ENGLISH GRAMMAR

SENTENCE
CONNECTORS
 CONNECTORS
In traditional grammar, sentence connectors are used to link large groups of words, phrases and
sentences. These sentence connectors are also used to connect paragraphs to give them
coherence.

Person
Connectors
 Who: used to show which person or people you mean
 Whom: used instead of ‘who’ as the object of a verb or preposition
 Whose: used to say which person’ something you mean
Examples
 A student who neglects his daily lessons is sure to fail. 
 Her mother, in whom she confided, said she would support her.
 He is a man whose opinion I respect.

Object
Connectors
 Which: Used to be exact about the thing that you mean
 That: Used for referring to somebody/something that has already been mentioned or
known about
 What: Used to mention a thing or things
Examples
 A school magazine is a magazine which is published by the school authority annually. 
 Now we can know what is happening in the other corner of the world sitting at home.
 It is said that the Devil tempts the busy man while the idle man tempts the Devil. 

Time
Connectors
 When: Used to mention time of any happening or event, etc.
 While: During the time that something is happening
 Scarcely had/ Hardly had………… when Scarcely had /hardly had.......... when: Used
to emphasize that one event quickly followed another.
 No sooner had............... than: Used to show that one thing happens immediately after
another thing. It is often used with the past perfect, and usually followed by than.
 At present, Nowadays, Now: Used to mention time of any present topic
Examples
 Time is coming when there will be no tree left for us.
 While taking food, we should bear in mind that we do not eat just to satisfy hunger or to
fill the belly. 
 While I was waiting at the bus stop, three buses came.
 Scarcely had the assembly begun when an unknown person came.
 Hardly had he seen his friend when he greeted him.
  No sooner had I heard the news of my mother’s illness than I went to the hospital.
 Globalization is a term, nowadays, is commonly used by man.
 At present, we can learn what is happening in the farthest corner of the world.

Condition
Connectors
 If: Used to say that one thing can, will, may or might happen or to be true, depending on
another thing
 Unless: Used to give only the situation in which something will not happen or to be true.
 Or: Used to warn or advise someone that something bad can happen based on a
particular task
 Otherwise: Used to state what the result will be if something does not happen or if the
situation is different 
Examples
 If I were a rich man, I would help others.
 Unless trees are planted, soon our country will turn into desert
 Or: Study attentively or you cannot do well in the exam.
 The rapid growth of the population must be controlled. Otherwise, all sorts of attempts to
solve the food problem will fail. 

Contrast
Connectors
 In spite of / Despite: Used to link two contrasting ideas following a noun phrase
 Although / (Even) though: Used to link two contrasting ideas following a clause
 However / Nevertheless / Still / Yet / Even so / On the contrary / In contrast. Used to
introduce a new idea which marks a contrast with previously stated ideas 
 On the one hand ... On the other hand: Used to link two contrasting ideas/paragraphs.
 In contrast to / Contrary to: Used to link two contrasting ideas following a noun
phrase.
Examples
 Though it is a simple exercise, it is good for health both physically and mentally.
 A healthy he can man can do any work. Besides, he can eat any food he likes. So, he can
enjoy life in every way. On the other hand, an unhealthy man is unhappy, for he cannot
eat and do what he likes.

Reason
Connectors
 Because / As / Since / Seeing that: Used to introduce a sentence to mention the reason
for something. Subordinate sentences introduced by because always appear in the final
position.
 Because of / On account of / Owing to / Due to. Used to introduce a noun phrase to
show the reason for something.
Examples
 The whole world has turned into a global village because of the improvement of
information technology.
  The publication of it is not an easy task because it needs time, energy and money.

Purpose
Connectors:
 In order to / So as to Introduce an infinitive of purpose.
 In order that / So that Introduce a sentence which indicates purpose.
Examples
 We eat so that we can preserve our health.
 A student should be attentive in his studies in order to do well in the exam.

Consequence
Connectors
 Consequently / As a consequence / As a result / Therefore/so: Used to mention the
consequence of something followed by a sentence or sentences 
 As a consequence of / As a result of: Used to mention the consequence of something
Followed by a noun phrase. 
Examples
 None can deny the importance of tree plantation as our lives on earth directly or
indirectly depend on it. But it is a matter of sorrow that we are cutting down trees
indiscriminately. Unless trees are planted, soon our country will turn into desert and there
will be an adverse change in the climate. Therefore, we should plant more and more
trees for our own sake.

Addition
Connectors
 Moreover / Furthermore / In addition / Besides / What's more Used after a strong
pause and separated from the sentences. They are introduced by a comma. 
 As well as / In addition to / Besides Used to add one more piece of information.
Followed by a noun phrase. 
Examples
 Honesty is a noble virtue. The man who possesses this rare quality is the happiest person
in the world. To be honest, a person should have trustworthiness. Because nobody trusts a
liar. Besides, Allah helps the honest people. So, children should be taught honesty from
the beginning of life. In addition, they should be taught discipline too.

Succession
Connectors
 First of all / Firstly / To begin with / First ….
 Second / Secondly / Then …
 Third / Thirdly / After that
 Finally / in short / to sum up / in conclusion / lastly / last but not least…
Example
ü A hare is a very speedy animal; on the other hand a tortoise moves very slowly. Firstly, it has a
heavy shell on its back. Secondly, its legs are short.
Expressing facts
Connectors:
 Actually/ as a matter of fact/ in fact/ really: Used to express fact
Example
 In fact, there are some differences between practical knowledge and bookish knowledge.

Expressing a personal opinion

Exemplification
Connectors
 For example / For instance: Use to introduce an example referring to previously stated
ideas
 Such as: Used to introduce an example referring to the last idea
Example
 We have to increase our food production very rapidly. We may, mostly, solve our food
problem by changing our traditional food habits. For example, we can take potato
instead of rice. 

Apprehension
Connector
Lest: Used to prevent any possibility that something will happen.
Examples
 Come forward to help the poor lest they might/should suffer a lot.
 He has to study regularly lest he might fail in the exam.

Other Connectors
in other words, basically, especially, essentially, in general, in particular, to a certain extent
Complete the passage using suitable connectors.
1. A school magazine is a magazine (a) is published by the school authority annually. It
contains poems, articles, essays and jokes. The publication of it is not an easy task (b)
it needs time, energy and money. (c) , a magazine committee is formed from
the teachers and the students. The editor (d) is selected or elected by the committee
members invites writings. (e) good writings are selected for printing. (DB-2019)
2. Morning walk is a good habit for all classes of people. (a) it is a simple exercise, it is
good for health both physically (b) mentally. (c) the morning air is fresh and
free from any kind of noise health and pollutions, it keeps us sound and healthy. Morning
walk costs nothing (d) gives more. (e) we should make the habit of morning
walk. (CB-2019)
3. The whole world has turned into a global village (a) the improvement of information
technology. Now we can know (b) is happening on the other corner of the world
sitting at home. One culture is coming in touch with another. The poor culture is receiving
quickly the elements (c) are in rich culture. (d) technology transforms culture
and develops it. (e) we have to prevent the infiltration of bad culture of another society
to our own culture. (RB-2019)
4. People usually want to have their way. They want to think and act (a) they like. (b)
one cannot have one's way all the time. A person cannot live in an environment
without considering the interest of others (c) his own interest. People in society may
take their own decision. (d) these decisions ought not to be unjust (e) harmful to
others. (DjB-2019)
5. Morning walk is a good habit for all classes of people. (a) it is a simple exercise, it is
good for health (b) mentality. (c) ,the morning air is fresh and free from any kind of
noise and pollution. Morning walk is such an exercise which costs nothing (d) gives
more. (e) we should make a habit of morning walk. (JB-2019)
6. Many schools have a uniform (a) there are arguments for and against. One argument is
what to put on. (b) pupils were allowed to wear clothes according to their own choice.
(c) some clothes may not be suitable for schools. (d) some of the students cannot
afford to buy it. (e) wearing a school dress does not allow in every school.(CtgB-2019)
7. Climate change means the changes in climate. (a) , climate on earth is constantly
changing. (b) climate change, the weather pattern in any specific region on earth (c)
across the whole earth is changing. Human activities are greatly responsible for it. We
are cutting down trees for habitation and agricultural purpose. (d) , use of chemicals in
industries causes serious harm to the ozone layer. (e) , there is a rapid increase in
temperature causing greenhouse effect. . (BB-2019)
8. (a) taking food, we should bear in mind (b) we do not eat just to satisfy hunger
or to fill the belly. We eat (c) we can preserve our health. Some people, living in the
midst of plenty, do not eat the food they need for good health (d) they have no
knowledge of the science of health and nutrition. (e) , they suffer from various
diseases. (All Boards-2018)
9. We know that trees are essential for all kinds of creatures. They give us not only food (a)
oxygen. They protect us from natural calamities. (b) , they are called the saviour
of our environment. (c) many people are not aware of this. They cut down trees
 randomly. (d) , forest lands are shrinking. (e) people go on cutting down trees, one
day there will be no trees left for us. (DB-2017)
st
10. 21 February is a red-letter day in our national history. It is our pride (a) no nation of
the world has ever fought for its language the way we fought. So it has been now declared as
the International Mother Language Day. The proposal has been passed unanimously in the
General Assembly of the UNESCO (b) some countries pointed out (C) the
incident of 21st is related to the Bangalees only. (d) , the recognition of the day, (e)
the International Mother Language Day by UNESCO has upheld the prestige of
Bangalees all over the world. (CB-2017)
11. Ripa is a student of class ten. (a) she is meritorious, she never takes pride in her merit.
She is helpful to all. (b) any weak student comes to her with any problem, she tries to
help him. She is respectful to the senior (c) affectionate to the Junior. She is simple in
behaviour (d) strict in principle. (e) , everyone loves her. (RB-2017)
12. Globalization is a term (a) is commonly used by man. (b) it is a process of
expanding trade and commerce all over the world creating a borderless market. (c)
global development, we have conquered the time (d) distance. (e) , we can learn
what is happening in the farthest corner of the world. (DjB-2017)
13. Complete the passage with suitable connectors: Trees are very important (a) they
produce oxygen (b) is a must for man and all living beings. We must realize
(c) they help us in many ways. (d) trees are less in number, there will be an
increased amount of carbon di-oxide in the atmosphere. (e) it will enhance greenhouse
effect. (JB-2017)
14. Global warming is increasing day by day (a) deforestation. We cut down trees (b)
never think of planting more trees. (c) human and other living beings are in the
threat of extinction. Time is coming (d) there will be no tree left for us. (e) we
have to face bitter consequence of deforestation. (CtgB-2017)
15. None can deny the importance of tree plantation (a) our lives on earth directly or
indirectly depend on it. (b) it is a matter of sorrow that we are cutting down trees
indiscriminately. (c) trees are planted, soon our country will turn into desert (d) – there
will be an adverse change in the climate. (e) , we should plant more and more trees for
our own sake. (SB-2017)
16. Rural life and urban life have many common sides. (a) differences between them are
greater. Rural people do not have adequate educational and medical facilities. (b) , they
face problems with their communication network. (c) , the urban people enjoy
educational and medical facilities. (d) the people of cities and towns enjoy a smooth
and easy communication system. (e) , there is a rush of people to come to cities from
villages every year. (BB-2017)
17. Gold is a bright precious metal. There are many metals cheaper (a) gold but look like it.
They glitter well (b) fade in course of time. Actually there are many people in our
 society (c) are outwardly gentle and nice. But (d) a period of time, their real
identity is revealed. (e) , all that glitters is not gold. (DB-2016)
18. Student life is the best time in life (a) almost every student is free from cares (b)
anxieties of life. He has nothing to do (c) study. (d) a student, he should
read novels, magazines, newspapers (e) text books. (CB-2016)
19. Honesty is a noble virtue. The man (a) possesses this rare quality is the happiest
person in the world. To be honest, a person should have trustworthiness. (b) nobody
trusts a liar. (c) , Allah helps the honest people. (d) children should be taught
honesty from the beginning of life. (e) they should be taught discipline too. (SB-2019)
20. An idle man does not do his work in right time. He puts off work of today for tomorrow. A
student (a) neglects his daily lessons is sure to fail. A young man who idles away his
time becomes a burden to the family (b) the society. His brain becomes the workshop
of Devils. It is said (c) the Devil tempts the busy man (d) the idle man tempts the
Devil. (e) everyone should make the best use of time. (DjB-2016)
21. (a) population problem is one of the greatest problems in our country. (b)
Bangladesh is a small country, it has a huge population. The government finds it difficult to
provide basic necessities. (c) it has become a great concern to all. (d) solving this
problem some necessary steps should be taken. In this regard general people should help the
government. (e) the population growth is controlled, people will lead a happy life.
JB-2016
22. Every citizen has some duties and responsibilities for his nation. (a) most of the people
are careless in this respect. People of this country have achieved national identity at the cost
of a great sacrifice (b) is still evaluated nationally (c) some selfish people never
want to give them recognition. (d) we all should do some benevolent activities. (e)
we will be guilty to the nation. (CigB-2016)
23. (a) I were a rich man, I would help others. People living under poverty line has the
hope of better days (b) they do not get (c) they dream of. (d) their condition
is getting from bad to worse. The only thing (e) they need is nothing but education.
. (SB-2016)
24. A hare is a very speedy animal; (a) a tortoise moves very slowly. (b) it has a
heavy shell on its back. (c) , its legs are short. (d) , it cannot move as fast as other
animals. One morning a hare laughed at a tortoise hare for its slow motion. The hare asked
the tortoise to run a race. (e) the tortoise hurt, it the agreed to the proposal of the hare. .
. (BB-2016)
25. The foods that we eat can be divided into six kinds (a) we eat can be divided what
substances they contain and b) benefits they do to us. Fish, meat, peas and milk
provide us protein (c) builds our body and helps us grow. (d) we do not take all
these, we cannot grow well. Vitamins and mineral salts protect us from diseases (e)
keep us fit for work. (DB-2015)
26. Once upon fox a time there lived a (a) was very clever. He lived in a jungle in a very
hot country (b) Bangladesh. One day, (C) Mr. Fox was walking through the
 jungle, he fell into a trap. After trying very hard he could his get out of the trap (d) lost
his tail. Without his tail Mr. Fox looked very strange. (e) he felt very sad and ashamed.
. (CB-2015)
27. (a) there are some difference between practical knowledge and bookish knowledge.
(b) often they are thought to be the same .(c) a man is educated in the truest
sense, he will be able to lead a life completely different from others. (d) he can
distinguish between right and wrong. (e) education is very important. (RB-2015)
28. Summer noon is very painful and disgusting. (a) the sun shines hotly over head, life
becomes miserable. The sufferings of the people know no bounds (b) the electricity
goes off. (c) the people use hand fans to fan themselves. Children can neither sleep (d)
read. They feel out of sorts. (e) the poor suffer most. They work outside in the
burning sun. (DjB-2015)
29. The rapid growth of population must be controlled. (a) all sorts of attempts to solve
food problem will fail. (b) , we have to increase our food production very rapidly. We
may, mostly, solve our food problem by changing our traditional food habit. (c) we can
take potato instead of rice. (d) it is high time we changed our eating habit.
(e) knowledge of nutritive value of food can help to solve our food problem to a great
extent. (JB-2015)
30. Women are, nowadays, as important as men in the society. They constitute nearly half of our
total population, (a) there can be no denying the fact (b) they too possess equal
rights and duties (C) men do. They have noble mission to fulfill as men. (d) they
get opportunity, their genius, powers (e) capacities will bloom fully. (CtgB-2015)
31. It is known to all that gold is a valuable metal. (a) , there are many metals cheaper than
gold though they look like it. (b) they glitter for sometime, they fade away in the long
run. In our society there are also many people (c) are outwardly very gentle and
polished. Later on, their real identity is revealed (d) they do not exercise moral values.
That's why people say, "All (e) glitters is not gold" (SB-2015)
32. A healthy man can do any work. (a) he can eat any food he likes. (b) , he can
enjoy life in every way. (c) , an unhealthy man is unhappy, for he cannot eat and do
what he likes. (d) he lives and dies poor. He may have intelligence, merit and power,
but he cannot put them to the use and reap their benefits. (e) health is the source of all
happiness in life. (BB-2015)