CLASS 11
CHAPTER 2
Atomic Structure
Summary Part 2
CHEMISTRY BY HEMANT SIR
B.Tech & MBA (IIM Ahmedabad)
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Chapter 2 Atomic Structure EKAKSH Academy
(Revision Summary Part 2) Science and Chemistry by Hemant Sir
SPECTRUM ABSORPTION SPECTRUM
When light from any source is first passed through the
A spectrum is a group or band of wavelengths/colours
solution of a chemical substance and then analysed, it is
and the study of emission or absorption spectra is known
observed that there are some dark lines in the otherwise
as spectroscopy.
continuous spectra.
There are two types of spectrum:
a)Emission Spectrum
b)Absorption Spectrum
Emission Spectrum:
When radiations emitted from a source are incident on
a prism and are separated into different wavelengths
and obtained on a photographic plate.
a) Continuous Spectrum:
There are no gaps between various wavelengths, one
BOHR MODEL
wavelength merges into another. For eg in Rainbow.
This model is applicable to Hydrogen and Hydrogen like
species H, He+, Li 2+, Be 3+
Postulates:
1.An atom consists of a small, heavy, positively charged
nucleus in the centre and the electrons revolve around it
in circular orbits.
2. Electrons revolve only in those orbits which have a
fixed value of energy. Hence, these orbits are called
b) Discontinuous Emission Spectrum energy levels or stationary states. They are numbered
as 1,2,3,...... These numbers are known as Principal
It is also known as Line Spectra or atomic spectra. In this,
quantum Numbers.
certain wavelengths go missing from a group and that
leaves dark spaces in between giving discontinuity to the 3.Only those orbits are allowed whose orbit angular
spectrum. It is also knownas fingerprint of an element. momentum is integral multiple of h/2π
m v r = n (h/2π), where n = 1, 2, 3, 4...
4.When electron absorbs energy, it jumps to higher
orbit and when it comes back, it radiates energy. When
transition occurs between two stationary states that
differ in energy, the frequency of the radiation
absorbed or emitted can be calculated
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Chapter 2 Atomic Structure EKAKSH Academy
(Revision Summary Part 2) Science and Chemistry by Hemant Sir
Transition of Electron
Line Spectrum of Hydrogen
When an electric discharge is passed through gaseous
hydrogen, the H2 molecules dissociate and the
energetically excited hydrogen atoms produced emit
What does negative Energy of H atom means? electromagnetic radiations of discrete frequency. The
hydrogen spectra consists of several lines named after
This negative sign means that the energy of the electron their discoverer. We get discrete lines and not a
in the atom is lower than the energy of a free electron at continuous spectra because the energy of an electron
rest. cannot change continuously but can have only definite
A free electron at rest is an electron that is infinitely far values. Thus we can say that energy of an electron is
away from the nucleus (n = infinity) and is assigned the quantised.
energy value of zero.
As the electron gets closer to the nucleus (as n
decreases), En becomes more and more negative. The
most negative energy value is given by n=1 which
corresponds to the most stable orbit.
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Chapter 2 Atomic Structure EKAKSH Academy
(Revision Summary Part 2) Science and Chemistry by Hemant Sir
Question: Although a hydrogen atom has only one
electron, yet its spectra contains large number of lines?
This is because a sample of hydrogen gas contains large
number of molecules. When such a sample is heated to
a high temperature, the hydrogen molecules split into
hydrogen atoms. The electrons in different hydrogen
atoms absorb different amounts of energies and are
excited to different levels. When these electrons return,
different electrons adopt different routes to return to
the ground state. Thus, they emit different amounts of
energies and thus large number of lines in atomic spectra
in hydrogen.
Limitation of Bohr Model
1. Inability to explain line spectra of multi-electron
atoms.
2. It fails to account for the finer details (doublet-two
closely spaced lines) of the hydrogen spectra.
3. Inability to explain splitting of lines in the magnetic
field (Zeeman Effect) and in the electric field (Stark Effect)
4. It could not explain the ability of atoms to form
molecules by covalent bonds.
5. He ignored dual behaviour of matter and also
contradicts Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
Ionization Energy Quantum Mechanical Model
It is the energy required to remove the electron Dual behaviour of matter
completely from the atom so as to convert it into a
positive ion. Thus, n1 = 1 and n2= Infinity de Broglie proposed that matter should also exhibit dual
behaviour i.e. both particle and wave like properties.
Maximum No of Spectral lines emitted when an
electron deexcited from n2 to n1 level corresponds to:
(n2 – n1) ((n2 – n1 + 1) / 2
Where λ = Wavelength of light
For eg in Lyman series when an electron drop from n=5
to n=1 the total no of spectral lines obtained is given by: h= Plancks constant , m = mass of particle (Kg)
(5-1) (5-1+1)/2 = 10 (spectral lines) v= velocity (m/s), p= linear momentum
Q. Calculate the number of spectral lines in Balmer series According to de Broglie, every object in motion has a
when electron jumps from n=5 to n=2 wave character. The wavelengths associated with
ordinary objects are so short (because of their large
Ans = 6
masses) that their wave properties cannot be detected.
The wavelengths associated with electrons and other
subatomic particles (with very small mass) can however
be detected experimentally.
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Chapter 2 Atomic Structure EKAKSH Academy
(Revision Summary Part 2) Science and Chemistry by Hemant Sir
Quantum Mechanical Model
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
It is impossible to measure simultaneously the position
and momentum of a small particle with absolute
accuracy. If an attempt is made to measure any of these
two quantities with higher accuracy, the other becomes
less accurate. The product of the uncertainty in the
position (Δx) and the uncertainty in momentum ((Δ p) is
always a constant and is equal to or greater than h/4π.
Probability Density
Orbital
Quantum Nos
Explanation :
Suppose we attempt to measure both the position and
Significance of Uncertainty Principle:
momentum of an electron. To pin point the position of
the electron we have to use light so that the photon of They may be defined as a set of four numbers with the
light strikes the electron and the reflected photon is seen help of which we can get complete information about all
in the microscope. As a result of the hitting, the position the electrons in an atom i.e. location, energy, type of
as well as the velocity of the electron are disturbed. orbital occupied, shape and orientation of that orbital
etc.
Significance of Uncertainty Principle:
The three quantum numbers called as Principal,
1.It rules out the existence of definite paths or Azimuthal and Magnetic quantum number are derived
trajectories of electrons as stated in Bohr’s Model. from Schrodinger wave equation.
2.The effect of Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle is The fourth quantum number i.e. the Spin quantum
significant only for motion of microscopic objects, and is number was proposed later on.
negligible for that of macroscopic objects.
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Chapter 2 Atomic Structure EKAKSH Academy
(Revision Summary Part 2) Science and Chemistry by Hemant Sir
Principal Quantum No (n) Magnetic Quantum No.(m)
Azimuthal Quantum No (l)
Degenerate Orbitals
These orbitals of the same subshell having equal
energy are called degenerate orbitals.
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Chapter 2 Atomic Structure EKAKSH Academy
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Shapes of Atomic Orbitals
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Chapter 2 Atomic Structure EKAKSH Academy
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Filling up of Orbitals in an Atom
Nodes and Nodal Plane
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Chapter 2 Atomic Structure EKAKSH Academy
(Revision Summary Part 2) Science and Chemistry by Hemant Sir
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF ELEMENTS
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Chapter 2 Atomic Structure EKAKSH Academy
(Revision Summary Part 2) Science and Chemistry by Hemant Sir
EXCEPTIONAL CONFIGURTION OF Electronic Configuration of Ions
CHROMIUM AND COPPER
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
Cations: They are formed when outermost electrons are
removed from an atom. While removing the electrons,
we must remove the electrons from the highest principal
quantum number (outermost subshell).
Anions: They are formed when electrons are added to
the innermost empty shell.
Magnetic moment : Species with unpaired electrons are
called paramagnetic and the species with no unpaired
electrons are called diamagnetic
Total no of Exchanges = 10
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Chapter 2 Atomic Structure EKAKSH Academy
(Revision Summary Part 2) Science and Chemistry by Hemant Sir
Questions:
Q1. We don’t see a car moving on the road as Wave why?
Ans – Because the wavelength is inversely proportional to mass so the wavelength emitted is so
small that it cannot be detected.
Q2. Calculate the uncertainty in the velocity of wagon of mass 4000 Kg whose position in know
accurately to 10 metres.
Ans – 1.3 X 10-39m/s
Q3. What is the meaning of Quantization of energy?
Energy is distributed and transmitted in the form of small packets of energy called Quanta.
Q4. Why is energy of 1s electron lower than 2s electron?
Ans: 1s electron being more close to nucleus experience more force of attraction than 2s electron
which is away from nucleus. Force of attraction is inversely proportional to the square of distance
b/w the particles.
Q5. What is nodal surface or nodes?
Ans: The region where the probability of finding the electron is zero. This means that the
wavefunction of the electron in also zero.
Q6. Spectral lines are regarded as fingerprints of elements. Why?
Ans Identification of elements can be done from the lines. Just like fingerprints spectral lines of no
two elements resemble each other. Spectral lines are observed when electron jumps from one
energy level to other.
Q7. Calculate the uncertainty in the momentum of electron if it is confined to the linear region of
10-10 m? Ans - 5.27 X10-27Kgm/s
Q8. How many unpaired electrons are present in ground state of 1) P (Z=15) 2) Fe 2+ (Z=26) 3)Cl-1
(Z=17).
Ans: 1) 3, 2) 4, 3) 0
Q9. Which shell would be the first to have a g subshell?
Ans -5th energy shell.
Q10. What are the quantum no of valence electron in ground state (Z=19)
Ans: n=4, l=0, m=0, s=+1/2
Q11 Calculate the total no of nodes and angular nodes present in 3p orbital?
Ans – Total nodes 2, Angular nodes 1
Q12. In what ways spatial distribution of the orbitals in 1s and 2s differ?
Ans – 2s orbital is larger while 1s orbital is smaller. 2s orbital has a spherical node whereas 1s orbital
does not have spherical node.
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Chapter 2 Atomic Structure EKAKSH Academy
(Revision Summary Part 2) Science and Chemistry by Hemant Sir
Q13. Which quantum no does not follow from Schrodinger wave equation solution?
Ans: Spin Quantum No.
Q14. Does dz2 orbital has zero electron density in xy plane?
Ans: No, it has electron density in xy plane as shown by ring.
Q15. Write the difference b/w the notation l and L
Ans: l represent Azimuthal Quantum no. whereas L represent the n=2 shell
Q16. What are the frequency and wavelength of a photon emitted during a transition from n=5 to
n=2 state in Hydrogen atom?
Ans: Frequency : 6.91 X1014 s-1 and wavelength = 434 nm
Q17. Calculate the energy associated with the first orbit of He+. What is the radius of the orbit?
Ans: -8.72 X 10-18 J and 0.02645 nm
Q18. What is the maximum no. of emission line when the excited electron of H atom in n=6 drops to
the ground state?
Ans: 15 lines
Q19. To which Bohr orbit in the Hydrogen atom, the electric transition correspond to the third line in
the Balmer series?
Ans: Fifth to second.
Q20. Wavelength of different radiations are given below. Arrange the following in increasing order
of energies.
A= 300nm, B= 300 micro metre, C = 3 nm D = 30 Angstrom
Ans C=D >A>B
Q21. What is the main difference b/w Electromagnetic Wave theory and Plancks Quantum Theory?
Ans: According to Electromagnetic wave theory, energy is emitted or absorbed continuously
whereas Plancks Quantum Theory, it is absorbed or emitted discontinuously in the form of small
packets of energy called Quanta.
Q22. Energy of an electron in H atom in ground state is 13.6 ev. What is the value in the first excited
state?
Ans -3.4 eV
Q23. Calculate the debroglie wavelength of an electron moving with 1% of the speed of the light?
Ans – 2.43 X10-10m
Q24. Two particles A and B are in motion. If the wavelength associated with particle A is 5X10-8m
calculate the wavelength of particle B if its momentum is half of A.
Ans: 10-7m
Q25. Explain meaning of symbol 4d6 (Ans= 4d subshell having 6 electrons)
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