−
eEτ

m
) …(iii)
Electric field applied across the ends is given by,
E = …(iv)
V

So current flowing through the conductor becomes from (iii) and (iv),
2 V
n e Aτ
l V
I = [∵ E = ]
m l
V ml
⇒ =
I 2
n e Aτ

l V m
∴ R= ρ
A
[∵
I
= R and ρ = 2
]
ne τ

This is the required expression for the electrical resistivity of the material.
Section D
17. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
According to Ohm's law, the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across the
ends of the conductor i.e., I ∝ V ⇒ = R, where R is resistance of the conductor. Electrical resistance of a conductor is the
V

obstruction posed by the conductor to the flow of electric current through it. It depends upon length, area of cross-section, nature
of material and temperature of the conductor. We can write, R ∝ or R = ρ , where ρ is electrical resistivity of the material of
l l

A A

the conductor.
(i) (b) [ML2T-3A-2]
Explanation:
[ML2T-3A-2]
(ii) (d) 2 × 106 Ω
Explanation:
= 2 × 106 Ω
V
R= I
=
2

−6
10

(iii) (a) none of these

Explanation:
Specific resistance depends upon the nature of material and is independent of mass and dimensions of the material.

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 (iv) (d) a straight line
Explanation:
a straight line
(v) (a) 2.55 × 10-7 Ω m
Explanation:
l = 1.0 m; D = 0.4 mm = 4 × 10-4 m
R=2Ω
−4 2

m2
2 π×(4× 10 )
A= πD

4
=
4
= 4π × 10 −8

= 2.55 × 10-7 Ω m
−8

Now, ρ = RA

l
=
2×4π×10

18. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:

Metals have a large number of free electrons nearly 1028 per cubic metre. In the absence of electric tield, average terminal speed
of the electrons in random motion at room temperature is of the order of 105 ms-1. When a potential difference V is applied across
the two ends of a given conductor, the free electrons in the conductor experiences a force and are accelerated towards the positive
end of the conductor. On their way, they suffer frequent collisions with the ions/atoms of the conductor and lose their gained
kinetic energy. After each collision, the free electrons are again accelerated due to electric field, towards the positive end of the
conductor and lose their gained kinetic energy in the next collision with the ions/atoms of the conductor. The average speed of the
free electrons with which they drift towards the positive end of the conductor under the effect of applied electric field is called
drift speed of the electrons.

(i) (d) mobility

Explanation:
Mobility is defined as the magnitude of drift velocity per unit electric field.
|v |
Mobility, μ = A

(ii) (b) both dimensions of the conductor and number density of free electrons in the conductor
Explanation:
Drift velocity, v = d
I

neA

where the symbols have their usual meanings.

(iii) (a) the number density of free electrons is very high and this can compensate for the low values of the electron drift
speed and the very small magnitude of the electron charge
Explanation:
I = neAvd

vd is of order of few ms-1, e = 1.6 × 10-19 C

A is of the order of mm2, so a large I is due to a large value of n in conductors.

(iv) (a) the drifting of electrons takes place at the entire length of the conductor
Explanation:
When we close the circuit. an electric field is established instantly with the speed of electromagnetic wave which
causes electrons to drift at every portion of the circuit, due to which the current is set up in the entire circuit instantly.
The current which is set up does not wait for electrons to flow from one end of the conductor to another. Thus, the
electric bulb glows immediately when switch is closed.
(v) (c) 2.7 × 104 s
Explanation:
Here,
Number density of free electrons, n = 8.5 × 1028 m-3
Area of cross-section of a wire, A = 2.0 × 10-6 m2
Length of the wire, l = 3.0 A

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 Current, I = 3.0 A
The drift velocity of an electron is
I
vd =
neA

the time taken by the electron to drift from one end to other end of the wire is
t = =
vd
l
(Using(i))lneA

I
−3 2
28 −19 −6
(3.0 m)(8.5× 10 m )(1.6× 10 C)(2.0× 10 m )

=
(3.0 A)

= 2.7 × 104 s
19. i. When a conductor is subjected to an electric field E, each electron experiences a force:
F = - eE, and free electron acquires an
acceleration, a = F/m = -eE/m ... (i)
where, m = mass of electron, e = electronic charge and E = electric field.
Free electron starts accelerating and gains velocity and collide with atoms and molecules of the conductor. The average time
difference between two consecutive collisions is known as relaxation time of electron and can be calculated as -
τ1 + τ2 +…+ τn
¯
¯
τ̄ =
n
...(ii)
where, τ , τ . . . . τ are the average time difference(relaxation time) between 1st, 2nd, ...nth collisions.
1 2 n

∴ v1, v2, ... vn, are velocities gained by electron in 1st, 2nd, ..., nth collisions with initial thermal velocities u1, u2, ..., un,

respectively.
∴ v1 = u1 + aτ1

Similarly,
v2 = u2 + aτ2

⋮ ⋮ ⋮

vn = un + aτ2

The drift speed vd may be defined as

v1 + v2 +…+ vn
vd =
n
( u1 + u2 +…+ un )+a( τ1 + τ2 +…+ τn )
vd =
n

( u1 + u2 +…+ un ) a( τ1 + τ2 +…+ τn )
vd = +
n n

vd = 0 + aτ [∵ Average thermal velocity in n collisions = 0]

vd = −(eE/m)τ [from Eq. (i)]

This is the required expression of drift speed of free electrons which shows it is directly proportional to relaxation time.
ii. As the temperature of a conductor is increased, the thermal agitation increases and the collisions become more frequent. The
average time τ between the successive collisions decreases and hence the drift speed decreases. Thus, the conductivity
decreases and the resistivity of the conductor increases.
OR
i. The average velocity with which an electron moves through a conductor when potential difference is applied across it, is
called drift velocity. let n = number density of electrons in the conductor. Then total charge per unit volume is Q = ne
Total number of free electrons in the conductor
N = n × volume of conductor PQ
or N = nAl , l is length of the conductor and A is it's cross-sectional Area

Time t in which an electron moves from P to Q, all N free electrons pass through cross-section Q.
t = l/vd
where, vd is the drift velocity of electrons in the conductor. So, electric current flowing through conductor is given by
q Ne nAle
I = = = ⇒ I = neAvd
t t l/vd

This gives the relation between electric current and drift velocity.

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ii.

Area under I-t curve on t-axis is charge flowing through the conductor
1
Q = × 5 × 5 + (5 × 5) = 37.5C
2

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