Practical Geostatistics

2000

Isobel Clark
Geostokos (Ecosse) Limited,
Scotland

William V Harper
Otterbein University, Westerville,
Ohio, USA
 Geostatistics books by Isobel Clark and Bill Harper

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what really goes on in geostatistics. No longer must it be a black box. This book has the math but explains the
conceptual underpinnings in clear concise terms. It abounds with real data examples. For the ultimate learning
experience, the book and the CD! The CD contains the Practical Geostatistics 2000 software and the kriging game.

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This 382 page book is the ideal companion to Practical Geostatistics 2000. Get inside the heads of the authors for
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Ecosse North America LLC, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
umpteenth Reprint, November 2008

c 2007 by Geostokos (Ecosse) Limited, Scotland.

Copyright °

All rights reserved. Published simultaneously worldwide on CD.

Reproduction or translation of any part of this work beyond that permitted

by Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without
the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for
permission or further information should be addressed to Permissions
Department, Geostokos (Ecosse) Limited, Alloa Business Centre,
Whins Road, Alloa FK10 3SA, Central Scotland.
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Cataloging in Publication Data:

Clark, Isobel and Harper, William V.
Practical Geostatistics 2000 / Isobel Clark & William V. Harper.
430p. 2.5cm.
ISBN: 0-9703317-0-3 ; 0-9703317-1-1 (CD-Rom)
1. Geology— Statistical methods. 2. Mining engineering. 3. Environmental
engineering I. Harper, William V. II. Title
QE33.2.S82 C43 2000
519.5’02’4553–dc21

Ecosse North America, LLC, Columbus, Ohio USA, publishers.

Typeset using Scientific Word 5.5, MacKichan Software Inc,

http://www.mackichan.com
 Bill would like to dedicate this book to
his lovely wife Paula
and
wonderful daughter Rachel

Isobel’s eternal gratitude goes out to

her erstwhile personal assistant, Anne Anderson

The 1979 Practical Geostatistics started with a quotation from the poem “The Chorus”
in Edwin Morgan’s anthology The New Divan, published by Carcanet/Manchester in 1977:

“What is obscure is seldom clear”

For this new book, longer and (we hope) much improved,
we use a longer – but just as ironic – quotation:

“Let us all be quiet in unison

and hear what the oracle has to tell us.
The oracle says, when winter comes
the autumn is over. Are we comforted?”
Special Request for our Readers

We have a favour to ask of you, the readers - we want your guidance on what changes should
be made in subsequent editions. We hope to update this book fairly frequently as we are
publishing this ourselves and have total control over what it contains, how many copies are
printed, etc. In addition to sending us questions and typos, we hope that you will take the
time to specify what new topics we should add (or what topics should be expanded). Make
sure Isobel gets a copy of all such comments. E-mail her at [email protected] and she will
post all typos and major comments on the web page

Thanks (in advance) for all help in this effort.

 Contents
Preface

Notation

1. Introduction Page 1

1.1 Expectations
1.2 The problem to be solved
1.3 Data sets
1.4 Software

2. Why a statistical approach? Page 7

2.1 Investigating the sample data

2.2 Measures of central tendency
2.3 Measures of spread or variability
2.4 Graphical descriptions of the data
2.5 Other useful descriptive statistics
2.6 Discrete data
2.7 Into the unknown
2.8 Worked examples
2.8.1 Coal project data, calorific values
2.8.2 Iron ore example
2.8.3 Wolfcamp data
2.8.4 Scallops, total catch
2.9 Exercises

3. Normal (Gaussian) distributions Page 31

3.1 The gap between data and population

3.2 Is it a Normal distribution?
 3.3 Estimating population parameters
3.3.1 estimating the population average
3.3.2 estimating the standard deviation
3.3.3 confidence intervals for standard deviation
3.3.4 confidence intervals for mean
3.4 Selection (grade/tonnage) calculations
3.5 Summary of chapter
3.6 Worked examples
3.6.1 Coal project, calorific values
3.6.2 Iron ore example
3.6.3 Wolfcamp data
3.6.4 Scallop data, total catch
3.7 Exercises

4. Lognormal distributions (and others) Page 67

4.1 The lognormal distribution

4.1.1 estimating the mean of a lognormal population
4.1.2 confidence intervals on the population mean
4.2 The three parameter lognormal
4.3 Selection (grade/tonnage) calculations
4.3.1 two parameter lognormal – reef widths
4.3.2 three parameter lognormal – gold grades
4.4 More complex distributions and mixtures
4.4.1 mixtures of Normal or lognormal populations
4.5 Worked examples
4.5.1 Scallops, total caught
4.5.2 Organic matter in soil
4.5.3 Calcium in limestone
4.5.4 Geevor Tin mine, Cornwall
4.6 Exercises
5. Discrete distributions Page 103

5.1 Review of Discrete Moments

5.2 Bernoulli and Binomial Distributions
5.3 Negative Binomial and Geometric Distributions
5.4 Poisson Distribution
5.5 Mixtures of Poisson Distributions (Compound Poisson)
5.5.1 Oswego Zircon data
5.5.2 Other examples
5.6 Spatial Considerations
5.7 Solved Problems
5.8 Exercises

6. Hypothesis testing Page 135

6.1 Single sample tests

6.1.1 test on sample mean
6.1.2 test on sample standard deviation
6.2 Two sample tests
6.2.1 test on standard deviations
6.2.2 test on means
6.2.3 paired sampling
6.2.4 test for sample distribution
6.3 Worked examples
6.3.1 Heights of students
6.3.2 Geevor tin mine — development versus stope
6.4 Exercises

7. Relationships Page 147

7.1 Straight line relationships

7.1.1 quantifying the strength of the relationship
7.1.2 Predicting one variable from the other
7.1.3 Calorific Value versus Ash Content
7.1.4 Calorific Value versus Sulphur Content
7.2 Other worked examples
 7.2.1 Gold grade versus reef width
7.2.2 Scallops caught
7.2.3 Application – Krige’s Regression Effect
7.3 Relationships involving more than two variables
7.3.1 Predicting Sulphur from Calorific Value and Ash Content
7.3.2 Application – Krige’s moving average template
7.3.3 Curvilinear Regression
7.3.4 Application – Polynomial Trend Surface Analysis
7.4 Exercises

8. The spatial element Page 185

8.1 Including location as well as value

8.2 Spatial relationships
8.3 Inverse distance estimation
8.4 Worked examples
8.4.1 Coal project, calorific values
8.4.2 Iron ore project
8.4.3 Wolfcamp data
8.4.4 Scallops caught
8.5 Exercises

9. The semi-variogram Page 207

9.1 The experimental semi-variogram

9.1.1 Irregular sampling
9.1.2 Cautionary notes
9.2 Modelling of the semi-variogram function
9.2.1 The linear model
9.2.2 The generalised linear model
9.2.3 The Spherical model
9.2.4 The exponential model
9.2.5 Gaussian model
9.2.6 The hole effect model
9.2.7 Paddington mix model
9.2.8 Judging how well the model fits the data
9.2.9 equivalence to covariance function
 9.2.10 the nugget effect
9.3 Worked examples
9.3.1 Silver example from Practical Geostatistics 1979
9.3.2 Coal project: calorific values
9.3.3 Wolfcamp aquifer
9.4 Exercises

10. Estimation and Kriging Page 247

10.1 Estimation error

10.1.1 one sample estimation
10.1.2 another single sample
10.1.3 two sample estimation
10.1.4 another two sample estimation
10.1.5 three sample estimator
10.2 Choosing the optimal weights
10.2.1 three sample estimation
10.2.2 the general form for the ‘optimal’ estimator
10.2.3 confidence levels and degrees of freedom
10.2.4 simple kriging
10.3 Ordinary kriging
10.3.1 ‘optimal’ unbiassed estimator
10.3.2 alternate form: matrices
10.3.3 alternate form: covariance
10.3.4 three sample estimation
10.4 Worked examples
10.4.1 Coal project, calorific values
10.4.2 Iron ore example, (Page95)
10.4.3 Wolfcamp, residuals from quadratic surface
10.5 Cross validation
10.5.1 cross cross validation
10.6 Exercises
11. Areas and volumes Page 295

11.1 The impact on the distribution

11.1.1 Iron ore example, Normal example
11.1.2 Geevor Tin Mine, lognormal(ish) example
11.2 The impact on kriging
11.2.1 the use of auxiliary functions
11.2.2 Iron ore example, Page 95
11.2.3 Wolfcamp aquifer, quadratic residuals

12. Other kriging approaches Page 315

12.1 Universal kriging

12.1.1 Wolfcamp aquifer
12.2 Lognormal kriging
12.2.1 the proportional effect
12.2.2 the lognormal transformation
12.2.3 Geevor Tin Mine, grades
12.2.4 SA Gold Mine
12.3 Indicator kriging
12.4 Rank uniform kriging
12.5 Summary of chapter

13. Bibliography Page 325

Tables

Data Sets

Index
 Preface
This is the bit where the authors traditionally thank everyone who helped in the production
of the book and set the tone for the rest of the tome.

Isobel Clark

Isobel:

Thanks guys and girls. There are way too many people who have made contributions over the
years to expect to cover them all. The 11 years at the Royal School of Mines in London and
the 10 at the University of the Witwatersrand form the basis for the teaching material and
exercises in the bulk of these chapters. Open short courses and in-house courses to all manner
of audiences added to and enhanced both the direction of the teaching and the exercises
provided. So to all those ex-undergraduates, ex-postgraduates and course participants on
four continents, thanks.

Thanks to Dick Minnit, Fred Cawood and Hennie Greyvenstein in Johannesburg for bugging
me until the book actually got written. Thanks to Audun Clark for unconditional support.
Thanks to Gavin Lind for assistance in courses and ancillary material. And, of course, endless
thanks to my co-author who made all this possible.................

This book is intended for self-study, especially in its CD form. We hope to develop this into a
full interactive teaching medium in the future. You can also study the book and gain academic
credits at http://www.edumine.com. All comments are welcome although positive criticism
is likely to get more response!

Contact me: Dr Isobel Clark, Geostokos (Ecosse) Limited,

Alloa Business Centre, Whins Road, Alloa, FK10 3SA, Central Scotland
Tel: 0773 663 1632 Fax: 01259 215274. e-mail: [email protected]
 Bill Harper

Bill: Many moons ago in the early 1980s Howard Hume and I were trying to dig into
the seemingly strange field of geostatistics. Much was not intuitive and seemed to hide
behind a strange wall of jargon. Howard and I decided to contact those individuals that
we felt might be able to shed light down the borehole. Fortunately we heard from Isobel
(whose 1979 book was one of the few readable geostatistics publications at that time)
and she changed her next U.S. trip to come to Columbus to visit us at Battelle in 1984.
As they say, the rest is history. Isobel and I collaborated on numerous articles in the
1980s. Perhaps my biggest claim to geostatistical fame was publishing the Wolfcamp data
in my first geostatistical analysis. This resulted in many publications by others using this
particular set of data.

In the late 1980s I moved away from environmental geostatistical applications after the
Battelle high-level nuclear waste program was terminated by the U.S. government. Until
early 1999 most of my 1990s efforts have been focused on more classical statistical methods,
operations research, quality management, and discrete event simulation. In Spring 1999
Isobel was staying at our place for a few days’ visit. After several enjoyable beverages, I
raised the issue of her many years of promising to update her book. The result of that
discussion is now before your eyes. As the Grateful Dead used to sing, “What a long,
strange trip it’s been”.

I would like to recognize the invaluable support from my lovely wife, Paula, and daughter,
Rachel. I am also thankful of the continued good support of Otterbein College. Finally, I
want to thank Isobel for being Isobel.

Please send us any and all feedback. We hope to update this often to meet your requests.

Contact me: William V. Harper, Otterbein University, Mathematical Sciences

Towers Hall 139, 1 Grove St., Westerville, OH 43081-2006 U.S.A.
Phone: 614-823-1417 Fax: 614-823-3201
[email protected] http://faculty.otterbein.edu/WHarper/
sales at: http://ecossenorthamerica.com/
 Notation
 the range of influence or distance scaling parameter in a model semi-variogram
 breadth of a panel or block under study
 coefficients estimated in a regression or trend surface analysis
 cutoff or ‘pay’ value used in a grade/tonnage calculation
 distance between a sample and a location at which an estimate is required
 2.718281828..... the natural anti-logarithm function
 a secondary or ancillary variable measured on a sample
 the primary value measured at a sample location
 the distance between any two specified locations within the study area
 a subscript identifier
 a subscript identifier
 a subscript or integer power
 length of a panel or block under study
 number of local samples in an estimation
 number of samples available in the current study
 slope of the line in a linear semi-variogram model
 estimate for the correlation coefficient between two variables
 unbiassed estimate for the standard deviation of a population
 Student’s distribution for the arithmetic mean of Normal samples
Sichel’s estimator for the average of a lognormal population
 a volume
 weighting factor
 standardised Normal variate, mean 0 standard deviation 1
 logarithm of  value
 residual from a trend surface
A an area or volume whose value is to be estimated
C nugget effect 0 or sill  on a semi-variogram model
F auxiliary function for the variance within a panel or block
H auxiliary function for a corner point with a 2d panel
M a specified point within an area or volume
N number of pairs of samples found in a semi-variogram calculation
P proportion of the population above a specified cutoff value or pay limit
may also be used to represent percentage rather than proportion
Q an auxiliary function between two ‘lines’ at right angles
S sum of squared residuals from a regression exercise
T the unknown value at an unsampled location
the distribution of Sichel’s  estimate for the lognormal mean
V the variance of samples around their arithmetic mean
X co-ordinate for a location, usually east/west
Y co-ordinate for a location, usually north/south
Z co-ordinate for a location, usually elevation or depth
 Notation continued
lower case Greek letters
 alpha power to which distance is raised in a semi-variogram model
the significance level of a hypothesis test
 beta additive constant used in a three parameter lognormal distribution
 gamma Sichel’s correction factor for the lognormal mean estimation
a model semi-variogram or function calculated from such
 delta a small change
 epsilon the error of estimation, actual value−estimated value
 theta an angle usually expressed in degrees
 lambda Lagrangian multiplier
 mu arithmetic mean of values in a Normal population
 nu degrees of freedom
 eta damping or decay parameter in a hole effect semi-variogram model
 pi 3.141592654.... the ratio of the perimeter of a circle to its diameter
 rho the population correlation coefficient between two variables
 sigma the standard deviation of values in a Normal population
 tau the arithmetic mean of values in a lognormal population
 phi the standard Normal density function
 chi the distribution of sample variances from Normal samples
 omega the standard deviation of values in a lognormal population

Upper case Greek letters

Σ Sigma a summation sign, e.g. Σ=1 is “sum for series  = 1 2 3  − 1 ”
Φ Phi cumulative proportion under the standard Normal distribution
Ψ Psi Sichel’s confidence factors for the lognormal distribution
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Sdjh 579 Sudfwlfdo Jhrvwdwlvwlfv 5333

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3147 413:5 413:5 413:5 413:5 413:5 413:5 413:5 413:5 413:5
3149 413;5 413;5 413;5 413;6 413;6 413;6 413;6 413;6 413;6
314; 413<6 413<6 413<6 413<6 413<6 413<6 413<6 413<6 413<6
3153 41436 41437 41437 41437 41437 41437 41437 41437 41437
3163 4148; 4148; 4148< 4148< 4148< 41493 41493 41493 41493
3173 41547 41548 41549 41549 4154: 4154: 4154: 4154; 4154;
3183 415:5 415:6 415:8 415:9 415:9 415:: 415:; 415:; 415:;
3193 41665 41667 41669 4166: 4166< 4166< 41673 41674 41674
31:3 416<6 416<: 416<< 41734 41736 41737 41739 4173: 4173:
31;3 4178: 41795 41798 4179; 417:3 417:5 417:6 417:8 417:9
31<3 41856 4185< 41866 4186: 41873 41875 41877 41879 4187:
4133 418<4 418<; 41937 4193; 41945 41948 4194; 41953 41955
4143 41994 419:3 419:: 419;5 419;: 419<4 419<7 419<: 419<<
4153 41:66 41:77 41:85 41:8< 41:98 41:9< 41::6 41::: 41:;3
4163 41;3: 41;53 41;64 41;6< 41;79 41;84 41;89 41;93 41;97
4173 41;;7 41<33 41<45 41<55 41<63 41<69 41<75 41<7: 41<84
4183 41<96 41<;4 41<<9 5133: 5134: 51358 51365 5136: 51375
4193 51377 51399 513;6 513<9 5143: 51449 51457 51464 5146:
41:3 5145; 51486 514:5 514;; 51534 51545 51554 5155< 51569
41;3 51547 51576 51598 515;6 515<; 51643 51654 51663 5166;
41<3 51636 51669 51694 516;5 516<< 51746 51758 51769 51778
5133 516<8 51764 51793 517;7 51836 5184< 51866 51878 51889
5153 518;9 51965 5199< 519<; 51:56 51:77 51:95 51::: 51:<4
5173 51:;; 51;79 51;<4 51<5; 51<8< 51<;9 6133; 6135; 61378
5193 61336 613:6 6145< 614:7 61546 61578 615:6 615<; 61653
51;3 6155< 61647 616;5 6176: 617;7 61857 6188< 618;< 61949
6133 6179< 618:3 61984 61:4; 61::8 61;57 61;99 61<35 61<68
 Wdeoh : +frqwlqxhg,=
Vlfkho*v idfwru  ? ET  iru hvwlpdwlrq ri wkh phdq ri d orjqrupdo srsxodwlrq

?' 46 47 48 53 58 63 68 73
T ' 3133 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333
3135 41343 41343 41343 41343 41343 41343 41343 41343
3137 41353 41353 41353 41353 41353 41353 41353 41353
3139 41363 41363 41363 41363 41363 41363 41363 41363
313; 41374 41374 41374 41374 41374 41374 41374 41374
3143 41384 41384 41384 41384 41384 41384 41384 41384
3145 41395 41395 41395 41395 41395 41395 41395 41395
3147 413:5 413:5 413:5 413:5 413:5 413:5 413:5 413:5
3149 413;6 413;6 413;6 413;6 413;6 413;6 413;6 413;6
314; 413<6 413<7 413<7 413<7 413<7 413<7 413<7 413<7
3153 41437 41437 41437 41438 41438 41438 41438 41438
3163 41493 41493 41493 41494 41494 41494 41494 41494
3173 4154; 4154; 4154; 4154< 41553 41553 41553 41553
3183 415:; 415:< 415:< 415;3 415;4 415;4 415;5 415;5
3193 41674 41675 41675 41677 41678 41679 41679 4167:
31:3 4173: 4173; 4173; 41744 41745 41746 41747 41747
31;3 417:9 417:: 417:; 417;3 417;5 417;7 417;8 417;8
31<3 4187: 4187< 41883 41887 41888 4188: 4188; 4188<
4133 41955 41956 41958 41963 41967 41967 41969 4196:
4143 419<< 41:34 41:36 41:43 41:47 41:4: 41:49 41:4;
4153 41:;3 41:;5 41:;8 41:<6 41:<; 41;35 41;37 41;35
4163 41;97 41;9: 41;:3 41;;3 41;;9 41;<3 41;<7 41;<9
4173 41<84 41<88 41<8; 41<:3 41<:; 41<;6 41<;: 41<<3
4183 51375 5137: 51383 51398 513:7 513;3 513;8 513;;
4193 5146: 51475 5147: 51496 514:7 514;4 514;: 514<4
41:3 51569 51575 5157: 51599 515:; 515;: 515<6 515<;
41;3 5166; 51678 51685 516:8 516;: 516<: 51738 51744
41<3 51778 51786 51793 517;: 51834 51846 51854 5185;
5133 51889 51898 518:6 51937 51957 51966 51976 51984
5153 51:<4 51;36 51;46 51;86 51;:< 51;<: 51<36 51<45
5173 61378 61394 613:6 61457 6148: 614;3 614<: 614<;
5193 61653 6166< 61689 6174; 61793 617;< 61844 6185;
51;3 61949 6196< 61993 61:73 61:;< 61;59 61;86 61;:7
6133 61<68 61<97 61<<3 713;; 7147: 714<5 71559 71585
 Wdeoh ;+d,= Vlfkho*v idfwru [f2DET ( ? iru orzhu <:18(
frqghqfh rq wkh phdq ri d orjqrupdo srsxodwlrq

?' 8 9 : ; < 43 44 45
T ' 3133 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333
3135 31;:: 31;<5 31<36 31<43 31<49 31<54 31<58 31<5<
3137 31;64 31;84 31;98 31;:9 31;;7 31;<4 31;<9 31<34
3139 31:<: 31;54 31;6; 31;83 31;93 31;9; 31;:7 31;;3
313; 31::3 31:<: 31;48 31;5< 31;73 31;7< 31;89 31;95
3143 31:7: 31::9 31:<9 31;44 31;55 31;65 31;73 31;7:
3145 31:59 31:8: 31::; 31:<7 31;3: 31;4: 31;59 31;66
3147 31:3: 31:73 31:96 31:;3 31:<6 31;37 31;46 31;54
3149 319<4 31:58 31:7; 31:99 31:;3 31:<5 31;34 31;3<
314; 319:8 31:43 31:68 31:86 31:9; 31:;3 31:<3 31:<<
3153 31994 319<: 31:56 31:75 31:8: 31:9< 31:;3 31:;<
3163 31933 31974 3199< 319<4 31:3< 31:56 31:68 31:78
3173 31886 318<9 3195: 31983 3199< 319;8 319<; 31:3<
3183 31846 3188; 318<4 31948 31968 31985 31999 319:;
3193 317;3 31859 3188< 318;8 31939 31956 3196: 31983
31:3 31784 317<: 31864 3188; 318:< 318<: 31945 31958
31;3 31758 317:5 31839 31866 31888 318:6 318;< 31935
31<3 31735 3177< 317;7 31844 31866 31884 3189: 318;4
4133 316;4 3175; 31796 317<3 31845 31864 3187: 31894
4143 31696 3173< 31777 317:4 317<6 31845 3185< 31876
4153 31679 316<5 31759 31787 317:9 317<8 31844 31859
4163 31664 316:9 31743 3176: 31793 317:< 317<8 31843
4173 3164: 31695 316<8 31755 31777 31796 317;3 317<7
4183 31637 3167; 316;5 3173; 31763 3177< 31798 317;3
4193 315<5 31669 3169< 316<8 3174: 31768 31785 31799
41:3 315;5 31657 3168: 316;6 31737 31756 3176< 31786
41;3 315:5 31647 31678 316:4 316<5 31744 3175: 31774
41<3 31596 31637 31668 31693 316;4 316<< 31748 31763
5133 31587 315<8 31658 31683 316:4 316;< 31738 3174<
5153 31573 315:; 3163; 31664 31685 3169< 316;7 316<;
5173 3155: 31597 315<5 31648 31668 31684 31699 316;3
5193 31549 31585 315:< 31634 3164< 31669 31683 31696
51;3 3153: 31574 3159: 315;; 31639 31654 31668 3167;
6133 314<< 31565 31589 315:9 315<6 3163; 31655 31667
Wdeoh ;+d, frqwlqxhg= Vlfkho*v idfwru [f2D ET ( ? iru orzhu <:18(
frqghqfh rq wkh phdq ri d orjqrupdo srsxodwlrq

?' 46 47 48 53 58 63 68 73
T ' 3133 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333
3135 31<65 31<67 31<69 31<78 31<84 31<88 31<8; 31<94
3137 31<38 31<3; 31<44 31<56 31<64 31<69 31<74 31<78
3139 31;;7 31;;< 31;<5 31<39 31<49 31<56 31<5; 31<65
313; 31;9; 31;:5 31;:: 31;<5 31<36 31<44 31<4: 31<55
3143 31;86 31;8; 31;96 31;;3 31;<5 31<34 31<3: 31<46
3145 31;73 31;78 31;83 31;9< 31;;5 31;<4 31;<< 31<38
3147 31;5; 31;67 31;6< 31;8< 31;:6 31;;6 31;<4 31;<:
3149 31;4: 31;56 31;5< 31;83 31;97 31;:8 31;;6 31;<3
314; 31;39 31;46 31;4< 31;74 31;89 31;9; 31;:9 31;;6
3153 31:<: 31;36 31;3< 31;66 31;7< 31;93 31;:3 31;::
3163 31:87 31:95 31:9< 31:<: 31;48 31;5< 31;73 31;83
3173 31:4< 31:5; 31:69 31:99 31:;: 31;36 31;49 31;59
3183 319;< 319<; 31:3: 31:73 31:95 31:;3 31:<6 31;37
3193 31995 319:5 319;4 31:48 31:73 31:8; 31::6 31:;8
31:3 3196: 3197: 3198: 319<6 31:4< 31:6; 31:87 31:9:
31;3 31947 31958 31968 319:6 31:33 31:53 31:6: 31:83
31<3 318<6 31937 31947 31987 319;4 31:36 31:53 31:67
4133 318:7 318;8 318<8 31969 31997 319;9 31:37 31:4<
4143 31889 3189: 318:: 3194; 3197; 319:4 319;< 31:37
4153 3186< 31883 31894 31935 31965 31989 319:7 319<3
4163 31855 31867 31878 318;: 3194; 31974 31994 319::
4173 3183: 3184< 31863 318:5 31936 3195; 3197: 31997
4183 317<6 31838 31849 3188; 318<3 31947 31968 31984
4193 317:< 317<4 31835 31878 318:: 31935 31955 3196<
41:3 31799 317:; 317;< 31865 31897 318<3 31943 3195;
41;3 31787 31799 317:: 31853 31885 318:; 318<< 3194:
41<3 31775 31787 31798 3183; 31874 3189: 318;; 31939
5133 31764 31776 31787 317<: 31863 31888 318:: 318<8
5153 31744 31755 31766 317:9 3183; 31868 31889 318:8
5173 316<5 31736 31747 31789 317;< 31848 3186: 31889
5193 316:8 316;9 316<9 3176; 317:3 317<: 3184< 3186;
51;3 3168< 316:3 316;3 31754 31786 317:< 31834 31854
6133 31678 31689 31698 31739 3176: 31796 317;8 31837
 Wdeoh ;+e,= Vlfkho*v idfwru [fDET ( ? iru orzhu <8(
frqghqfh ohyho rq wkh phdq ri d orjqrupdo srsxodwlrq

?' 8 9 : ; < 43 44 45
T ' 3133 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333
3135 31;<; 31<43 31<4; 31<57 31<5< 31<66 31<69 31<6<
3137 31;8< 31;:8 31;;9 31;<8 31<34 31<3: 31<44 31<48
3139 31;64 31;7< 31;96 31;:6 31;;4 31;;: 31;<5 31;<:
313; 31;3: 31;5; 31;76 31;87 31;96 31;:4 31;:: 31;;5
3143 31:;; 31;43 31;59 31;6< 31;7; 31;8: 31;96 31;9<
3145 31::3 31:<7 31;45 31;58 31;68 31;77 31;84 31;8:
3147 31:87 31:;3 31:<; 31;45 31;56 31;65 31;73 31;79
3149 31:6< 31:99 31:;8 31;33 31;45 31;55 31;63 31;6:
314; 31:59 31:87 31::7 31:;< 31;34 31;45 31;53 31;5:
3153 31:47 31:75 31:96 31::< 31:<5 31;35 31;44 31;4<
3163 31994 319<6 31:4: 31:68 31:83 31:95 31::5 31:;4
3173 3194< 31987 319;3 319<< 31:48 31:5; 31:6< 31:7<
3183 318;8 31954 3197; 3199; 319;8 319<< 31:44 31:55
3193 31888 318<5 31953 31974 3198< 319:7 319;: 319<:
31:3 3185< 3189: 318<8 3194: 31968 31984 31997 319:8
31;3 31839 31877 318:6 318<8 31947 31963 31976 31988
31<3 317;8 31856 31885 318:8 318<7 31943 31957 31969
4133 31799 31838 31867 3188: 318:9 318<5 31939 3194<
4143 3177< 317;; 3184: 31873 3188< 318:8 318<3 31935
4153 31767 317:5 31834 31857 31876 31893 318:7 318;:
4163 31753 3178; 317;9 3183< 3185< 31878 3188< 318:5
4173 3173: 31777 317:6 317<9 31848 31864 31879 3188;
4183 316<9 31765 31793 317;6 31835 3184; 31866 31879
4193 316;8 31754 3177< 317:4 317<3 31839 31854 31866
41:3 316:9 31744 3176; 31793 317:< 317<8 3183< 31855
41;3 3169: 31734 3175; 31783 3179; 317;7 317<; 31844
41<3 3168< 316<6 3174< 31773 3178; 317:7 317;; 31833
5133 31685 316;7 31743 31764 3177< 31797 317:; 317<3
5153 3166< 316:3 316<7 31747 31764 31779 31793 317:5
5173 3165; 3168: 316;3 31733 31749 31764 31777 31788
5193 3164< 3167: 3169< 316;: 31736 31749 3175< 31773
51;3 31646 3166; 3168< 316:9 316<4 31737 31749 3175:
6133 3163: 31664 31683 31699 316;3 316<5 31737 31747
 Wdeoh ;+e,= Vlfkho*v idfwru [fDET ( ? iru orzhu <8(
frqghqfh ohyho rq wkh phdq ri d orjqrupdo srsxodwlrq

?' 46 47 48 53 58 63 68 73
T ' 3133 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333
3135 31<75 31<77 31<79 31<86 31<8; 31<94 31<97 31<99
3137 31<4< 31<55 31<57 31<67 31<74 31<79 31<83 31<86
3139 31<34 31<38 31<3; 31<53 31<5; 31<67 31<6; 31<75
313; 31;;: 31;<4 31;<7 31<3; 31<4: 31<57 31<5< 31<66
3143 31;:7 31;:; 31;;5 31;<: 31<3; 31<48 31<54 31<59
3145 31;96 31;9; 31;:5 31;;; 31;<< 31<3: 31<47 31<4<
3147 31;85 31;8: 31;95 31;:< 31;<4 31<33 31<3: 31<45
3149 31;76 31;7; 31;86 31;:4 31;;7 31;<6 31<33 31<39
314; 31;67 31;6< 31;78 31;97 31;:: 31;;: 31;<7 31<33
3153 31;58 31;64 31;69 31;8: 31;:3 31;;4 31;;; 31;<8
3163 31:;< 31:<8 31;35 31;58 31;74 31;87 31;96 31;:4
3173 31:8; 31:99 31::5 31:<< 31;4: 31;64 31;75 31;84
3183 31:64 31:6< 31:7: 31::8 31:<8 31;44 31;55 31;65
3193 31:3: 31:49 31:57 31:87 31::9 31:<5 31;38 31;48
31:3 319;9 319<8 31:36 31:68 31:8: 31::8 31:;; 31;33
31;3 31998 319:8 319;6 31:4: 31:73 31:8; 31::6 31:;8
31<3 3197: 3198: 31998 31:33 31:57 31:76 31:8; 31::4
4133 31963 31973 3197< 319;7 31:3< 31:5< 31:77 31:8:
4143 31946 31956 31966 3199< 319<8 31:48 31:64 31:78
4153 318<; 3193; 3194; 31988 319;4 31:35 31:4< 31:66
4163 318;7 318<7 31936 31974 3199; 319;< 31:39 31:54
4173 318:3 318;3 318<3 3195; 31988 319:: 319<8 31:3<
4183 3188: 3189: 318:: 31948 31976 31998 319;6 319<;
4193 31878 31888 31898 31936 31965 31987 319:5 319;;
41:3 31866 31877 31886 318<5 31954 31976 31995 319::
41;3 31855 31866 31875 318;4 31943 31966 31984 3199:
41<3 31845 31855 31865 318:4 31933 31956 31975 3198;
5133 31835 31845 31854 31893 318<3 31946 31965 3197;
5153 317;6 317<6 31836 31874 318:4 318<7 31947 31963
5173 31799 317:9 317;8 31857 31886 318:: 318<9 31946
5193 31784 31793 317:3 3183: 31869 31893 318;3 318<:
51;3 3176: 31779 31788 317<5 31854 31877 31897 318;5
6133 31757 31766 31775 317:; 31839 31863 31883 3189:
 Wdeoh ;+f,= Vlfkho*v idfwru [f ET ( ? iru orzhu <3(
frqghqfh ohyho rq wkh phdq ri d orjqrupdo srsxodwlrq

?' 8 9 : ; < 43 44 45
T ' 3133 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333
3135 31<4< 31<5; 31<68 31<6< 31<76 31<7: 31<7< 31<84
3137 31;;; 31<33 31<3< 31<49 31<54 31<58 31<5< 31<65
3139 31;98 31;;3 31;<3 31;<; 31<38 31<43 31<47 31<4;
313; 31;7: 31;96 31;:8 31;;7 31;<4 31;<: 31<34 31<39
3143 31;64 31;7< 31;94 31;:4 31;:< 31;;8 31;<4 31;<8
3145 31;4: 31;69 31;7< 31;93 31;9; 31;:8 31;;4 31;;9
3147 31;37 31;57 31;6; 31;7< 31;8; 31;99 31;:5 31;::
3149 31:<5 31;46 31;5; 31;73 31;7< 31;8: 31;96 31;9<
314; 31:;4 31;36 31;4< 31;64 31;74 31;7< 31;89 31;95
3153 31::4 31:<7 31;43 31;56 31;66 31;74 31;7; 31;88
3163 31:5< 31:87 31::6 31:;: 31:<< 31;3; 31;4: 31;57
3173 319<8 31:55 31:75 31:8; 31::4 31:;4 31:<4 31:<<
3183 31999 319<8 31:49 31:66 31:7: 31:8; 31:9; 31::9
3193 31975 319:5 319<6 31:44 31:58 31:6: 31:7: 31:89
31:3 31954 31984 319:6 319<4 31:39 31:4; 31:5< 31:6;
31;3 31935 31965 31988 319:6 319;; 31:34 31:45 31:55
31<3 318;8 31949 3196< 3198: 319:5 319;8 319<: 31:39
4133 318:4 31934 31957 31975 3198; 319:4 319;5 319<5
4143 3188: 318;: 31943 3195; 31977 3198: 3199< 319:<
4153 31878 318:8 318<: 31949 31964 31977 31989 31999
4163 31868 31896 318;9 31937 3194< 31965 31977 31988
4173 31858 31886 318:8 318<6 3193; 31955 31966 31976
4183 31849 31877 31898 318;6 318<; 31944 31956 31966
4193 3183< 31868 31889 318:7 318;< 31934 31946 31956
41:3 31835 3185; 3187; 31898 318;3 318<5 31937 31947
41;3 317<9 31854 31874 3188: 318:4 318;7 318<8 31938
41<3 317<4 31848 31867 31883 31897 318:9 318;: 318<:
5133 317;9 3183< 3185: 31876 31889 3189; 318:< 318;<
5153 317:< 31833 31849 31864 31877 31888 31898 318:7
5173 317:8 317<6 3183; 31854 31865 31876 31886 31895
5193 317:6 317;; 31834 31845 31856 31866 31875 31883
51;3 317:5 317;8 317<9 31839 31848 31857 31865 31873
6133 317:7 317;6 317<5 31834 3183< 3184: 31857 31864
Wdeoh ;+f, frqwlqxhg= Vlfkho*v idfwru [f ET ( ? iru orzhu <3(
frqghqfh ohyho rq wkh phdq ri d orjqrupdo srsxodwlrq

?' 46 47 48 53 58 63 68 73
T ' 3133 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333
3135 31<86 31<88 31<8: 31<96 31<99 31<9< 31<:5 31<:6
3137 31<68 31<6: 31<6< 31<7; 31<86 31<8: 31<93 31<95
3139 31<54 31<57 31<5: 31<69 31<76 31<7: 31<84 31<87
313; 31<3< 31<46 31<49 31<5: 31<67 31<6< 31<77 31<7:
3143 31;<< 31<36 31<39 31<4; 31<59 31<65 31<6: 31<74
3145 31;<3 31;<7 31;<: 31<44 31<4< 31<59 31<64 31<68
3147 31;;5 31;;9 31;<3 31<37 31<46 31<53 31<59 31<63
3149 31;:7 31;:; 31;;5 31;<: 31<3: 31<48 31<54 31<58
314; 31;9: 31;:4 31;:9 31;<4 31<35 31<43 31<49 31<54
3153 31;93 31;98 31;9< 31;;8 31;<9 31<38 31<44 31<49
3163 31;63 31;69 31;74 31;93 31;:6 31;;6 31;<4 31;<:
3173 31;38 31;45 31;4: 31;6< 31;87 31;98 31;:7 31;;4
3183 31:;7 31:<3 31:<: 31;53 31;69 31;7< 31;8; 31;99
3193 31:97 31::4 31::; 31;36 31;53 31;67 31;77 31;86
31:3 31:7: 31:87 31:94 31:;: 31;38 31;53 31;64 31;73
31;3 31:63 31:6; 31:78 31::5 31:<5 31;3: 31;4; 31;5;
31<3 31:48 31:56 31:63 31:8< 31::< 31:<7 31;3: 31;4:
4133 31:34 31:3< 31:4: 31:79 31:99 31:;5 31:<8 31;39
4143 319;; 319<9 31:37 31:66 31:88 31::4 31:;8 31:<9
4153 319:8 319;7 319<4 31:55 31:77 31:94 31::7 31:;9
4163 31997 319:5 319;3 31:44 31:66 31:83 31:97 31::9
4173 31986 31994 3199< 31:33 31:56 31:73 31:88 31:9:
4183 31975 31984 3198< 319<3 31:46 31:64 31:79 31:8;
4193 31965 31974 3197< 319;3 31:36 31:55 31:6: 31:7<
41:3 31956 31964 3196< 319:4 319<7 31:46 31:5; 31:74
41;3 31947 31956 31963 31995 319;9 31:37 31:53 31:66
41<3 31939 31947 31955 31986 319:: 319<9 31:45 31:58
5133 318<; 31939 31947 31978 3199< 319;; 31:37 31:4:
5153 318;6 318<4 318<< 31963 31987 319:6 319;< 31:36
5173 318:3 318:; 318;8 31948 3196< 3198< 319:8 319;<
5193 3188; 31899 318:6 31935 31959 31978 31994 319:9
51;3 3187; 31888 31894 318<3 31946 31966 3197< 31996
6133 3186; 31878 31884 318:< 31935 31954 3196: 31984
 Wdeoh ;+g,= Vlfkho*v idfwru [bfET ( ? iru xsshu <3(
frqghqfh ohyho rq wkh phdq ri d orjqrupdo srsxodwlrq

?' 8 9 : ; < 43 44 45
T ' 3133 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333
3135 41496 41467 41448 41435 413<5 413;8 413:< 413:7
3137 41575 414<: 4149< 4147< 41468 41456 41447 4143:
3139 4163: 4157< 41546 414;; 4149< 41488 41476 41466
313; 4169: 415<9 41585 41555 414<< 414;5 4149; 4148:
3143 41756 41673 415;; 41586 4155: 4153: 414<5 414:<
3145 417:9 416;5 41656 415;6 41587 41565 41547 414<<
3147 4185; 41755 41689 41645 415:< 41587 41568 4154;
3149 418:< 41794 416;< 41673 41637 415:9 41588 4156:
314; 41963 41833 41753 4169: 4165; 415<; 415:7 41588
3153 419;3 4186; 41785 416<6 41684 4164< 415<6 415:6
3163 41<64 41:59 41937 41855 41797 41753 416;8 4168:
3173 514<6 41<4: 41:89 41983 418:8 4184; 417:7 4176;
3183 517:6 5144; 41<47 41:;4 419;: 4194: 41896 4184<
3193 51::: 51664 513:< 41<49 41;36 41:4; 41986 41934
31:3 6143< 5188< 51586 5138; 41<56 41;56 41:79 419;8
31;3 617:8 51;39 5176< 5153; 5137< 41<65 41;76 41::5
31<3 61;:; 613:6 5196; 5169: 514;5 5137: 41<77 41;95
4133 71658 61696 51;85 51869 51655 5149: 5137< 41<8:
4143 71;4< 619:< 613;5 51:4: 517:4 515<7 51493 51388
4153 8169< 71357 61663 51<43 5195; 5175: 515:9 5148;
4163 81<:; 71733 618<: 61449 51:<9 5189< 516<; 51599
4173 91989 71;44 61;;8 61669 51<:7 51:4; 5185: 516;3
4183 :1743 81593 714<; 618:6 61498 51;:: 51997 517<<
4193 ;157; 81:85 71868 61;5: 6169: 61378 51;3: 51958
41:3 <14;4 915<4 71<34 71433 618;6 61557 51<8< 51:8:
41;3 43154< 91;;3 815<: 716<6 61;47 61746 61453 51;<9
41<3 4416:6 :1859 81:59 71:3; 71393 61948 615<3 61376
5133 45198; ;1566 914<3 81379 71657 61;5< 617:3 614<;
5153 4819:: <1;8: :1574 81;35 71<39 715<< 61;96 61868
5173 4<1746 441;3; ;17:: 919:: 818:5 71;65 71637 61<44
5193 571366 471485 <1<64 :19<5 91668 81769 71;34 71663
51;3 5<1:75 491<9; 441977 ;1;9< :1543 91455 81693 71:<<
6133 691:<3 531683 461995 431569 ;1546 91<34 81<<3 81657
Wdeoh ;+g, frqwlqxhg= Vlfkho*v idfwru [bfET ( ? iru xsshu <3(
frqghqfh ohyho rq wkh phdq ri d orjqrupdo srsxodwlrq

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T ' 3133 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333
3135 4139< 41399 41396 41384 41377 41373 41369 41366
3137 41433 413<8 413<3 413:7 41397 4138: 41385 4137;
3139 41459 4144< 41446 413<5 413;3 413:4 41397 4138<
313; 4147; 41473 41466 4143; 413<6 413;6 413:8 4139<
3143 4149; 4148< 41484 41456 41439 413<7 413;8 413:<
3145 414;: 414:9 4149; 41469 4144: 41437 413<7 413;:
3147 41538 414<6 414;7 4147< 4145; 41447 41436 413<8
3149 41555 41543 414<< 41494 4146; 41456 41444 41435
314; 4156< 41558 41547 414:6 4147; 41465 4144< 41443
3153 41588 41574 4155; 414;8 4148; 41473 4145: 4144:
3163 41666 41647 415<: 4156< 41537 414;3 41496 4147<
3173 4173; 416;7 41695 415<3 41579 4154: 414<9 414:<
3183 417;6 41786 4175: 4166< 415;; 41586 4155; 4153;
3193 4188; 41855 417<5 416;< 4165< 415;; 4158< 4156:
31:3 41968 418<7 4188; 4176< 416:3 41657 415<3 41598
31;3 41:47 41999 41959 417<3 41744 4168< 41655 415<6
31<3 41:<9 41:75 419<9 41875 41786 416<8 41686 41654
4133 41;;5 41;53 41:9; 418<8 417<9 41764 416;8 41683
4143 41<:3 41<34 41;75 4197< 41873 4179; 4174: 416:<
4153 51396 41<;8 41<53 41:38 418;8 41839 41783 4173;
4163 51493 513:6 51334 41:96 41963 41878 417;7 4176;
4173 51595 51498 513;8 41;56 419:; 418;7 4184; 4179<
4183 5169; 51594 514:5 41;;8 41:59 41958 41886 41833
4193 517;3 51695 51597 41<7< 41::9 41999 418;< 41864
41:3 518<: 5179: 51693 51349 41;5; 41:3< 41958 41897
41;3 51:53 518:; 51793 513;7 41;;4 41:86 41996 418<:
41<3 51;7< 519<6 51898 51489 41<69 41:<; 41:34 41963
5133 51<;9 51;48 519:7 51563 41<<6 41;77 41:74 41998
5153 615;3 613:9 51<3< 516;: 51445 41<74 41;56 41:6:
5173 61939 61697 6149: 51889 5156< 51376 41<43 41;45
5193 61<9; 619;5 61784 51:73 516:8 51485 51334 41;<4
51;3 716:4 71368 61:96 51<6; 51854 5159; 513<: 41<:7
6133 71;4< 71757 7143: 61486 519:: 516<4 51533 51395
 Wdeoh ;+h,= Vlfkho*v idfwru [bD ET ( ? iru xsshu <8(
frqghqfh ohyho rq wkh phdq ri d orjqrupdo srsxodwlrq

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T ' 3133 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333
3135 41576 414<7 41497 41477 4145< 4144: 4143; 41434
3137 41697 415;; 41575 41544 414;< 414:5 4148; 4147:
3139 4179: 4169: 4163: 4159: 4156; 41549 414<< 414;7
313; 41896 4176< 41699 4164: 415;5 41588 41568 4154;
3143 41986 4183: 41754 41697 41656 415<5 4159; 4157;
3145 41:75 418:5 417:7 4173; 41695 4165: 415<< 415::
3147 41;5< 41969 41858 41784 416<< 41693 4165< 41638
3149 41<48 419<< 418:7 417<6 41768 416<5 4168< 41664
314; 51334 41:94 41957 41867 417:4 41757 416;: 4168:
3153 513;; 41;56 419:5 418:8 41839 41788 41748 416;6
3163 51869 51469 41<48 41::8 419:: 41938 4187< 41838
3173 61357 51799 51498 41<:: 41;7< 41:87 419;5 41958
3183 6189< 51;55 51763 514;< 51359 41<3: 41;4: 41:7:
3193 714;5 61545 51:47 51746 51544 51399 41<8: 41;:5
31:3 71;:< 61975 61355 51985 5173; 51567 51436 51334
31;3 819:7 7144< 6168: 51<43 5194: 51743 51589 5146:
31<3 918;5 71983 61:57 614;< 51;75 518<; 5174; 515;3
4133 :1954 81575 7145: 617<3 613;5 51:<; 518<3 51763
4143 ;1;46 81<36 7189; 61;4; 61674 61345 51::5 518;<
4153 4314:< 91976 81388 714:7 61953 61574 51<99 51:8:
4163 441:7: :17:4 818<3 71895 61<54 617;9 614:6 51<69
4173 461879 ;16<< 914;4 71<;7 7157: 61:83 616<6 61458
4183 481944 <176< 91;65 81778 718<< 71366 6195< 6165:
4193 4:1<;3 431938 :1884 81<7< 71<;3 7166: 61;;4 61875
41:3 5319<< 441<44 ;1678 917<; 816<5 71997 71484 61::4
41;3 561;4; 4616:: <1555 :13<; 81;6< 81349 7176< 71347
41<3 5:16<8 481354 4314<4 :1:87 91657 816<8 71:7; 715:7
5133 6417<9 491;98 441595 ;17:5 91;7< 81;36 813:< 71884
5153 7418;4 541584 461:86 431448 ;136: 91:4; 81;48 81496
5173 871;3: 591:9: 491:<< 4513;4 <1769 :1:;4 91995 81;93
5193 :51455 661:34 531855 471769 4413;9 <134< :196: 91989
51;3 <71:85 751743 5813:6 4:158: 461365 431793 ;1:94 :189:
6133 45715:4 861674 631969 53196< 48165< 451474 43138; ;193;
Wdeoh ;+h, frqwlqxhg= Vlfkho*v idfwru [bDET ( ? iru xsshu <8(
frqghqfh ohyho rq wkh phdq ri d orjqrupdo srsxodwlrq

?' 46 47 48 53 58 63 68 73
T ' 3133 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333
3135 413<8 413;< 413;8 4139< 4138< 41386 4137; 41377
3137 4146; 41463 41456 41433 413;9 413:9 4139< 41397
3139 414:6 41496 41487 41458 4143: 413<8 413;9 413:<
313; 41537 414<5 414;5 41479 41458 41444 41433 413<5
3143 41565 4154; 4153: 41499 41475 41459 41447 41437
3145 4158< 41576 41563 414;8 4148; 4146< 41459 41448
3147 415;7 4159: 41586 41535 414:6 41485 4146; 41459
3149 4163< 415<3 415:7 4154< 414;: 41498 4147< 41469
314; 41666 41646 415<8 41569 41533 414:: 4148< 41479
3153 4168: 41667 41649 41585 41547 414;; 414:3 41488
3163 4179< 4176< 41746 4165: 415:9 41575 4154; 414<<
3173 418:< 41874 4183; 416<< 41669 415<6 41596 41573
3183 419<3 41975 41935 417:3 416<6 41676 4163: 415;3
3193 41;36 41:79 419<; 41874 41784 416<5 41683 4164<
31:3 41<53 41;86 41:<: 41946 4183< 41775 416<7 4168;
31;3 51375 41<97 41;<< 419;: 4189; 417<5 4176: 416<9
31<3 5149< 513:< 51338 41:96 4195< 41875 417;4 41769
4133 51636 51534 51448 41;74 419<3 418<7 41859 417:9
4143 51777 5165; 51564 41<55 41:87 4197: 418:5 41849
4153 518<6 51794 51685 51339 41;4< 41:34 4194< 4188:
4163 51:84 51935 517;3 513<7 41;;: 41:8: 41999 41933
4173 51<4: 51:83 51947 514;8 41<8: 41;47 41:48 41976
4183 613<6 51<3: 51:87 515:< 5135< 41;:6 41:99 419;:
4193 615;3 613:5 51<36 516:; 51437 41<67 41;4: 41:65
41:3 617:< 6157: 6138< 517;4 514;5 41<<: 41;:4 41::;
41;3 619;< 61765 61558 518;< 51595 51395 41<58 41;59
41<3 61<46 6195; 616<< 51:34 51679 5145< 41<;5 41;:8
5133 71483 61;69 618;6 51;4< 51765 514<; 51373 41<58
5153 719:5 715;< 61<;6 613:3 51949 51677 51494 51363
5173 81595 71:<< 71764 61678 51;48 51833 515<4 51474
5193 81<63 816:5 71<64 6197: 61363 5199; 5175; 5158;
51;3 919;< 9134< 817<6 61<:< 61596 51;7; 518:8 516;6
6133 :1883 91:7; 91455 71676 61849 61374 51:65 51848
 Wdeoh ;+i ,= Vlfkho*v idfwru [b.DET ( ? iru xsshu <:18(
frqghqfh rq wkh phdq ri d orjqrupdo srsxodwlrq

?' 8 9 : ; < 43 44 45
T ' 3133 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333
3135 41669 41594 4154: 414;; 41499 41484 4146; 4145;
3137 41845 416<5 41656 415:; 41579 41555 41536 414;;
3139 41998 41837 41746 41686 41644 415;3 41589 41569
313; 41;43 4193; 417<8 41755 416:4 41666 41636 415;3
3143 41<83 41:3: 418:5 417;9 41759 416;5 4167: 41653
3145 513;< 41;37 4197: 4187; 417:< 4175; 416;< 4168;
3147 5155: 41;<< 41:53 4193; 41863 417:6 4175< 416<8
3149 5169: 41<<6 41:<5 4199: 418;3 4184: 4179< 41763
314; 5183; 513;; 41;97 41:58 41963 41893 4183: 41798
3153 51984 514;6 41<69 41:;6 419:< 41936 41878 417<<
3163 61753 519:: 51633 513:6 41<54 41;45 41:63 41999
3173 71636 6154; 519;: 516:8 514:3 51357 41<49 41;65
3183 81669 61;56 6143< 519<; 51765 51579 5143; 51335
3193 91888 7183; 618:7 6137; 51:46 517;3 51643 514:<
31:3 :1<<< 815;< 713<4 61763 61348 51:63 51857 51699
31;3 <1:49 914;5 7199< 61;83 61676 61333 51:85 51897
31<3 441:8; :153: 81648 71646 61:34 615<3 51<<9 51::8
4133 4714<3 ;16;6 91375 71;58 713<4 61937 6158; 61333
4143 4:13;9 <1:69 91;8; 816<4 7184; 61<78 61874 61575
4153 531869 4415<5 :1::: 9134< 71<;9 71648 61;78 61833
4163 571977 4613;6 ;1;46 91:48 81833 71:4: 714:7 61::;
4173 5<1867 481479 <1<;3 :17;; 91397 81488 71863 713:9
4183 681685 4:1854 4415<9 ;167; 919;7 81966 71<48 716<:
4193 7515:5 531589 451:;3 <1636 :1698 91486 81665 71:76
41:3 8317<9 561739 471788 431699 ;1448 91:54 81:;7 81448
41;3 931598 5:1365 491678 44187; ;1<74 :1674 915:7 8184:
41<3 :41;93 64153: 4;17:; 451;96 <1;83 ;134; 91;38 81<83
5133 ;81948 691344 531;;8 47165: 431;84 ;1:8: :16;4 9174:
5153 4541563 7:1<33 59199; 4:1::4 46149; 43177; ;19;9 :1799
5173 4:4144; 961956 671366 55136< 481<;6 45179< 431558 ;19<3
5193 5731:;: ;716<3 76173< 5:1665 4<1736 471;;8 451374 43144<
51;3 66:1::9 4441::; 88166< 661;<7 561894 4:1::9 4714;: 441:;<
6133 7:516;3 47:1;7: :31844 75135< 5;1949 54156: 491:57 461:76
Wdeoh ;+i, frqwlqxhg= Vlfkho*v idfwru [b.DET ( ? iru xsshu <:18(
frqghqfh rq wkh phdq ri d orjqrupdo srsxodwlrq

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T ' 3133 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333
3135 41453 41446 4143: 413;9 413:7 41398 4138< 41387
3137 414:8 41498 41489 41458 41439 413<7 413;8 413:;
3139 41553 4153: 414<8 41489 41466 4144: 41439 413<:
313; 41593 41577 41563 414;7 41489 4146: 41457 41446
3143 415<; 415:< 41596 4153< 414:: 41489 41473 4145;
3145 41666 41644 415<6 41565 414<: 414:6 41489 41475
3147 41699 41676 41656 41588 41548 414;< 414:3 41489
3149 416<< 416:6 41684 415:: 41567 41538 414;7 4149;
314; 41764 41735 416:; 415<; 41584 41553 414<: 414;3
3153 41795 41764 41738 4164; 4159; 41567 41543 414<5
3163 41947 418:4 41868 41749 4167; 41636 415:4 4157:
3173 41:97 41:3< 41995 41843 41757 4169; 4165< 415<<
3183 41<4: 41;7; 41:<4 41937 41833 41765 416;8 4167<
3193 513:9 41<<5 41<56 419<< 418:8 417<9 41773 416<;
31:3 51575 51475 51393 41:<9 41985 41893 417<9 4177;
31;3 5174; 51633 51536 41;<9 41:63 41958 41886 417<;
31<3 51937 51799 51687 51333 41;44 419<5 41943 4187<
4133 51;34 51975 51845 5143; 41;<7 41:94 4199< 41934
4143 61344 51;5< 519;3 51553 41<;3 41;64 41:5< 41987
4153 61569 6135: 51;8: 5166; 5139< 41<37 41:<4 41:3;
4163 617:8 6156: 61379 51794 51495 41<:< 41;87 41:96
4173 61:65 61795 61578 518<3 5158; 51389 41<4< 41;53
4183 71339 61:35 6178; 51:59 5168< 5146: 41<;: 41;:<
4193 71633 61<8: 619;6 51;9; 51796 51553 5138: 41<6<
41:3 71949 71563 61<57 6134: 518:5 51639 5145< 51334
41;3 71<87 71855 714:< 614:8 519;9 516<9 51536 51398
41<3 8164; 71;67 71785 61673 51;38 517;< 515;3 51464
5133 81:3; 8149; 71:75 61847 51<5< 518;9 51693 514<<
5153 918:; 81<3: 816;6 61;<4 614<7 51:<4 5185; 51675
5173 :18;7 91:87 91445 71643 617;7 61346 51:3; 517<7
5193 ;1:7: :1:5: 91<76 71::8 61;35 61587 51<35 5198:
51;3 4313<8 ;1;79 :1;<5 815<6 71483 61848 61444 51;64
6133 44198: 431465 ;1<:8 81;:4 71865 61:<; 61668 6134:
 Table 9 Binomial probabilities
p
n g .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50
1 0 0.9500 0.9000 0.8500 0.8000 0.7500 0.7000 0.6500 0.6000 0.5500 0.5000
1 0.0500 0.1000 0.1500 0.2000 0.2500 0.3000 0.3500 0.4000 0.4500 0.5000

2 0 0.9025 0.8100 0.7225 0.6400 0.5625 0.4900 0.4225 0.3600 0.3025 0.2500
1 0.0950 0.1800 0.2550 0.3200 0.3750 0.4200 0.4550 0.4800 0.4950 0.5000
2 0.0025 0.0100 0.0225 0.0400 0.0625 0.0900 0.1225 0.1600 0.2025 0.2500

3 0 0.8574 0.7290 0.6141 0.5120 0.4219 0.3430 0.2746 0.2160 0.1664 0.1250
1 0.1354 0.2430 0.3251 0.3840 0.4219 0.4410 0.4436 0.4320 0.4084 0.3750
2 0.0071 0.0270 0.0574 0.0960 0.1406 0.1890 0.2389 0.2880 0.3341 0.3750
3 0.0001 0.0010 0.0034 0.0080 0.0156 0.0270 0.0429 0.0640 0.0911 0.1250

4 0 0.8145 0.6561 0.5220 0.4096 0.3164 0.2401 0.1785 0.1296 0.0915 0.0625
1 0.1715 0.2916 0.3685 0.4096 0.4219 0.4116 0.3845 0.3456 0.2995 0.2500
2 0.0135 0.0486 0.0975 0.1536 0.2109 0.2646 0.3105 0.3456 0.3675 0.3750
3 0.0005 0.0036 0.0115 0.0256 0.0469 0.0756 0.1115 0.1536 0.2005 0.2500
4 0.0000 0.0001 0.0005 0.0016 0.0039 0.0081 0.0150 0.0256 0.0410 0.0625

5 0 0.7738 0.5905 0.4437 0.3277 0.2373 0.1681 0.1160 0.0778 0.0503 0.0313
1 0.2036 0.3281 0.3915 0.4096 0.3955 0.3602 0.3124 0.2592 0.2059 0.1563
2 0.0214 0.0729 0.1382 0.2048 0.2637 0.3087 0.3364 0.3456 0.3369 0.3125
3 0.0011 0.0081 0.0244 0.0512 0.0879 0.1323 0.1811 0.2304 0.2757 0.3125
4 0.0000 0.0005 0.0022 0.0064 0.0146 0.0284 0.0488 0.0768 0.1128 0.1563
5 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0010 0.0024 0.0053 0.0102 0.0185 0.0313

6 0 0.7351 0.5314 0.3771 0.2621 0.1780 0.1176 0.0754 0.0467 0.0277 0.0156
1 0.2321 0.3543 0.3993 0.3932 0.3560 0.3025 0.2437 0.1866 0.1359 0.0938
2 0.0305 0.0984 0.1762 0.2458 0.2966 0.3241 0.3280 0.3110 0.2780 0.2344
3 0.0021 0.0146 0.0415 0.0819 0.1318 0.1852 0.2355 0.2765 0.3032 0.3125
4 0.0001 0.0012 0.0055 0.0154 0.0330 0.0595 0.0951 0.1382 0.1861 0.2344
5 0.0000 0.0001 0.0004 0.0015 0.0044 0.0102 0.0205 0.0369 0.0609 0.0938
6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0007 0.0018 0.0041 0.0083 0.0156

7 0 0.6983 0.4783 0.3206 0.2097 0.1335 0.0824 0.0490 0.0280 0.0152 0.0078
1 0.2573 0.3720 0.3960 0.3670 0.3115 0.2471 0.1848 0.1306 0.0872 0.0547
2 0.0406 0.1240 0.2097 0.2753 0.3115 0.3177 0.2985 0.2613 0.2140 0.1641
3 0.0036 0.0230 0.0617 0.1147 0.1730 0.2269 0.2679 0.2903 0.2918 0.2734
4 0.0002 0.0026 0.0109 0.0287 0.0577 0.0972 0.1442 0.1935 0.2388 0.2734
5 0.0000 0.0002 0.0012 0.0043 0.0115 0.0250 0.0466 0.0774 0.1172 0.1641
6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0004 0.0013 0.0036 0.0084 0.0172 0.0320 0.0547
7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0006 0.0016 0.0037 0.0078

8 0 0.6634 0.4305 0.2725 0.1678 0.1001 0.0576 0.0319 0.0168 0.0084 0.0039
1 0.2793 0.3826 0.3847 0.3355 0.2670 0.1977 0.1373 0.0896 0.0548 0.0313
2 0.0515 0.1488 0.2376 0.2936 0.3115 0.2965 0.2587 0.2090 0.1569 0.1094
3 0.0054 0.0331 0.0839 0.1468 0.2076 0.2541 0.2786 0.2787 0.2568 0.2188
4 0.0004 0.0046 0.0185 0.0459 0.0865 0.1361 0.1875 0.2322 0.2627 0.2734
5 0.0000 0.0004 0.0026 0.0092 0.0231 0.0467 0.0808 0.1239 0.1719 0.2188
6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0011 0.0038 0.0100 0.0217 0.0413 0.0703 0.1094
7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0004 0.0012 0.0033 0.0079 0.0164 0.0313
8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0007 0.0017 0.0039
 Table 9 Binomial probabilities
p
n g .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50
9 0 0.6302 0.3874 0.2316 0.1342 0.0751 0.0404 0.0207 0.0101 0.0046 0.0020
1 0.2985 0.3874 0.3679 0.3020 0.2253 0.1556 0.1004 0.0605 0.0339 0.0176
2 0.0629 0.1722 0.2597 0.3020 0.3003 0.2668 0.2162 0.1612 0.1110 0.0703
3 0.0077 0.0446 0.1069 0.1762 0.2336 0.2668 0.2716 0.2508 0.2119 0.1641
4 0.0006 0.0074 0.0283 0.0661 0.1168 0.1715 0.2194 0.2508 0.2600 0.2461
5 0.0000 0.0008 0.0050 0.0165 0.0389 0.0735 0.1181 0.1672 0.2128 0.2461
6 0.0000 0.0001 0.0006 0.0028 0.0087 0.0210 0.0424 0.0743 0.1160 0.1641
7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0012 0.0039 0.0098 0.0212 0.0407 0.0703
8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0004 0.0013 0.0035 0.0083 0.0176
9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0008 0.0020

10 0 0.5987 0.3487 0.1969 0.1074 0.0563 0.0282 0.0135 0.0060 0.0025 0.0010
1 0.3151 0.3874 0.3474 0.2684 0.1877 0.1211 0.0725 0.0403 0.0207 0.0098
2 0.0746 0.1937 0.2759 0.3020 0.2816 0.2335 0.1757 0.1209 0.0763 0.0439
3 0.0105 0.0574 0.1298 0.2013 0.2503 0.2668 0.2522 0.2150 0.1665 0.1172
4 0.0010 0.0112 0.0401 0.0881 0.1460 0.2001 0.2377 0.2508 0.2384 0.2051
5 0.0001 0.0015 0.0085 0.0264 0.0584 0.1029 0.1536 0.2007 0.2340 0.2461
6 0.0000 0.0001 0.0012 0.0055 0.0162 0.0368 0.0689 0.1115 0.1596 0.2051
7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0008 0.0031 0.0090 0.0212 0.0425 0.0746 0.1172
8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0004 0.0014 0.0043 0.0106 0.0229 0.0439
9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0005 0.0016 0.0042 0.0098
10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0010

11 0 0.5688 0.3138 0.1673 0.0859 0.0422 0.0198 0.0088 0.0036 0.0014 0.0005
1 0.3293 0.3835 0.3248 0.2362 0.1549 0.0932 0.0518 0.0266 0.0125 0.0054
2 0.0867 0.2131 0.2866 0.2953 0.2581 0.1998 0.1395 0.0887 0.0513 0.0269
3 0.0137 0.0710 0.1517 0.2215 0.2581 0.2568 0.2254 0.1774 0.1259 0.0806
4 0.0014 0.0158 0.0536 0.1107 0.1721 0.2201 0.2428 0.2365 0.2060 0.1611
5 0.0001 0.0025 0.0132 0.0388 0.0803 0.1321 0.1830 0.2207 0.2360 0.2256
6 0.0000 0.0003 0.0023 0.0097 0.0268 0.0566 0.0985 0.1471 0.1931 0.2256
7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0017 0.0064 0.0173 0.0379 0.0701 0.1128 0.1611
8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0011 0.0037 0.0102 0.0234 0.0462 0.0806
9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0005 0.0018 0.0052 0.0126 0.0269
10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0007 0.0021 0.0054
11 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0005

12 0 0.5404 0.2824 0.1422 0.0687 0.0317 0.0138 0.0057 0.0022 0.0008 0.0002
1 0.3413 0.3766 0.3012 0.2062 0.1267 0.0712 0.0368 0.0174 0.0075 0.0029
2 0.0988 0.2301 0.2924 0.2835 0.2323 0.1678 0.1088 0.0639 0.0339 0.0161
3 0.0173 0.0852 0.1720 0.2362 0.2581 0.2397 0.1954 0.1419 0.0923 0.0537
4 0.0021 0.0213 0.0683 0.1329 0.1936 0.2311 0.2367 0.2128 0.1700 0.1208
5 0.0002 0.0038 0.0193 0.0532 0.1032 0.1585 0.2039 0.2270 0.2225 0.1934
6 0.0000 0.0005 0.0040 0.0155 0.0401 0.0792 0.1281 0.1766 0.2124 0.2256
7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0006 0.0033 0.0115 0.0291 0.0591 0.1009 0.1489 0.1934
8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0005 0.0024 0.0078 0.0199 0.0420 0.0762 0.1208
9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0004 0.0015 0.0048 0.0125 0.0277 0.0537
10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0008 0.0025 0.0068 0.0161
11 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0010 0.0029
12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002
 Table 9 Binomial probabilities
p
n g .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50
13 0 0.5133 0.2542 0.1209 0.0550 0.0238 0.0097 0.0037 0.0013 0.0004 0.0001
1 0.3512 0.3672 0.2774 0.1787 0.1029 0.0540 0.0259 0.0113 0.0045 0.0016
2 0.1109 0.2448 0.2937 0.2680 0.2059 0.1388 0.0836 0.0453 0.0220 0.0095
3 0.0214 0.0997 0.1900 0.2457 0.2517 0.2181 0.1651 0.1107 0.0660 0.0349
4 0.0028 0.0277 0.0838 0.1535 0.2097 0.2337 0.2222 0.1845 0.1350 0.0873
5 0.0003 0.0055 0.0266 0.0691 0.1258 0.1803 0.2154 0.2214 0.1989 0.1571
6 0.0000 0.0008 0.0063 0.0230 0.0559 0.1030 0.1546 0.1968 0.2169 0.2095
7 0.0000 0.0001 0.0011 0.0058 0.0186 0.0442 0.0833 0.1312 0.1775 0.2095
8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0011 0.0047 0.0142 0.0336 0.0656 0.1089 0.1571
9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0009 0.0034 0.0101 0.0243 0.0495 0.0873
10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0006 0.0022 0.0065 0.0162 0.0349
11 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0012 0.0036 0.0095
12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0005 0.0016

13 0 0.5133 0.2542 0.1209 0.0550 0.0238 0.0097 0.0037 0.0013 0.0004 0.0001
1 0.3512 0.3672 0.2774 0.1787 0.1029 0.0540 0.0259 0.0113 0.0045 0.0016
2 0.1109 0.2448 0.2937 0.2680 0.2059 0.1388 0.0836 0.0453 0.0220 0.0095
3 0.0214 0.0997 0.1900 0.2457 0.2517 0.2181 0.1651 0.1107 0.0660 0.0349
4 0.0028 0.0277 0.0838 0.1535 0.2097 0.2337 0.2222 0.1845 0.1350 0.0873
5 0.0003 0.0055 0.0266 0.0691 0.1258 0.1803 0.2154 0.2214 0.1989 0.1571
6 0.0000 0.0008 0.0063 0.0230 0.0559 0.1030 0.1546 0.1968 0.2169 0.2095
7 0.0000 0.0001 0.0011 0.0058 0.0186 0.0442 0.0833 0.1312 0.1775 0.2095
8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0011 0.0047 0.0142 0.0336 0.0656 0.1089 0.1571
9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0009 0.0034 0.0101 0.0243 0.0495 0.0873
10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0006 0.0022 0.0065 0.0162 0.0349
11 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0012 0.0036 0.0095
12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0005 0.0016
13 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001

14 0 0.4877 0.2288 0.1028 0.0440 0.0178 0.0068 0.0024 0.0008 0.0002 0.0001
1 0.3593 0.3559 0.2539 0.1539 0.0832 0.0407 0.0181 0.0073 0.0027 0.0009
2 0.1229 0.2570 0.2912 0.2501 0.1802 0.1134 0.0634 0.0317 0.0141 0.0056
3 0.0259 0.1142 0.2056 0.2501 0.2402 0.1943 0.1366 0.0845 0.0462 0.0222
4 0.0037 0.0349 0.0998 0.1720 0.2202 0.2290 0.2022 0.1549 0.1040 0.0611
5 0.0004 0.0078 0.0352 0.0860 0.1468 0.1963 0.2178 0.2066 0.1701 0.1222
6 0.0000 0.0013 0.0093 0.0322 0.0734 0.1262 0.1759 0.2066 0.2088 0.1833
7 0.0000 0.0002 0.0019 0.0092 0.0280 0.0618 0.1082 0.1574 0.1952 0.2095
8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0020 0.0082 0.0232 0.0510 0.0918 0.1398 0.1833
9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0018 0.0066 0.0183 0.0408 0.0762 0.1222
10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0014 0.0049 0.0136 0.0312 0.0611
11 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0010 0.0033 0.0093 0.0222
12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0005 0.0019 0.0056
13 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0009
14 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001
 Table 9 Binomial probabilities
p
n g .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50
15 0 0.4633 0.2059 0.0874 0.0352 0.0134 0.0047 0.0016 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000
1 0.3658 0.3432 0.2312 0.1319 0.0668 0.0305 0.0126 0.0047 0.0016 0.0005
2 0.1348 0.2669 0.2856 0.2309 0.1559 0.0916 0.0476 0.0219 0.0090 0.0032
3 0.0307 0.1285 0.2184 0.2501 0.2252 0.1700 0.1110 0.0634 0.0318 0.0139
4 0.0049 0.0428 0.1156 0.1876 0.2252 0.2186 0.1792 0.1268 0.0780 0.0417
5 0.0006 0.0105 0.0449 0.1032 0.1651 0.2061 0.2123 0.1859 0.1404 0.0916
6 0.0000 0.0019 0.0132 0.0430 0.0917 0.1472 0.1906 0.2066 0.1914 0.1527
7 0.0000 0.0003 0.0030 0.0138 0.0393 0.0811 0.1319 0.1771 0.2013 0.1964
8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0035 0.0131 0.0348 0.0710 0.1181 0.1647 0.1964
9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0007 0.0034 0.0116 0.0298 0.0612 0.1048 0.1527
10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0007 0.0030 0.0096 0.0245 0.0515 0.0916
11 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0006 0.0024 0.0074 0.0191 0.0417
12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0004 0.0016 0.0052 0.0139
13 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0010 0.0032
14 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0005
15 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

16 0 0.4401 0.1853 0.0743 0.0281 0.0100 0.0033 0.0010 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000
1 0.3706 0.3294 0.2097 0.1126 0.0535 0.0228 0.0087 0.0030 0.0009 0.0002
2 0.1463 0.2745 0.2775 0.2111 0.1336 0.0732 0.0353 0.0150 0.0056 0.0018
3 0.0359 0.1423 0.2285 0.2463 0.2079 0.1465 0.0888 0.0468 0.0215 0.0085
4 0.0061 0.0514 0.1311 0.2001 0.2252 0.2040 0.1553 0.1014 0.0572 0.0278
5 0.0008 0.0137 0.0555 0.1201 0.1802 0.2099 0.2008 0.1623 0.1123 0.0667
6 0.0001 0.0028 0.0180 0.0550 0.1101 0.1649 0.1982 0.1983 0.1684 0.1222
7 0.0000 0.0004 0.0045 0.0197 0.0524 0.1010 0.1524 0.1889 0.1969 0.1746
8 0.0000 0.0001 0.0009 0.0055 0.0197 0.0487 0.0923 0.1417 0.1812 0.1964
9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0012 0.0058 0.0185 0.0442 0.0840 0.1318 0.1746
10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0014 0.0056 0.0167 0.0392 0.0755 0.1222
11 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0013 0.0049 0.0142 0.0337 0.0667
12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0011 0.0040 0.0115 0.0278
13 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0008 0.0029 0.0085
14 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0005 0.0018
15 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002
16 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

17 0 0.4181 0.1668 0.0631 0.0225 0.0075 0.0023 0.0007 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.3741 0.3150 0.1893 0.0957 0.0426 0.0169 0.0060 0.0019 0.0005 0.0001
2 0.1575 0.2800 0.2673 0.1914 0.1136 0.0581 0.0260 0.0102 0.0035 0.0010
3 0.0415 0.1556 0.2359 0.2393 0.1893 0.1245 0.0701 0.0341 0.0144 0.0052
4 0.0076 0.0605 0.1457 0.2093 0.2209 0.1868 0.1320 0.0796 0.0411 0.0182
5 0.0010 0.0175 0.0668 0.1361 0.1914 0.2081 0.1849 0.1379 0.0875 0.0472
6 0.0001 0.0039 0.0236 0.0680 0.1276 0.1784 0.1991 0.1839 0.1432 0.0944
7 0.0000 0.0007 0.0065 0.0267 0.0668 0.1201 0.1685 0.1927 0.1841 0.1484
8 0.0000 0.0001 0.0014 0.0084 0.0279 0.0644 0.1134 0.1606 0.1883 0.1855
9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0021 0.0093 0.0276 0.0611 0.1070 0.1540 0.1855
10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0025 0.0095 0.0263 0.0571 0.1008 0.1484
11 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0005 0.0026 0.0090 0.0242 0.0525 0.0944
12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0006 0.0024 0.0081 0.0215 0.0472
13 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0005 0.0021 0.0068 0.0182
14 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0004 0.0016 0.0052
15 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0010
16 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001
17 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
 Table 9 Binomial probabilities
p
n g .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50
18 0 0.3972 0.1501 0.0536 0.0180 0.0056 0.0016 0.0004 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.3763 0.3002 0.1704 0.0811 0.0338 0.0126 0.0042 0.0012 0.0003 0.0001
2 0.1683 0.2835 0.2556 0.1723 0.0958 0.0458 0.0190 0.0069 0.0022 0.0006
3 0.0473 0.1680 0.2406 0.2297 0.1704 0.1046 0.0547 0.0246 0.0095 0.0031
4 0.0093 0.0700 0.1592 0.2153 0.2130 0.1681 0.1104 0.0614 0.0291 0.0117
5 0.0014 0.0218 0.0787 0.1507 0.1988 0.2017 0.1664 0.1146 0.0666 0.0327
6 0.0002 0.0052 0.0301 0.0816 0.1436 0.1873 0.1941 0.1655 0.1181 0.0708
7 0.0000 0.0010 0.0091 0.0350 0.0820 0.1376 0.1792 0.1892 0.1657 0.1214
8 0.0000 0.0002 0.0022 0.0120 0.0376 0.0811 0.1327 0.1734 0.1864 0.1669
9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0033 0.0139 0.0386 0.0794 0.1284 0.1694 0.1855
10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0008 0.0042 0.0149 0.0385 0.0771 0.1248 0.1669
11 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0010 0.0046 0.0151 0.0374 0.0742 0.1214
12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0012 0.0047 0.0145 0.0354 0.0708
13 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0012 0.0045 0.0134 0.0327
14 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0011 0.0039 0.0117
15 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0009 0.0031
16 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0006
17 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001
18 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

19 0 0.3774 0.1351 0.0456 0.0144 0.0042 0.0011 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.3774 0.2852 0.1529 0.0685 0.0268 0.0093 0.0029 0.0008 0.0002 0.0000
2 0.1787 0.2852 0.2428 0.1540 0.0803 0.0358 0.0138 0.0046 0.0013 0.0003
3 0.0533 0.1796 0.2428 0.2182 0.1517 0.0869 0.0422 0.0175 0.0062 0.0018
4 0.0112 0.0798 0.1714 0.2182 0.2023 0.1491 0.0909 0.0467 0.0203 0.0074
5 0.0018 0.0266 0.0907 0.1636 0.2023 0.1916 0.1468 0.0933 0.0497 0.0222
6 0.0002 0.0069 0.0374 0.0955 0.1574 0.1916 0.1844 0.1451 0.0949 0.0518
7 0.0000 0.0014 0.0122 0.0443 0.0974 0.1525 0.1844 0.1797 0.1443 0.0961
8 0.0000 0.0002 0.0032 0.0166 0.0487 0.0981 0.1489 0.1797 0.1771 0.1442
9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0007 0.0051 0.0198 0.0514 0.0980 0.1464 0.1771 0.1762
10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0013 0.0066 0.0220 0.0528 0.0976 0.1449 0.1762
11 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0018 0.0077 0.0233 0.0532 0.0970 0.1442
12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0022 0.0083 0.0237 0.0529 0.0961
13 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0005 0.0024 0.0085 0.0233 0.0518
14 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0006 0.0024 0.0082 0.0222
15 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0005 0.0022 0.0074
16 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0005 0.0018
17 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003
18 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
19 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
 Table 9 Binomial probabilities
p
n g .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50
20 0 0.3585 0.1216 0.0388 0.0115 0.0032 0.0008 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.3774 0.2702 0.1368 0.0576 0.0211 0.0068 0.0020 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000
2 0.1887 0.2852 0.2293 0.1369 0.0669 0.0278 0.0100 0.0031 0.0008 0.0002
3 0.0596 0.1901 0.2428 0.2054 0.1339 0.0716 0.0323 0.0123 0.0040 0.0011
4 0.0133 0.0898 0.1821 0.2182 0.1897 0.1304 0.0738 0.0350 0.0139 0.0046
5 0.0022 0.0319 0.1028 0.1746 0.2023 0.1789 0.1272 0.0746 0.0365 0.0148
6 0.0003 0.0089 0.0454 0.1091 0.1686 0.1916 0.1712 0.1244 0.0746 0.0370
7 0.0000 0.0020 0.0160 0.0545 0.1124 0.1643 0.1844 0.1659 0.1221 0.0739
8 0.0000 0.0004 0.0046 0.0222 0.0609 0.1144 0.1614 0.1797 0.1623 0.1201
9 0.0000 0.0001 0.0011 0.0074 0.0271 0.0654 0.1158 0.1597 0.1771 0.1602
10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0020 0.0099 0.0308 0.0686 0.1171 0.1593 0.1762
11 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0030 0.0120 0.0336 0.0710 0.1185 0.1602
12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0008 0.0039 0.0136 0.0355 0.0727 0.1201
13 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0010 0.0045 0.0146 0.0366 0.0739
14 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0012 0.0049 0.0150 0.0370
15 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0013 0.0049 0.0148
16 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0013 0.0046
17 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0011
18 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002
19 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
20 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
 Table 10 Poisson Probabilities

λ
g 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0 0.9048 0.8187 0.7408 0.6703 0.6065 0.5488 0.4966 0.4493 0.4066 0.3679
1 0.0905 0.1637 0.2222 0.2681 0.3033 0.3293 0.3476 0.3595 0.3659 0.3679
2 0.0045 0.0164 0.0333 0.0536 0.0758 0.0988 0.1217 0.1438 0.1647 0.1839
3 0.0002 0.0011 0.0033 0.0072 0.0126 0.0198 0.0284 0.0383 0.0494 0.0613
4 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0007 0.0016 0.0030 0.0050 0.0077 0.0111 0.0153
5 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0004 0.0007 0.0012 0.0020 0.0031
6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0005
7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001

g 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2

0 0.3329 0.3012 0.2725 0.2466 0.2231 0.2019 0.1827 0.1653 0.1496 0.1353
1 0.3662 0.3614 0.3543 0.3452 0.3347 0.3230 0.3106 0.2975 0.2842 0.2707
2 0.2014 0.2169 0.2303 0.2417 0.2510 0.2584 0.2640 0.2678 0.2700 0.2707
3 0.0738 0.0867 0.0998 0.1128 0.1255 0.1378 0.1496 0.1607 0.1710 0.1804
4 0.0203 0.0260 0.0324 0.0395 0.0471 0.0551 0.0636 0.0723 0.0812 0.0902
5 0.0045 0.0062 0.0084 0.0111 0.0141 0.0176 0.0216 0.0260 0.0309 0.0361
6 0.0008 0.0012 0.0018 0.0026 0.0035 0.0047 0.0061 0.0078 0.0098 0.0120
7 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0005 0.0008 0.0011 0.0015 0.0020 0.0027 0.0034
8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0005 0.0006 0.0009
9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002

g 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3

0 0.1225 0.1108 0.1003 0.0907 0.0821 0.0743 0.0672 0.0608 0.0550 0.0498
1 0.2572 0.2438 0.2306 0.2177 0.2052 0.1931 0.1815 0.1703 0.1596 0.1494
2 0.2700 0.2681 0.2652 0.2613 0.2565 0.2510 0.2450 0.2384 0.2314 0.2240
3 0.1890 0.1966 0.2033 0.2090 0.2138 0.2176 0.2205 0.2225 0.2237 0.2240
4 0.0992 0.1082 0.1169 0.1254 0.1336 0.1414 0.1488 0.1557 0.1622 0.1680
5 0.0417 0.0476 0.0538 0.0602 0.0668 0.0735 0.0804 0.0872 0.0940 0.1008
6 0.0146 0.0174 0.0206 0.0241 0.0278 0.0319 0.0362 0.0407 0.0455 0.0504
7 0.0044 0.0055 0.0068 0.0083 0.0099 0.0118 0.0139 0.0163 0.0188 0.0216
8 0.0011 0.0015 0.0019 0.0025 0.0031 0.0038 0.0047 0.0057 0.0068 0.0081
9 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0007 0.0009 0.0011 0.0014 0.0018 0.0022 0.0027
10 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0008
11 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002
12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001
 Table 10 Poisson Probabilities

λ
g 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4
0 0.0450 0.0408 0.0369 0.0334 0.0302 0.0273 0.0247 0.0224 0.0202 0.0183
1 0.1397 0.1304 0.1217 0.1135 0.1057 0.0984 0.0915 0.0850 0.0789 0.0733
2 0.2165 0.2087 0.2008 0.1929 0.1850 0.1771 0.1692 0.1615 0.1539 0.1465
3 0.2237 0.2226 0.2209 0.2186 0.2158 0.2125 0.2087 0.2046 0.2001 0.1954
4 0.1733 0.1781 0.1823 0.1858 0.1888 0.1912 0.1931 0.1944 0.1951 0.1954
5 0.1075 0.1140 0.1203 0.1264 0.1322 0.1377 0.1429 0.1477 0.1522 0.1563
6 0.0555 0.0608 0.0662 0.0716 0.0771 0.0826 0.0881 0.0936 0.0989 0.1042
7 0.0246 0.0278 0.0312 0.0348 0.0385 0.0425 0.0466 0.0508 0.0551 0.0595
8 0.0095 0.0111 0.0129 0.0148 0.0169 0.0191 0.0215 0.0241 0.0269 0.0298
9 0.0033 0.0040 0.0047 0.0056 0.0066 0.0076 0.0089 0.0102 0.0116 0.0132
10 0.0010 0.0013 0.0016 0.0019 0.0023 0.0028 0.0033 0.0039 0.0045 0.0053
11 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0009 0.0011 0.0013 0.0016 0.0019
12 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006
13 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002
14 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001

g 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5

0 0.0166 0.0150 0.0136 0.0123 0.0111 0.0101 0.0091 0.0082 0.0074 0.0067
1 0.0679 0.0630 0.0583 0.0540 0.0500 0.0462 0.0427 0.0395 0.0365 0.0337
2 0.1393 0.1323 0.1254 0.1188 0.1125 0.1063 0.1005 0.0948 0.0894 0.0842
3 0.1904 0.1852 0.1798 0.1743 0.1687 0.1631 0.1574 0.1517 0.1460 0.1404
4 0.1951 0.1944 0.1933 0.1917 0.1898 0.1875 0.1849 0.1820 0.1789 0.1755
5 0.1600 0.1633 0.1662 0.1687 0.1708 0.1725 0.1738 0.1747 0.1753 0.1755
6 0.1093 0.1143 0.1191 0.1237 0.1281 0.1323 0.1362 0.1398 0.1432 0.1462
7 0.0640 0.0686 0.0732 0.0778 0.0824 0.0869 0.0914 0.0959 0.1002 0.1044
8 0.0328 0.0360 0.0393 0.0428 0.0463 0.0500 0.0537 0.0575 0.0614 0.0653
9 0.0150 0.0168 0.0188 0.0209 0.0232 0.0255 0.0281 0.0307 0.0334 0.0363
10 0.0061 0.0071 0.0081 0.0092 0.0104 0.0118 0.0132 0.0147 0.0164 0.0181
11 0.0023 0.0027 0.0032 0.0037 0.0043 0.0049 0.0056 0.0064 0.0073 0.0082
12 0.0008 0.0009 0.0011 0.0013 0.0016 0.0019 0.0022 0.0026 0.0030 0.0034
13 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 0.0011 0.0013
14 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005
15 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002
 Table 10 Poisson Probabilities

λ
g 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6
0 0.0061 0.0055 0.0050 0.0045 0.0041 0.0037 0.0033 0.0030 0.0027 0.0025
1 0.0311 0.0287 0.0265 0.0244 0.0225 0.0207 0.0191 0.0176 0.0162 0.0149
2 0.0793 0.0746 0.0701 0.0659 0.0618 0.0580 0.0544 0.0509 0.0477 0.0446
3 0.1348 0.1293 0.1239 0.1185 0.1133 0.1082 0.1033 0.0985 0.0938 0.0892
4 0.1719 0.1681 0.1641 0.1600 0.1558 0.1515 0.1472 0.1428 0.1383 0.1339
5 0.1753 0.1748 0.1740 0.1728 0.1714 0.1697 0.1678 0.1656 0.1632 0.1606
6 0.1490 0.1515 0.1537 0.1555 0.1571 0.1584 0.1594 0.1601 0.1605 0.1606
7 0.1086 0.1125 0.1163 0.1200 0.1234 0.1267 0.1298 0.1326 0.1353 0.1377
8 0.0692 0.0731 0.0771 0.0810 0.0849 0.0887 0.0925 0.0962 0.0998 0.1033
9 0.0392 0.0423 0.0454 0.0486 0.0519 0.0552 0.0586 0.0620 0.0654 0.0688
10 0.0200 0.0220 0.0241 0.0262 0.0285 0.0309 0.0334 0.0359 0.0386 0.0413
11 0.0093 0.0104 0.0116 0.0129 0.0143 0.0157 0.0173 0.0190 0.0207 0.0225
12 0.0039 0.0045 0.0051 0.0058 0.0065 0.0073 0.0082 0.0092 0.0102 0.0113
13 0.0015 0.0018 0.0021 0.0024 0.0028 0.0032 0.0036 0.0041 0.0046 0.0052
14 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 0.0011 0.0013 0.0015 0.0017 0.0019 0.0022
15 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009
16 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003
17 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

g 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7

0 0.0022 0.0020 0.0018 0.0017 0.0015 0.0014 0.0012 0.0011 0.0010 0.0009
1 0.0137 0.0126 0.0116 0.0106 0.0098 0.0090 0.0082 0.0076 0.0070 0.0064
2 0.0417 0.0390 0.0364 0.0340 0.0318 0.0296 0.0276 0.0258 0.0240 0.0223
3 0.0848 0.0806 0.0765 0.0726 0.0688 0.0652 0.0617 0.0584 0.0552 0.0521
4 0.1294 0.1249 0.1205 0.1162 0.1118 0.1076 0.1034 0.0992 0.0952 0.0912
5 0.1579 0.1549 0.1519 0.1487 0.1454 0.1420 0.1385 0.1349 0.1314 0.1277
6 0.1605 0.1601 0.1595 0.1586 0.1575 0.1562 0.1546 0.1529 0.1511 0.1490
7 0.1399 0.1418 0.1435 0.1450 0.1462 0.1472 0.1480 0.1486 0.1489 0.1490
8 0.1066 0.1099 0.1130 0.1160 0.1188 0.1215 0.1240 0.1263 0.1284 0.1304
9 0.0723 0.0757 0.0791 0.0825 0.0858 0.0891 0.0923 0.0954 0.0985 0.1014
10 0.0441 0.0469 0.0498 0.0528 0.0558 0.0588 0.0618 0.0649 0.0679 0.0710
11 0.0244 0.0265 0.0285 0.0307 0.0330 0.0353 0.0377 0.0401 0.0426 0.0452
12 0.0124 0.0137 0.0150 0.0164 0.0179 0.0194 0.0210 0.0227 0.0245 0.0263
13 0.0058 0.0065 0.0073 0.0081 0.0089 0.0099 0.0108 0.0119 0.0130 0.0142
14 0.0025 0.0029 0.0033 0.0037 0.0041 0.0046 0.0052 0.0058 0.0064 0.0071
15 0.0010 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018 0.0020 0.0023 0.0026 0.0029 0.0033
16 0.0004 0.0005 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0010 0.0011 0.0013 0.0014
17 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006
18 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002
19 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
 Table 10 Poisson Probabilities

λ
g 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 8
0 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0005 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003
1 0.0059 0.0054 0.0049 0.0045 0.0041 0.0038 0.0035 0.0032 0.0029 0.0027
2 0.0208 0.0194 0.0180 0.0167 0.0156 0.0145 0.0134 0.0125 0.0116 0.0107
3 0.0492 0.0464 0.0438 0.0413 0.0389 0.0366 0.0345 0.0324 0.0305 0.0286
4 0.0874 0.0836 0.0799 0.0764 0.0729 0.0696 0.0663 0.0632 0.0602 0.0573
5 0.1241 0.1204 0.1167 0.1130 0.1094 0.1057 0.1021 0.0986 0.0951 0.0916
6 0.1468 0.1445 0.1420 0.1394 0.1367 0.1339 0.1311 0.1282 0.1252 0.1221
7 0.1489 0.1486 0.1481 0.1474 0.1465 0.1454 0.1442 0.1428 0.1413 0.1396
8 0.1321 0.1337 0.1351 0.1363 0.1373 0.1381 0.1388 0.1392 0.1395 0.1396
9 0.1042 0.1070 0.1096 0.1121 0.1144 0.1167 0.1187 0.1207 0.1224 0.1241
10 0.0740 0.0770 0.0800 0.0829 0.0858 0.0887 0.0914 0.0941 0.0967 0.0993
11 0.0478 0.0504 0.0531 0.0558 0.0585 0.0613 0.0640 0.0667 0.0695 0.0722
12 0.0283 0.0303 0.0323 0.0344 0.0366 0.0388 0.0411 0.0434 0.0457 0.0481
13 0.0154 0.0168 0.0181 0.0196 0.0211 0.0227 0.0243 0.0260 0.0278 0.0296
14 0.0078 0.0086 0.0095 0.0104 0.0113 0.0123 0.0134 0.0145 0.0157 0.0169
15 0.0037 0.0041 0.0046 0.0051 0.0057 0.0062 0.0069 0.0075 0.0083 0.0090
16 0.0016 0.0019 0.0021 0.0024 0.0026 0.0030 0.0033 0.0037 0.0041 0.0045
17 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 0.0010 0.0012 0.0013 0.0015 0.0017 0.0019 0.0021
18 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009
19 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004
20 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002
21 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001
 Table 10 Poisson Probabilities

λ
g 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
0 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.0011 0.0005 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.0050 0.0023 0.0010 0.0004 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.0150 0.0076 0.0037 0.0018 0.0008 0.0004 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.0337 0.0189 0.0102 0.0053 0.0027 0.0013 0.0006 0.0003 0.0001 0.0001
5 0.0607 0.0378 0.0224 0.0127 0.0070 0.0037 0.0019 0.0010 0.0005 0.0002
6 0.0911 0.0631 0.0411 0.0255 0.0152 0.0087 0.0048 0.0026 0.0014 0.0007
7 0.1171 0.0901 0.0646 0.0437 0.0281 0.0174 0.0104 0.0060 0.0034 0.0019
8 0.1318 0.1126 0.0888 0.0655 0.0457 0.0304 0.0194 0.0120 0.0072 0.0042
9 0.1318 0.1251 0.1085 0.0874 0.0661 0.0473 0.0324 0.0213 0.0135 0.0083
10 0.1186 0.1251 0.1194 0.1048 0.0859 0.0663 0.0486 0.0341 0.0230 0.0150
11 0.0970 0.1137 0.1194 0.1144 0.1015 0.0844 0.0663 0.0496 0.0355 0.0245
12 0.0728 0.0948 0.1094 0.1144 0.1099 0.0984 0.0829 0.0661 0.0504 0.0368
13 0.0504 0.0729 0.0926 0.1056 0.1099 0.1060 0.0956 0.0814 0.0658 0.0509
14 0.0324 0.0521 0.0728 0.0905 0.1021 0.1060 0.1024 0.0930 0.0800 0.0655
15 0.0194 0.0347 0.0534 0.0724 0.0885 0.0989 0.1024 0.0992 0.0906 0.0786
16 0.0109 0.0217 0.0367 0.0543 0.0719 0.0866 0.0960 0.0992 0.0963 0.0884
17 0.0058 0.0128 0.0237 0.0383 0.0550 0.0713 0.0847 0.0934 0.0963 0.0936
18 0.0029 0.0071 0.0145 0.0255 0.0397 0.0554 0.0706 0.0830 0.0909 0.0936
19 0.0014 0.0037 0.0084 0.0161 0.0272 0.0409 0.0557 0.0699 0.0814 0.0887
20 0.0006 0.0019 0.0046 0.0097 0.0177 0.0286 0.0418 0.0559 0.0692 0.0798
21 0.0003 0.0009 0.0024 0.0055 0.0109 0.0191 0.0299 0.0426 0.0560 0.0684
22 0.0001 0.0004 0.0012 0.0030 0.0065 0.0121 0.0204 0.0310 0.0433 0.0560
23 0.0000 0.0002 0.0006 0.0016 0.0037 0.0074 0.0133 0.0216 0.0320 0.0438
24 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0008 0.0020 0.0043 0.0083 0.0144 0.0226 0.0328
25 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0004 0.0010 0.0024 0.0050 0.0092 0.0154 0.0237
26 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0005 0.0013 0.0029 0.0057 0.0101 0.0164
27 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0007 0.0016 0.0034 0.0063 0.0109
28 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0009 0.0019 0.0038 0.0070
29 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0004 0.0011 0.0023 0.0044
30 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0006 0.0013 0.0026
31 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0007 0.0015
32 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0004 0.0009
33 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0005
34 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002
35 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001
36 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001
37 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
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u 14 15 16 17 18 19 1: 1; 1< 413
143 13<< 1469 14:; 1555 1599 163< 1683 16<3 175; 1797
153 149; 14<9 1564 159< 163; 167: 16;8 1756 178; 17<4
163 156< 1595 15<4 1657 168; 16<7 175< 1796 17<9 185:
173 1644 165< 1686 16;5 1746 1778 17:9 183; 186; 1899
183 16;3 16<8 1749 1774 179; 17<: 1859 1887 18;4 193:
193 1778 178< 17:: 17<< 1856 187< 18:7 1933 1957 197;
1:3 183: 184< 1868 1887 18:9 18<; 1955 1977 1999 19;:
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1<3 1949 1958 196: 1985 199< 19;: 1:39 1:57 1:74 1:8:
4133 1995 199< 19;3 19<7 1:3< 1:58 1:74 1:8: 1::5 1:;9
4153 1:68 1:74 1:83 1:93 1::5 1:;8 1:<: 1;43 1;55 1;66
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5183 1<4; 1<53 1<56 1<59 1<63 1<67 1<6; 1<75 1<79 1<7<
6133 1<73 1<74 1<77 1<79 1<7< 1<85 1<88 1<8; 1<93 1<96
6183 1<87 1<88 1<8: 1<8< 1<94 1<96 1<99 1<9; 1<:3 1<:5
7133 1<96 1<97 1<98 1<9: 1<9< 1<:3 1<:5 1<:7 1<:9 1<::
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193 19;; 1:55 1:7< 1::5 1:<4 1;5; 1;87 1;:6 1;;: 1<3<
1:3 1:56 1:86 1::: 1:<; 1;48 1;7: 1;:3 1;;: 1<33 1<4<
1;3 1:89 1:;5 1;37 1;55 1;6: 1;98 1;;9 1<34 1<45 1<5<
1<3 1:;8 1;3< 1;5; 1;76 1;8: 1;;5 1<33 1<46 1<56 1<6:
4133 1;44 1;65 1;7< 1;95 1;:7 1;<9 1<45 1<56 1<65 1<78
4153 1;86 1;9< 1;;5 1;<6 1<35 1<4< 1<64 1<73 1<7: 1<8:
4173 1;;6 1;<9 1<39 1<48 1<55 1<69 1<78 1<85 1<8; 1<99
4193 1<38 1<48 1<57 1<64 1<6: 1<7; 1<89 1<94 1<99 1<:5
41;3 1<55 1<63 1<6: 1<76 1<7; 1<8: 1<96 1<9; 1<:5 1<::
5133 1<67 1<74 1<7: 1<85 1<89 1<97 1<9< 1<:6 1<:9 1<;4
5183 1<88 1<93 1<97 1<9: 1<:3 1<:8 1<:< 1<;5 1<;7 1<;:
6133 1<9: 1<:4 1<:7 1<:9 1<:; 1<;5 1<;8 1<;: 1<;; 1<<4
6183 1<:8 1<:; 1<;3 1<;5 1<;6 1<;9 1<;; 1<<3 1<<4 1<<6
7133 1<;3 1<;5 1<;7 1<;9 1<;: 1<;< 1<<4 1<<5 1<<6 1<<7
8133 1<;: 1<;; 1<;< 1<<3 1<<4 1<<6 1<<7 1<<8 1<<8 1<<9
 Wdeoh 47= Dx{loldu| ixqfwlrq Euc  iru Vskhulfdo prgho
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u 14 15 16 17 18 19 1: 1; 1< 413
143 13<; 1469 14:; 1555 1599 163< 1683 16<3 175; 1797
153 1497 14<7 155< 159; 163: 1679 16;8 1755 178; 17<4
163 1566 158: 15;; 1654 1689 16<5 175: 1795 17<8 1859
173 1635 1655 167; 16:; 173< 1774 17:7 1838 1868 1897
183 169; 16;8 173; 1767 1795 17<5 1854 1883 18:: 1936
193 1763 1778 1799 17;< 1848 1874 189; 18<7 194< 1975
1:3 17;; 1835 1853 1874 1897 18;; 1945 1969 198; 19;3
1;3 1875 1887 18:3 18;< 1943 1964 1986 19:7 19<8 1:47
1<3 18;< 1933 1947 1965 1983 19:3 19;< 1:3; 1:5: 1:77
4133 195< 196< 1986 199; 19;8 1:36 1:53 1:6: 1:87 1:9<
4153 19<4 19<< 1:44 1:56 1:6: 1:85 1:9: 1:;4 1:<8 1;3;
4173 1:68 1:75 1:85 1:96 1::8 1:;; 1;33 1;45 1;57 1;68
4193 1:9; 1::8 1:;6 1:<6 1;36 1;47 1;58 1;69 1;79 1;89
41;3 1:<7 1;33 1;3: 1;49 1;58 1;68 1;78 1;87 1;96 1;:5
5133 1;48 1;53 1;59 1;67 1;75 1;84 1;93 1;9< 1;:: 1;;8
5183 1;85 1;89 1;94 1;9: 1;:7 1;;4 1;;; 1;<8 1<35 1<3;
6133 1;:9 1;;3 1;;7 1;;< 1;<8 1<34 1<3: 1<45 1<4; 1<56
6183 1;<7 1;<: 1<34 1<38 1<43 1<48 1<53 1<58 1<63 1<67
7133 1<3: 1<43 1<46 1<4: 1<54 1<59 1<63 1<67 1<6; 1<75
8133 1<59 1<5; 1<64 1<67 1<6: 1<74 1<77 1<7: 1<84 1<87

u 415 417 419 41; 513 518 613 618 713 813
143 1859 18:: 194< 1986 19;6 1:6; 1::: 1;3: 1;5< 1;94
153 1883 18<; 196; 19:4 19<; 1:84 1:;; 1;49 1;6: 1;9;
163 18;3 1958 1995 19<6 1:4< 1:9; 1;36 1;5; 1;7; 1;::
173 1947 1988 19;< 1:4; 1:74 1:;: 1;4< 1;75 1;94 1;;:
183 197< 19;: 1:4; 1:76 1:98 1;39 1;68 1;8: 1;:6 1;<:
193 19;7 1:4; 1:79 1:9< 1:;; 1;58 1;85 1;:4 1;;9 1<3:
1:3 1:4: 1:7: 1::5 1:<6 1;44 1;77 1;9: 1;;8 1;<; 1<4:
1;3 1:7: 1::7 1:<: 1;48 1;64 1;94 1;;4 1;<: 1<3< 1<59
1<3 1::7 1:<; 1;4; 1;68 1;7< 1;:8 1;<7 1<3; 1<4< 1<67
4133 1:<9 1;4; 1;69 1;84 1;97 1;;; 1<38 1<4: 1<5: 1<74
4153 1;63 1;7; 1;97 1;:9 1;;9 1<39 1<53 1<64 1<6< 1<83
4173 1;87 1;:3 1;;6 1;<7 1<36 1<53 1<65 1<74 1<7; 1<8;
4193 1;:6 1;;9 1;<; 1<3: 1<48 1<63 1<73 1<7; 1<87 1<96
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5133 1;<; 1<3< 1<4; 1<59 1<65 1<77 1<85 1<8< 1<96 1<:3
5183 1<4; 1<5: 1<67 1<73 1<79 1<88 1<95 1<9: 1<:4 1<:9
6133 1<65 1<6< 1<78 1<83 1<88 1<96 1<9; 1<:5 1<:9 1<;3
6183 1<75 1<7; 1<86 1<8: 1<94 1<9; 1<:6 1<:9 1<:< 1<;6
7133 1<7< 1<88 1<8< 1<96 1<99 1<:5 1<:9 1<:< 1<;5 1<;8
8133 1<8< 1<97 1<9: 1<:3 1<:6 1<:; 1<;4 1<;6 1<;8 1<;;
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u 14 15 16 17 18 19 1: 1; 1< 413
143 1447 14:: 1576 1643 16:7 1769 17<7 1879 18<6 1966
153 14:: 155: 15;8 1679 1739 1797 184; 189; 1946 1984
163 1576 15;8 1669 16<3 1778 17<< 1883 18<: 196< 19:7
173 1643 1679 16<3 176< 17;< 186< 18;9 195< 199; 1:34
183 16:7 1739 1778 17;< 1868 18;3 1956 1996 19<; 1:5;
193 1769 1797 17<< 186< 18;3 1954 1993 19<: 1:5; 1:88
1:3 17<7 184; 1883 18;9 1956 1993 19<9 1:5< 1:8: 1:;4
1;3 1879 189; 18<: 195< 1996 19<: 1:5< 1:8; 1:;6 1;38
1<3 18<6 1946 196< 199; 19<; 1:5; 1:8: 1:;6 1;39 1;59
4133 1966 1984 19:7 1:34 1:5; 1:88 1:;4 1;38 1;59 1;76
4153 19<7 1:3< 1:5< 1:84 1::7 1:<9 1;4; 1;6: 1;88 1;9<
4173 1:6; 1:84 1:9: 1:;9 1;39 1;58 1;77 1;94 1;:8 1;;;
4193 1::4 1:;5 1:<: 1;46 1;63 1;7: 1;96 1;:; 1;<4 1<35
41;3 1:<9 1;39 1;4< 1;67 1;7< 1;97 1;:< 1;<5 1<36 1<46
5133 1;4: 1;59 1;6: 1;83 1;97 1;:; 1;<4 1<35 1<46 1<54
5183 1;86 1;93 1;:3 1;;3 1;<4 1<35 1<46 1<55 1<63 1<6:
6133 1;:; 1;;7 1;<4 1<33 1<3< 1<4; 1<5: 1<68 1<75 1<7;
6183 1;<8 1<33 1<3: 1<47 1<55 1<63 1<6; 1<77 1<83 1<88
7133 1<3; 1<46 1<4< 1<58 1<65 1<6< 1<78 1<84 1<89 1<94
8133 1<5: 1<63 1<68 1<73 1<79 1<84 1<89 1<94 1<98 1<9<

u 415 417 419 41; 513 518 613 618 713 813
143 19<7 1:6; 1::4 1:<9 1;4: 1;86 1;:; 1;<8 1<3; 1<5:
153 1:3< 1:84 1:;5 1;39 1;59 1;93 1;;7 1<33 1<46 1<63
163 1:5< 1:9: 1:<: 1;4< 1;6: 1;:3 1;<4 1<3: 1<4< 1<68
173 1:84 1:;9 1;46 1;67 1;83 1;;3 1<33 1<47 1<58 1<73
183 1::7 1;39 1;63 1;7< 1;97 1;<4 1<3< 1<55 1<65 1<79
193 1:<9 1;58 1;7: 1;97 1;:; 1<35 1<4; 1<63 1<6< 1<84
1:3 1;4; 1;77 1;96 1;:< 1;<4 1<46 1<5: 1<6; 1<78 1<89
1;3 1;6: 1;94 1;:; 1;<5 1<35 1<55 1<68 1<77 1<84 1<94
1<3 1;88 1;:8 1;<4 1<36 1<46 1<63 1<75 1<83 1<89 1<98
4133 1;9< 1;;; 1<35 1<46 1<54 1<6: 1<7; 1<88 1<94 1<9<
4153 1;<4 1<3: 1<4; 1<5: 1<68 1<7; 1<89 1<96 1<9: 1<:7
4173 1<3: 1<53 1<63 1<6; 1<77 1<88 1<96 1<9; 1<:5 1<:;
4193 1<4; 1<63 1<6< 1<78 1<84 1<94 1<9: 1<:5 1<:8 1<;3
41;3 1<5: 1<6; 1<78 1<85 1<89 1<98 1<:4 1<:8 1<:; 1<;6
5133 1<68 1<77 1<84 1<89 1<94 1<9< 1<:7 1<:; 1<;3 1<;7
5183 1<7; 1<88 1<94 1<98 1<9< 1<:8 1<:< 1<;5 1<;7 1<;:
6133 1<89 1<96 1<9: 1<:4 1<:7 1<:< 1<;6 1<;8 1<;: 1<<3
6183 1<96 1<9; 1<:5 1<:8 1<:; 1<;5 1<;8 1<;: 1<;< 1<<4
7133 1<9: 1<:5 1<:8 1<:; 1<;3 1<;7 1<;: 1<;< 1<<3 1<<5
8133 1<:7 1<:; 1<;3 1<;6 1<;7 1<;: 1<<3 1<<4 1<<5 1<<7
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153 1635 164; 1674 169< 1733 1765 1797 17<8 1859 1888
158 16:5 16;8 1737 175; 1788 17;6 1845 1874 189; 18<7
163 1773 1784 179: 17;; 1844 1869 1895 18;; 1946 1969
168 183: 1849 185< 187: 189; 18<3 1945 1968 198: 19:;
173 18:4 18:; 18<3 1938 1956 1975 1995 19;6 1:35 1:54
178 1965 196; 197; 1994 19:: 19<6 1:44 1:5< 1:79 1:95
183 19;< 19<8 1:36 1:48 1:5; 1:75 1:8; 1::6 1:;: 1;34
188 1:76 1:7; 1:88 1:98 1::9 1:;< 1;35 1;47 1;5: 1;6;
193 1:<6 1:<: 1;36 1;44 1;54 1;64 1;75 1;86 1;96 1;:5
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148 18:6 194< 1989 19;: 1:47 1:97 1:<< 1;58 1;79 1;:8
153 1938 197; 19;5 1:44 1:68 1:;5 1;47 1;6; 1;8: 1;;7
158 1974 19:< 1:44 1:6: 1:8< 1;34 1;64 1;86 1;:3 1;<7
163 19:; 1:45 1:74 1:97 1:;7 1;55 1;7; 1;9; 1;;6 1<38
168 1:48 1:79 1::4 1:<5 1;3< 1;76 1;99 1;;7 1;<: 1<4:
173 1:86 1:;3 1;34 1;53 1;68 1;97 1;;7 1;<< 1<44 1<5;
178 1:<3 1;45 1;64 1;7: 1;93 1;;7 1<35 1<48 1<57 1<6<
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188 1;8; 1;:6 1;;9 1;<: 1<39 1<55 1<67 1<76 1<7< 1<8<
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198 1<48 1<58 1<66 1<6< 1<77 1<87 1<94 1<99 1<:3 1<:9
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1<8 1<<< 1<<< 1<<< 1<<< 1<<< 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333
4133 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333 41333
 Chapter2.dat

Simulated iron ore deposit from Chapter 2, Practical Geostatistics 1979

Easting (feet) Northing (feet) Iron value (%Fe)
100 100 38
100 200 36
100 300 35
100 400 37
100 500 42
100 600 44
200 100 37
200 200 35
200 300 38
200 400 37
300 100 35
300 200 36
300 400 37
300 500 43
300 600 40
400 200 35
400 300 35
400 400 35
400 500 42
400 600 42
500 100 30
500 200 34
500 300 37
500 400 38
500 500 39
500 600 40
600 200 33
600 300 36
600 400 37
600 500 39
600 600 39
700 100 29
700 200 32
700 300 36
700 400 37
700 500 41
700 600 37
800 100 30
800 200 29
800 300 35
800 400 33
800 500 40
800 600 36
900 100 32
900 200 28
900 400 34
900 500 38
 Coal.dat

Coal Project data

X co-ordinate Y co-ordinate Elevation of seam Thickness of seam Calorific Value (MJ) Ash content (%) Sulphur value (%)
9500 12600 605.9 1.84 22.26 19.29 0.83
9650 12600 605.1 1.73 21.36 19.97 0.78
9950 12600 601.5 1.65 22.34 19.09 1.03
10100 12600 601.5 2.22 22.19 21.96 1.11
10250 12600 601.3 2.54 22.43 18.55 1.03
10550 12600 602.6 2.65 24.07 17.63 1.24
10850 12600 603.2 2.84 22.11 18.65 0.86
9500 12750 604.7 2.18 20.9 20.59 0.99
9650 12750 604.5 2.08 21.7 20.49 0.89
9800 12750 604.5 1.47 20.83 20.74 1.07
10100 12750 601.7 2.17 23.19 18.65 1.12
10400 12750 601.1 3.1 24.34 17.53 1.29
10550 12750 601.6 3.11 25.55 14.6 1.15
10700 12750 599.5 3.29 25.23 16.47 0.93
10850 12750 600.1 3.26 23.48 19.29 0.99
11000 12750 599.2 2.95 24.23 16.11 1.02
9500 12900 606.1 1.94 21.84 20.66 1.1
9650 12900 605.4 2.29 20.58 21.23 0.98
9800 12900 604 1.71 21.35 21.81 0.97
9950 12900 602.5 2.13 24.02 17.68 0.83
10100 12900 601.4 2.35 23.53 18.24 0.93
10250 12900 599.7 3.07 23.36 16.96 1
10400 12900 599.7 2.8 24.53 16.73 0.71
10550 12900 600.8 3.1 24.67 17.53 0.93
10700 12900 598.9 3.26 25.19 15.84 1.12
11000 12900 598.7 2.9 24.43 16.86 0.95
9500 13050 605.8 2.23 21.36 20.4 1.15
9650 13050 605.8 1.94 20.78 21.08 0.75
9800 13050 604.1 1.94 21.73 20.48 0.95
9950 13050 602.7 2.42 23.28 17.51 1.11
10100 13050 599 2.71 24.56 17.18 1.14
10250 13050 599.4 2.71 25.5 16.14 1.21
10400 13050 598.4 2.99 24.89 16.5 1.14
10550 13050 597.9 2.85 23.19 18.57 0.78
10700 13050 598.1 2.83 24.48 17.75 1.14
10850 13050 598 3.08 25.19 18.1 1.21
9500 13200 606.6 2.11 23.43 19.91 1.04
9650 13200 606.3 1.74 22.68 20.16 0.77
9800 13200 603.9 2.18 24.04 17.24 1
10100 13200 600.2 2.82 24.57 15.8 0.91
10250 13200 599.2 2.75 26.29 14.85 1.09
10400 13200 597 2.74 26.85 14 1.01
10550 13200 598.9 2.87 25.64 15.46 0.97
10700 13200 601.3 2.63 26.03 14.58 1.04
10850 13200 600 2.31 26.62 16.65 1.04
11000 13200 600.3 2.46 25.8 13.04 1.07
9800 13350 603.6 2.11 24.91 17.71 1.21
9950 13350 602.3 2.37 24.94 16.14 0.84
10250 13350 600.4 2.55 27.31 14.82 1.3
10400 13350 599.8 3.01 28.72 11.6 1.22
10550 13350 600.9 2.76 26.55 14.97 0.97
10700 13350 601.3 2.14 28.22 12.06 1.4
10850 13350 600.6 1.85 27.05 12.69 1.17
11000 13350 600.4 1.97 25.97 16.19 0.96
9500 13500 608.2 2.34 21.47 19.89 0.82
9650 13500 606.8 2.42 23.07 19.02 1.09
9800 13500 604.5 2.2 23.76 18.41 1
9950 13500 603.1 2.3 26.8 14.28 1.16
10250 13500 601.5 2.45 28.98 12.51 1.27
10400 13500 602.9 2.43 29.55 11.38 1.28
10550 13500 603 2.68 29.56 12.03 1.11
10850 13500 603 1.58 28.38 13.05 1.25
 Coal.dat

Coal Project data

X co-ordinate Y co-ordinate Elevation of seam Thickness of seam Calorific Value (MJ) Ash content (%) Sulphur value (%)
9500 13650 608.8 2.13 20.97 21.93 0.87
9650 13650 608.1 2.17 23.41 17.99 0.88
10100 13650 606.1 2 25.61 16.79 1.1
10250 13650 605.4 2.17 29.3 12.59 1.4
10400 13650 605.3 1.95 30.46 11.92 1.37
10550 13650 604.8 2.12 28.27 10.91 0.99
10700 13650 605.9 1.53 28.41 12.12 1.21
11000 13650 603.7 2.01 27.15 13.79 1.25
9500 13800 611 1.96 21.13 20.92 1.06
9650 13800 610.1 2.26 22.67 18.73 0.85
9800 13800 608.3 2.03 21.86 18.78 0.98
10100 13800 606.9 2.14 25.62 13.93 1.05
10250 13800 607 2.09 26.6 15.24 1.26
10400 13800 607.1 2.14 28.98 12.42 1.1
10550 13800 606.7 2.16 28.75 11.67 1.13
10700 13800 607.6 1.98 27.17 13.65 1.24
11000 13800 606.8 2.11 26.59 15.62 1.03
9500 13950 614.3 2.17 19.92 23.02 0.93
9650 13950 614.2 1.71 21.19 22.15 1.09
9950 13950 607.9 1.89 23.54 17.34 0.86
10250 13950 608.3 2.11 24.82 18.99 1.35
10400 13950 608.2 2.21 26.11 14.2 0.84
10700 13950 608.4 2.04 25.39 17.49 1.22
10850 13950 607.8 1.73 26.62 13.05 1.05
11000 13950 605.3 1.66 25.75 16.1 1.34
9500 14100 615.5 1.83 20.45 21.53 0.77
9800 14100 612.2 1.54 22.8 19.73 0.96
9950 14100 611.6 1.3 23.85 17.36 1.02
10100 14100 609.2 1.89 24.58 18.17 0.87
10250 14100 610 2.13 24.25 17.23 0.92
10400 14100 609.8 2.36 24.71 16.5 1.09
10700 14100 608.6 1.94 24.29 18.16 1.09
10850 14100 606.8 1.75 25.24 16.37 1.11
11000 14100 606.9 1.69 25.57 14.63 1.03
 Copper.data

Example data for 3 dimensional estimation

Sample Sample
number identifier Zone code X co-ordinate Y co-ordinate Z co-ordinate Grade (%Cu)
1 BHL01 1 220 625 122 1.34 5
2 BHL01 1 220 625 117 0.98 5
3 BHL01 1 220 625 112 1.29 5
4 BHL01 1 220 625 107 1.18 5
5 BHL01 1 220 625 102 1.1 5
6 BHL01 1 220 625 97 0.46 5
7 BHL01 1 220 625 92 1.18 5
8 BHL01 1 220 625 87 0.96 5
9 BHL01 1 220 625 82 1.27 5
10 BHL02 1 270 625 122 0.64 5
11 BHL02 1 270 625 117 1.06 5
12 BHL02 1 270 625 112 0.81 5
13 BHL02 1 270 625 107 1.15 5
14 BHL02 1 270 625 102 0.75 5
15 BHL02 1 270 625 97 0.49 5
16 BHL02 1 270 625 92 0.85 5
17 BHL02 1 270 625 87 1.24 5
18 BHL02 1 270 625 82 2.13 5
19 BHL04 1 370 620 122 1.33 5
20 BHL04 1 370 620 117 1.28 5
21 BHL04 1 370 620 112 0.83 5
22 BHL04 1 370 620 107 0.64 5
23 BHL04 1 370 620 102 0.85 5
24 BHL04 1 370 620 97 0.56 5
25 BHL04 1 370 620 92 1.15 5
26 BHL04 1 370 620 87 1 5
27 BHL04 1 370 620 82 0.97 5
28 BHL06 1 460 620 122 0.92 5
29 BHL06 1 460 620 117 0.72 5
30 BHL06 1 460 620 112 1 5
31 BHL06 1 460 620 107 0.55 5
32 BHL06 1 460 620 102 -99 5
33 BHL06 1 460 620 97 0.49 5
34 BHL06 1 460 620 92 0.64 5
35 BHL06 1 460 620 87 0.81 5
36 BHL06 1 460 620 82 0.7 5
37 BHL08 1 565 620 122 0.87 5
38 BHL08 1 565 620 117 1.4 5
39 BHL08 1 565 620 112 0.74 5
40 BHL08 1 565 620 107 0.89 5
41 BHL08 1 565 620 102 0.43 5
42 BHL08 1 565 620 97 0.4 5
43 BHL08 1 565 620 92 0.54 5
44 BHL08 1 565 620 87 0.54 5
45 BHL08 1 565 620 82 0.89 5
54 BHL10 1 655 620 122 1.74 5
55 BHL10 1 655 620 117 1.17 5
56 BHL10 1 655 620 112 1.02 5
 Copper.data

Example data for 3 dimensional estimation

Sample Sample
number identifier Zone code X co-ordinate Y co-ordinate Z co-ordinate Grade (%Cu)
57 BHL10 1 655 620 107 0.75 5
58 BHL10 1 655 620 102 0.81 5
59 BHL10 1 655 620 97 0.64 5
60 BHL10 1 655 620 92 0.66 5
61 BHL10 1 655 620 87 1.14 5
62 BHL10 1 655 620 82 0.71 5
67 BHL12 1 220 575 122 1.13 5
68 BHL12 1 220 575 117 1.58 5
69 BHL12 1 220 575 112 1.32 5
70 BHL12 1 220 575 107 2.06 5
71 BHL12 1 220 575 102 0.9 5
72 BHL12 1 220 575 97 0.61 5
73 BHL12 1 220 575 92 0.7 5
74 BHL12 1 220 575 87 1.17 5
75 BHL12 1 220 575 82 1.54 5
76 BHL12 1 220 575 77 2.34 5
77 BHL14 1 320 575 122 0.82 5
78 BHL14 1 320 575 117 1.41 5
79 BHL14 1 320 575 112 1.04 5
80 BHL14 1 320 575 107 1.21 5
81 BHL14 1 320 575 102 1.09 5
82 BHL14 1 320 575 97 0.57 5
83 BHL14 1 320 575 92 1.18 5
84 BHL14 1 320 575 87 0.9 5
85 BHL14 1 320 575 82 1.72 5
86 BHL16 1 415 575 122 1.58 5
87 BHL16 1 415 575 117 0.77 5
88 BHL16 1 415 575 112 0.78 5
89 BHL16 1 415 575 107 1.15 5
90 BHL16 1 415 575 102 0.73 5
91 BHL16 1 415 575 97 0.45 5
92 BHL16 1 415 575 92 1.06 5
93 BHL16 1 415 575 87 0.84 5
94 BHL16 1 415 575 82 1.62 5
96 BHL18 1 515 575 122 1.3 5
97 BHL18 1 515 575 117 0.92 5
98 BHL18 1 515 575 112 0.52 5
99 BHL18 1 515 575 107 0.61 5
100 BHL18 1 515 575 102 0.53 5
101 BHL18 1 515 575 97 0.54 5
102 BHL18 1 515 575 92 0.74 5
103 BHL18 1 515 575 87 1.05 5
104 BHL18 1 515 575 82 0.78 5
109 BHL20 1 610 575 122 1.37 5
110 BHL20 1 610 575 117 1.04 5
111 BHL20 1 610 575 112 0.78 5
112 BHL20 1 610 575 107 0.79 5
113 BHL20 1 610 575 102 0.57 5
 Copper.data

Example data for 3 dimensional estimation

Sample Sample
number identifier Zone code X co-ordinate Y co-ordinate Z co-ordinate Grade (%Cu)
114 BHL20 1 610 575 97 0.59 5
115 BHL20 1 610 575 92 0.56 5
116 BHL20 1 610 575 87 1.24 5
117 BHL20 1 610 575 82 1.14 5
123 BHL21 1 640 575 122 1.14 5
124 BHL21 1 640 575 117 1.36 5
125 BHL21 1 640 575 112 1.02 5
126 BHL21 1 640 575 107 0.9 5
127 BHL21 1 640 575 102 0.69 5
128 BHL21 1 640 575 97 0.53 5
129 BHL21 1 640 575 92 0.58 5
130 BHL21 1 640 575 87 1.22 5
131 BHL21 1 640 575 82 1.13 5
132 BHL21 1 640 575 77 0.99 5
138 BHL25 1 270 520 122 1.06 5
139 BHL25 1 270 520 117 1.35 5
140 BHL25 1 270 520 112 2.47 5
141 BHL25 1 270 520 107 1 5
142 BHL25 1 270 520 102 0.95 5
143 BHL25 1 270 520 97 0.55 5
144 BHL25 1 270 520 92 0.95 5
145 BHL25 1 270 520 87 1.36 5
146 BHL27 1 365 525 122 1.59 5
147 BHL27 1 365 525 117 1.08 5
148 BHL27 1 365 525 112 1.89 5
149 BHL27 1 365 525 107 1.57 5
150 BHL27 1 365 525 102 1.07 5
151 BHL27 1 365 525 97 0.69 5
152 BHL27 1 365 525 92 0.93 5
153 BHL27 5 365 525 82 1.24 5
154 BHL31 5 560 525 122 1.09 5
155 BHL31 5 560 525 117 0.99 5
156 BHL31 5 560 525 112 0.76 5
157 BHL31 5 560 525 107 0.64 5
158 BHL31 5 560 525 102 0.52 5
159 BHL31 5 560 525 97 0.88 5
160 BHL31 5 560 525 92 1.22 5
161 BHL31 5 560 525 87 1.38 5
162 BHL31 5 560 525 82 0.87 5
163 BHL31 5 560 525 77 1.19 5
173 BHL33 5 640 525 122 1.15 5
174 BHL33 5 640 525 117 1.31 5
175 BHL33 5 640 525 112 0.98 5
176 BHL33 5 640 525 107 0.62 5
177 BHL33 5 640 525 102 0.85 5
178 BHL33 5 640 525 97 0.98 5
179 BHL33 5 640 525 92 0.86 5
180 BHL33 5 640 525 87 1.8 5
 Copper.data

Example data for 3 dimensional estimation

Sample Sample
number identifier Zone code X co-ordinate Y co-ordinate Z co-ordinate Grade (%Cu)
181 BHL33 5 640 525 82 1.68 5
182 BHL33 5 640 525 77 0.99 5
193 BHL36 5 220 470 122 3.2 5
194 BHL36 5 220 470 117 1.73 5
195 BHL36 5 220 470 112 2.85 5
196 BHL36 5 220 470 107 2.94 5
197 BHL36 5 220 470 102 1.4 5
198 BHL36 5 220 470 97 0.83 5
199 BHL36 5 220 470 92 0.63 5
200 BHL36 5 220 470 87 1.7 5
201 BHL36 5 220 470 82 2.24 5
202 BHL38 5 315 475 122 1.4 5
203 BHL38 5 315 475 117 1.93 5
204 BHL38 5 315 475 112 2.88 5
205 BHL38 5 315 475 107 1.23 5
206 BHL38 5 315 475 102 1.08 5
207 BHL38 5 315 475 97 0.71 5
208 BHL38 5 315 475 92 1.07 5
209 BHL38 5 315 475 87 1.16 5
210 BHL38 5 315 475 82 1.46 5
211 BHL38 5 315 475 77 1.67 5
215 BHL40 5 415 475 122 1.29 5
216 BHL40 5 415 475 117 1.02 5
217 BHL40 5 415 475 112 1.57 5
218 BHL40 5 415 475 107 1.78 5
219 BHL40 5 415 475 102 0.61 5
220 BHL40 5 415 475 97 0.98 5
221 BHL40 5 415 475 92 0.9 5
222 BHL40 5 415 475 87 0.86 5
223 BHL40 5 415 475 82 0.9 5
224 BHL40 5 415 475 77 1.07 5
231 BHL42 5 515 475 122 0.69 5
232 BHL42 5 515 475 117 0.69 5
233 BHL42 5 515 475 112 0.54 5
234 BHL42 5 515 475 107 1.12 5
235 BHL42 5 515 475 102 0.81 5
236 BHL42 5 515 475 97 0.58 5
237 BHL42 5 515 475 92 0.82 5
238 BHL42 5 515 475 87 1 5
239 BHL42 5 515 475 82 1.13 5
240 BHL42 5 515 475 77 1.52 5
249 BHL44 5 610 475 122 0.98 5
250 BHL44 5 610 475 117 0.99 5
251 BHL44 5 610 475 112 0.82 5
252 BHL44 5 610 475 107 0.7 5
253 BHL44 5 610 475 102 0.72 5
254 BHL44 5 610 475 97 0.72 5
255 BHL44 5 610 475 92 1.43 5
 Copper.data

Example data for 3 dimensional estimation

Sample Sample
number identifier Zone code X co-ordinate Y co-ordinate Z co-ordinate Grade (%Cu)
256 BHL44 5 610 475 87 0.92 5
257 BHL44 5 610 475 82 1.3 5
258 BHL44 5 610 475 77 0.99 5
270 BHL45 5 660 475 122 1.8 5
271 BHL45 5 660 475 117 0.99 5
272 BHL45 5 660 475 112 1.23 5
273 BHL45 5 660 475 107 0.67 5
274 BHL45 5 660 475 102 0.54 5
275 BHL45 5 660 475 97 0.89 5
276 BHL45 5 660 475 92 1.15 5
277 BHL45 5 660 475 87 1.68 5
278 BHL45 5 660 475 82 1.61 5
279 BHL45 5 660 475 77 1.55 5
291 BHL50 5 365 420 122 1.36 5
292 BHL50 5 365 420 117 1.61 5
293 BHL50 5 365 420 112 1.25 5
294 BHL50 5 365 420 107 1.85 5
295 BHL50 5 365 420 102 1.13 5
296 BHL50 5 365 420 97 0.85 5
297 BHL50 5 365 420 92 0.74 5
298 BHL50 5 365 420 87 1.75 5
299 BHL50 5 365 420 82 1.11 5
300 BHL50 5 365 420 77 1.23 5
307 BHL52 5 465 425 122 0.7 5
308 BHL52 5 465 425 117 0.69 5
309 BHL52 5 465 425 112 0.78 5
310 BHL52 5 465 425 107 1 5
311 BHL52 5 465 425 102 1.18 5
312 BHL52 5 465 425 97 0.77 5
313 BHL52 5 465 425 92 0.64 5
314 BHL52 5 465 425 87 0.84 5
315 BHL52 5 465 425 82 0.93 5
316 BHL52 5 465 425 77 1.21 5
324 BHL54 5 565 425 122 0.86 5
325 BHL54 5 565 425 117 0.68 5
326 BHL54 5 565 425 112 0.58 5
327 BHL54 5 565 425 107 0.76 5
328 BHL54 5 565 425 102 0.85 5
329 BHL54 5 565 425 97 0.56 5
330 BHL54 5 565 425 92 1.3 5
331 BHL54 5 565 425 87 1.39 5
332 BHL54 5 565 425 82 1.29 5
333 BHL54 5 565 425 77 0.87 5
341 BHL56 5 660 425 122 2.07 5
342 BHL56 5 660 425 117 1.47 5
343 BHL56 5 660 425 112 0.68 5
344 BHL56 5 660 425 107 0.65 5
345 BHL56 5 660 425 102 0.81 5
 Copper.data

Example data for 3 dimensional estimation

Sample Sample
number identifier Zone code X co-ordinate Y co-ordinate Z co-ordinate Grade (%Cu)
346 BHL56 5 660 425 97 0.53 5
347 BHL56 5 660 425 92 1.86 5
348 BHL56 5 660 425 87 1.25 5
349 BHL56 5 660 425 82 1.27 5
350 BHL56 5 660 425 77 2.55 5
358 BHL59 5 220 370 122 2.11 5
359 BHL59 5 220 370 117 1.97 5
360 BHL59 5 220 370 112 1.51 5
361 BHL59 5 220 370 107 2.66 5
362 BHL59 5 220 370 102 1.36 5
363 BHL59 5 220 370 97 1.14 5
364 BHL59 5 220 370 92 0.9 5
365 BHL59 5 220 370 87 1.31 5
366 BHL61 5 320 370 122 1.53 5
367 BHL61 5 320 370 117 1.33 5
368 BHL61 5 320 370 112 1.68 5
369 BHL61 5 320 370 107 1.93 5
370 BHL61 5 320 370 102 1.13 5
371 BHL61 5 320 370 97 0.92 5
372 BHL61 5 320 370 92 0.74 5
373 BHL61 5 320 370 87 1.65 5
374 BHL61 5 320 370 82 1.43 5
375 BHL63 5 415 370 122 0.99 5
376 BHL63 5 415 370 117 1.33 5
377 BHL63 5 415 370 112 1.03 5
378 BHL63 5 415 370 107 1.21 5
379 BHL63 5 415 370 102 1.68 5
380 BHL63 5 415 370 97 0.91 5
381 BHL63 5 415 370 92 0.44 5
382 BHL63 5 415 370 87 0.86 5
383 BHL63 5 415 370 82 1.07 5
384 BHL63 5 415 370 77 1.05 5
385 BHL65 5 515 370 122 0.84 5
386 BHL65 5 515 370 117 0.63 5
387 BHL65 5 515 370 112 0.72 5
388 BHL65 5 515 370 107 0.49 5
389 BHL65 5 515 370 102 0.97 5
390 BHL65 5 515 370 97 0.72 5
391 BHL65 5 515 370 92 0.54 5
392 BHL65 5 515 370 87 0.92 5
393 BHL65 5 515 370 82 0.72 5
394 BHL65 5 515 370 77 0.67 5
403 BHL67 5 615 375 122 0.82 5
404 BHL67 5 615 375 117 1.08 5
405 BHL67 5 615 375 112 0.84 5
406 BHL67 5 615 375 107 0.66 5
407 BHL67 5 615 375 102 0.91 5
408 BHL67 5 615 375 97 -99 5
 Copper.data

Example data for 3 dimensional estimation

Sample Sample
number identifier Zone code X co-ordinate Y co-ordinate Z co-ordinate Grade (%Cu)
409 BHL67 5 615 375 92 1.22 5
410 BHL67 5 615 375 87 1.02 5
411 BHL67 5 615 375 82 0.82 5
412 BHL67 5 615 375 77 0.9 5
424 BHL68 5 660 375 122 0.97 5
425 BHL68 5 660 375 117 1.04 5
426 BHL68 5 660 375 112 0.88 5
427 BHL68 5 660 375 107 0.9 5
428 BHL68 5 660 375 102 0.61 5
429 BHL68 5 660 375 97 0.72 5
430 BHL68 5 660 375 92 0.93 5
431 BHL68 5 660 375 87 0.79 5
432 BHL68 5 660 375 82 1.21 5
433 BHL68 5 660 375 77 1.55 5
442 BHL71 5 270 320 122 1.63 5
443 BHL71 5 270 320 117 2.24 5
444 BHL71 5 270 320 112 1.66 5
445 BHL71 5 270 320 107 2.3 5
446 BHL71 5 270 320 102 1.24 5
447 BHL71 5 270 320 97 0.88 5
448 BHL71 5 270 320 92 0.63 5
449 BHL71 5 270 320 87 1.12 5
450 BHL71 5 270 320 82 1.4 5
451 BHL71 5 270 320 77 1.09 5
453 BHL73 5 370 320 122 1 5
454 BHL73 5 370 320 117 1.29 5
455 BHL73 5 370 320 112 1.2 5
456 BHL73 5 370 320 107 1.29 5
457 BHL73 5 370 320 102 1.75 5
458 BHL73 5 370 320 97 1.02 5
459 BHL73 5 370 320 92 0.85 5
460 BHL73 5 370 320 87 1.09 5
461 BHL73 5 370 320 82 0.96 5
462 BHL73 5 370 320 77 1.43 5
470 BHL75 5 465 320 122 1.22 5
471 BHL75 5 465 320 117 0.91 5
472 BHL75 5 465 320 112 0.93 5
473 BHL75 5 465 320 107 0.89 5
474 BHL75 5 465 320 102 0.9 5
475 BHL75 5 465 320 97 0.82 5
476 BHL75 5 465 320 92 0.37 5
477 BHL75 5 465 320 87 0.86 5
478 BHL75 5 465 320 82 0.91 5
479 BHL75 5 465 320 77 0.85 5
487 BHL77 5 565 320 122 0.57 5
488 BHL77 5 565 320 117 0.79 5
489 BHL77 5 565 320 112 0.8 5
490 BHL77 5 565 320 107 0.84 5
 Copper.data

Example data for 3 dimensional estimation

Sample Sample
number identifier Zone code X co-ordinate Y co-ordinate Z co-ordinate Grade (%Cu)
491 BHL77 5 565 320 102 1.22 5
492 BHL77 5 565 320 97 0.42 5
493 BHL77 5 565 320 92 0.53 5
494 BHL77 5 565 320 87 0.57 5
495 BHL77 5 565 320 82 0.64 5
496 BHL77 5 565 320 77 0.64 5
505 BHL79 5 660 320 122 1.59 5
506 BHL79 5 660 320 117 1.18 5
507 BHL79 5 660 320 112 0.7 5
508 BHL79 5 660 320 107 1.17 5
509 BHL79 5 660 320 102 0.94 5
510 BHL79 5 660 320 97 0.56 5
511 BHL79 5 660 320 92 1.01 5
512 BHL79 5 660 320 87 0.92 5
513 BHL79 5 660 320 82 0.99 5
514 BHL79 5 660 320 77 1.99 5
521 BHL80 5 320 270 122 1.7 5
522 BHL80 5 320 270 117 2.2 5
523 BHL80 5 320 270 112 1.88 5
524 BHL80 5 320 270 107 1.09 5
525 BHL80 5 320 270 102 1.86 5
526 BHL80 5 320 270 97 1.22 5
527 BHL80 5 320 270 92 0.72 5
528 BHL80 5 320 270 87 0.93 5
529 BHL80 5 320 270 82 1.07 5
530 BHL80 5 320 270 77 0.94 5
533 BHL82 5 415 270 122 1.73 5
534 BHL82 5 415 270 117 1.43 5
535 BHL82 5 415 270 112 0.86 5
536 BHL82 5 415 270 107 1.26 5
537 BHL82 5 415 270 102 0.9 5
538 BHL82 5 415 270 97 0.8 5
539 BHL82 5 415 270 92 0.58 5
540 BHL82 5 415 270 87 0.88 5
541 BHL82 5 415 270 82 1.01 5
542 BHL82 5 415 270 77 0.56 5
555 BHL84 5 515 270 122 0.75 5
556 BHL84 5 515 270 117 0.47 5
557 BHL84 5 515 270 112 0.81 5
558 BHL84 5 515 270 107 1.35 5
559 BHL84 5 515 270 102 0.75 5
560 BHL84 5 515 270 97 0.62 5
561 BHL84 5 515 270 92 0.6 5
562 BHL84 5 515 270 87 0.52 5
563 BHL84 5 515 270 82 0.79 5
564 BHL84 5 515 270 77 0.61 5
573 BHL86 5 610 270 122 1.33 5
574 BHL86 5 610 270 117 1.05 5
 Copper.data

Example data for 3 dimensional estimation

Sample Sample
number identifier Zone code X co-ordinate Y co-ordinate Z co-ordinate Grade (%Cu)
575 BHL86 5 610 270 112 0.95 5
576 BHL86 5 610 270 107 0.97 5
577 BHL86 5 610 270 102 0.94 5
578 BHL86 5 610 270 97 1.3 5
579 BHL86 5 610 270 92 0.62 5
580 BHL86 5 610 270 87 0.62 5
581 BHL86 5 610 270 82 0.68 5
582 BHL86 3 610 270 77 0.94 5
593 BHL87 5 665 265 122 1.33 5
594 BHL87 5 665 265 117 1.17 5
595 BHL87 5 665 265 112 1.14 5
596 BHL87 5 665 265 107 1.14 5
597 BHL87 5 665 265 102 1.12 5
598 BHL87 5 665 265 97 0.96 5
599 BHL87 5 665 265 92 0.94 5
600 BHL87 5 665 265 87 0.65 5
601 BHL87 5 665 265 82 0.58 5
602 BHL87 5 665 265 77 0.89 5
609 BHL88 5 370 220 122 1.97 5
610 BHL88 5 370 220 117 1.02 5
611 BHL88 5 370 220 112 2.17 5
612 BHL88 5 370 220 107 0.93 5
613 BHL88 5 370 220 102 1.22 5
614 BHL88 5 370 220 97 0.75 5
615 BHL88 5 370 220 92 1.06 5
616 BHL88 5 370 220 87 0.79 5
617 BHL88 5 370 220 82 0.73 5
618 BHL88 5 370 220 77 1.24 5
619 BHL90 5 465 220 122 0.87 5
620 BHL90 5 465 220 117 0.85 5
621 BHL90 5 465 220 112 0.64 5
622 BHL90 5 465 220 107 1.51 5
623 BHL90 5 465 220 102 0.99 5
624 BHL90 5 465 220 97 0.92 5
625 BHL90 5 465 220 92 0.47 5
626 BHL90 5 465 220 87 0.69 5
627 BHL90 5 465 220 82 0.62 5
628 BHL90 5 465 220 77 0.48 5
630 BHL92 5 560 220 122 1.34 5
631 BHL92 5 560 220 117 0.82 5
632 BHL92 5 560 220 112 0.82 5
633 BHL92 5 560 220 107 0.99 5
634 BHL92 5 560 220 102 0.65 5
635 BHL92 5 560 220 97 1.12 5
636 BHL92 5 560 220 92 0.52 5
637 BHL92 5 560 220 87 0.47 5
638 BHL92 5 560 220 82 0.62 5
639 BHL92 5 560 220 77 -99 5
 Copper.data

Example data for 3 dimensional estimation

Sample Sample
number identifier Zone code X co-ordinate Y co-ordinate Z co-ordinate Grade (%Cu)
650 BHL94 5 660 220 122 1.31 5
651 BHL94 5 660 220 117 1.21 5
652 BHL94 5 660 220 112 1.34 5
653 BHL94 5 660 220 107 1.09 5
654 BHL94 5 660 220 102 1.45 5
655 BHL94 5 660 220 97 0.68 5
656 BHL94 5 660 220 92 0.67 5
657 BHL94 5 660 220 87 0.62 5
658 BHL94 5 660 220 82 0.63 5
659 BHL94 5 660 220 77 0.74 5
 Dioxin.dat

Dioxin contaminated residues dumped onto a farm Road in Missouri.

X (ft) Y (ft) concentration mug/kg transect length (ft)
0 0 0.1 250
0 10 0.24 250
0 20 0.49 250
0 40 1.795 250
0 50 0.1 250
0 60 0.1 250
250 0 0.13 250
250 10 0.19 250
250 20 1.7 250
250 40 2.7 250
250 50 0.17 250
250 60 0.1 250
540 40 5.7 50
540 50 3.3 50
540 65 0.63 50
590 10 5.3 50
590 20 3.4 50
590 40 5.6 50
590 50 8.4 50
590 65 0.32 50
640 10 6.2 50
640 20 17.95 50
640 40 19 50
640 50 5.3 50
640 65 0.34 50
690 10 4.5 50
690 20 14 50
690 40 11.6 50
690 50 6.3 50
690 65 0.47 50
790 10 4.29 50
790 20 12 50
790 40 31 50
790 50 2.4 50
790 65 0.425 50
840 20 17 50
840 50 1.7 50
840 65 0.37 50
890 10 1.2 50
890 20 48.05 50
890 40 8.4 50
890 50 1.5 50
890 65 0.48 50
955 0 0.16 200
955 10 0.1 200
955 20 6.2 200
955 40 0.55 200
955 50 0.1 200
955 60 0.11 200
1155 0 0.14 200
 Dioxin.dat

Dioxin contaminated residues dumped onto a farm Road in Missouri.

X (ft) Y (ft) concentration mug/kg transect length (ft)
1155 10 0.27 200
1155 20 5.3 200
1155 40 1.8 200
1155 50 0.21 200
1155 60 0.1 200
1355 0 0.28 200
1355 10 0.13 200
1355 20 5.94 200
1355 40 2 200
1355 50 0.2 200
1355 60 0.1 200
1555 0 0.1 200
1555 10 0.3 200
1555 20 1.1 200
1555 40 1.7 200
1555 50 0.2 200
1555 60 0.1 200
1755 0 0.1 200
1755 10 0.3 200
1755 20 3.7 200
1755 40 5 200
1755 50 0.13 200
1755 60 0.12 200
1955 0 0.1 200
1955 10 0.31 200
1955 20 5.3 200
1955 40 4.1 200
1955 50 0.1 200
1955 60 0.1 200
2155 0 0.1 200
2155 10 0.38 200
2155 20 4.5 200
2155 40 2.8 200
2155 50 0.1 200
2155 60 0.1 200
2355 0 0.1 200
2355 10 0.1 200
2355 20 1.6 200
2355 40 0.97 200
2355 50 0.18 200
2355 60 0.1 200
2555 0 0.1 200
2555 10 0.79 200
2555 20 1.6 200
2555 40 2.6 200
2555 50 0.1 200
2555 60 0.1 200
2755 0 0.1 200
2755 10 0.1 200
2755 20 0.44 200
 Dioxin.dat

Dioxin contaminated residues dumped onto a farm Road in Missouri.

X (ft) Y (ft) concentration mug/kg transect length (ft)
2755 40 0.52 200
2755 50 0.1 200
2755 60 0.1 200
2955 0 0.33 200
2955 10 0.48 200
2955 20 1.2 200
2955 40 0.3 200
2955 50 0.17 200
2955 60 0.1 200
3155 0 0.1 200
3155 10 0.12 200
3155 20 0.74 200
3155 40 0.48 200
3155 50 0.15 200
3155 60 0.1 200
3355 0 0.1 200
3355 10 0.14 200
3355 20 0.96 200
3355 40 0.41 200
3355 50 0.175 200
3355 60 0.1 200
3555 0 0.1 250
3555 10 0.1 250
3555 20 1.065 250
3555 40 1.5 250
3555 50 0.15 250
3555 60 0.15 250
 Gasa.dat

Test set of deflection data for GASA meeting

Sample Sample Zone Width of reef No. of

number identifier code Easting Northing (cms) Grade (g/t) deflections
1 DDH1 1 21150 76370 38.4 6.44 1
2 DDH2 1 20870 77380 65.2 2.56 1
3 DDH3 1 20510 78510 70 28.59 1
4 DDH5 1 19890 78430 27.4 1.97 1
5 DDH6 1 20170 79830 25.6 2.65 1
6 DDH7 1 19880 76250 30.7 9.51 1
7 DDH8 1 18610 79840 43.9 1.52 1
9 DDH9 1 21620 76920 169.65 2.04 2
11 DDH10 1 21080 77810 92.9 13.58 2
13 DDH11 1 19230 77040 52.85 47.9 2
15 DDH12 1 22130 77400 54.8 8.82 2
17 DDH13 1 19170 78440 214.95 5.98 2
19 DDH14 1 21340 77420 23 68.66 2
21 DDH15 1 23100 76810 41.2 5.45 2
23 DDH16 1 22170 76280 49.65 0.63 2
25 DDH17 1 23560 75030 46.9 0.53 2
28 DDH18 1 19850 77620 53.4 6.28 3
31 DDH19 1 19590 80920 125.7 3.6 3
34 DDH20 1 17790 79830 28.53 204.56 3
37 DDH21 1 18980 79090 115.57 7.92 3
40 DDH22 1 18930 77620 37.9 32.5 3
44 DDH23 1 19420 75680 16.13 3.8 4
48 DDH24 1 19670 79070 33.5 0.94 4
52 DDH25 1 16970 80450 20.33 0.13 4
56 DDH26 1 18420 78870 158.7 5.11 4
61 DDH27 1 20250 77890 83.24 7.52 5
66 DDH28 1 21410 75780 75.34 3.73 5
 Hts306.dat

MINN306 February 1997

Height of student
176
170
179
174
175
177
178
174
177
171
179
174
171
176
160
165
173
165
180
170
172
180
187
170
183
 Organics.dat

Soil Organic Matter values in a research field near North Platte, Nebraska, USA.
East (meters) North (meters) Soil Org Matter (g/kg)
3 180 13.8
3 156 12.8
3 132 9.7
3 108 10
3 84 10.5
3 60 14.8
3 36 10.1
3 12 9.5
12 180 12.8
12 156 14.7
12 132 13.1
12 108 12
12 84 11.5
12 60 11.2
12 36 10.7
12 12 10.5
21 180 11.2
21 156 11.2
21 132 12.3
21 108 13.1
21 84 12.8
21 60 12.7
21 36 12
21 12 9.5
30 180 10.7
30 156 10.7
30 132 10.6
30 108 12
30 84 15
30 60 13
30 36 15.2
30 12 10
39 180 13.4
39 156 12.4
39 132 12.7
39 108 6.5
39 84 12.3
39 60 12.8
39 36 13.8
39 12 11.2
48 180 12.3
48 156 11.9
48 132 12.7
48 108 13.2
48 84 10.5
48 60 12.3
48 36 14.4
48 12 10.5
57 180 13.1
57 156 12
57 132 12
57 108 14.6
57 84 12.8
 Organics.dat

Soil Organic Matter values in a research field near North Platte, Nebraska, USA.
East (meters) North (meters) Soil Org Matter (g/kg)
57 60 14.8
57 36 15.2
57 12 12
66 180 12.4
66 156 14.8
66 132 14.6
66 108 15.4
66 84 12.8
66 60 15.6
66 36 17.6
66 12 12
75 180 12.8
75 156 13.2
75 132 15.8
75 108 13.6
75 84 14.4
75 60 14.6
75 36 14.6
75 12 11.6
84 180 17.6
84 156 16.8
84 132 14.4
84 108 14.2
84 84 15.2
84 60 17.6
84 36 15.2
84 12 13.6
93 180 17
93 156 16.8
93 132 18.8
93 108 20.1
93 84 18
93 60 14.4
93 36 12.7
93 12 11.5
102 180 14.4
102 156 14.8
102 132 16.4
102 108 17.6
102 84 20.1
102 60 15.6
102 36 12.6
102 12 11.2
111 180 16.8
111 156 17.6
111 132 11.6
111 108 16.8
111 84 18.4
111 60 15.4
111 36 14.8
111 12 11.1
 Page95.dat

Iron ore data from Practical Geostatistics (1979) -- Page 95

Easting (metres) Northing (metres) % Fe
0 170 34.3
10 40 35.5
15 135 28.6
55 145 29.4
125 20 41.5
175 50 36.8
120 180 33.4
160 175 36
240 185 30.2
260 115 33.2
235 15 33.7
365 60 34.3
285 110 35.3
345 115 31
335 170 27.4
325 195 33.9
350 235 37.6
290 230 39.9
10 390 27.2
85 380 34.2
50 270 30.2
200 280 30.4
400 355 39.9
360 335 40
335 310 40.6
5 195 33.9
20 105 32.5
25 155 29.6
50 40 30.6
155 15 40.4
145 125 30.1
130 185 35.3
175 185 41.4
220 90 28.5
205 9 40.1
265 65 24.4
390 65 31.6
325 105 39.5
310 150 34.8
385 165 29.9
325 220 37.8
375 215 29.8
200 230 37.4
55 375 27.44
395 245 36.5
165 355 40.8
270 285 32.9
365 340 40
330 320 44.1
330 290 41.4
 Scallops.dat

Scallop data were collected during 1990 off the east coast of North America.
STRATA designator Sample no. per year latitude longitude Tot scallops caught < 70 mm > 70 mm
6350 1 40.55 71.55 0 0 0
6350 2 40.46667 71.51667 0 0 0
6350 3 40.51667 71.71667 0 0 0
6350 4 40.38333 71.85 1 0 1
6350 5 40.31667 71.78333 0 0 0
6350 6 40.26667 71.88333 0 0 0
6310 7 40.13333 72.08333 2 1 1
6310 8 40.06667 72.16667 0 0 0
6310 9 40.1 72.31667 7 3 4
6310 10 40.01667 72.4 13 6 7
6310 11 39.9 72.56667 530 286 244
6310 12 39.81667 72.48333 2750 2278 472
6310 13 39.85 72.58333 2060 1496 564
6310 14 39.81667 72.68333 1016 382 634
6310 15 39.76667 72.73333 1206 808 398
6310 16 39.68333 72.61667 30 25 5
6280 17 39.58333 72.65 110 59 51
6280 18 39.5 72.53333 0 0 0
6280 19 39.43333 72.63333 0 0 0
6280 20 39.46667 72.66667 722 271 451
6280 21 39.43333 72.73333 41 12 29
6280 22 39.4 72.8 39 10 29
6280 23 39.31667 72.73333 0 0 0
6280 24 39.33333 72.85 94 10 84
6280 25 39.26667 72.81667 7 0 7
6280 26 39.21667 72.78333 0 0 0
6240 27 38.96667 72.98333 0 0 0
6240 28 38.86667 73.18333 33 6 27
6240 30 38.76667 73.18333 0 0 0
6240 31 38.65 73.25 0 0 0
6240 32 38.6 73.38333 1 0 1
6230 101 38.68333 73.61667 344 79 265
6230 102 38.65 73.53333 942 326 616
6230 103 38.73333 73.51667 758 150 608
6220 104 38.76667 73.6 83 14 69
6220 105 38.81667 73.7 60 32 28
6220 106 38.93333 73.51667 27 13 14
6230 107 38.88333 73.43333 119 15 104
6230 108 38.85 73.35 482 165 317
6230 109 38.93333 73.28333 151 65 86
6220 110 39.01667 73.48333 20 4 16
6220 111 39.15 73.55 16 8 8
6220 112 39.13333 73.45 26 6 20
6220 113 39.23333 73.31667 18 6 12
6220 114 39.3 73.31667 30 3 27
6230 115 39.33333 73.21667 55 7 48
6230 116 39.21667 73.13333 86 18 68
6230 117 39.13333 73.15 1336 880 456
6230 118 39.1 73.18333 239 58 181
6230 119 39.01667 73.15 459 110 349
6230 120 39.06667 73.08333 229 62 167
 Scallops.dat

Scallop data were collected during 1990 off the east coast of North America.
STRATA designator Sample no. per year latitude longitude Tot scallops caught < 70 mm > 70 mm
6230 121 39.18333 73.1 105 62 43
6230 122 39.28333 72.98333 557 251 306
6230 123 39.31667 72.93333 5056 2896 2160
6270 124 39.38333 72.91667 2500 1740 760
6230 126 39.38333 73.11667 264 74 190
6260 128 39.51667 73.11667 10 2 8
6250 129 39.51667 73.15 8 6 2
6260 130 39.65 73.06667 28 1 27
6270 131 39.65 72.98333 46 13 33
6270 132 39.55 72.96667 370 173 197
6270 133 39.6 72.88333 316 66 250
6270 134 39.51667 72.88333 970 482 488
6270 135 39.48333 72.85 476 224 252
6270 136 39.5 72.73333 7084 4487 2597
6270 137 39.55 72.8 3246 2316 930
6270 138 39.63333 72.76667 322 216 106
6270 139 39.71667 72.85 0 0 0
6270 140 39.8 72.95 0 0 0
6270 141 39.71667 73 16 4 12
6260 142 39.71667 73.05 17 5 12
6260 143 39.76667 73.11667 15 5 10
6270 144 39.81667 73.06667 17 1 16
6260 146 39.88333 73.25 41 15 26
6260 148 39.93333 73.28333 4 0 4
6260 149 39.9 73.35 139 29 110
6270 150 39.98333 73.35 0 0 0
6260 151 40.01667 73.28333 5 2 3
6260 152 40.03333 73.36667 3 1 2
6260 153 40 73.45 21 6 15
6270 154 40.05 73.48333 0 0 0
6260 155 40.11667 73.56667 14 9 5
6250 156 40.15 73.55 4 1 3
6270 157 40.13333 73.61667 0 0 0
6260 158 40.16667 73.66667 1 0 1
6250 159 40.21667 73.55 0 0 0
6290 160 40.15 73.28333 9 0 9
6300 161 39.98333 73.05 13 1 12
6270 162 39.9 73.11667 3 0 3
6310 163 39.85 72.98333 3 0 3
6300 164 39.9 72.91667 114 33 81
6300 165 39.85 72.78333 471 202 269
6310 166 39.98333 72.58333 842 556 286
6300 167 39.98333 72.75 326 254 72
6300 168 39.98333 72.81667 52 23 29
6300 170 40.1 72.91667 22 3 19
6300 171 40.18333 72.85 21 10 11
6300 172 40.1 72.81667 26 4 22
6310 173 40.06667 72.51667 91 33 58
6310 174 40.15 72.55 70 44 26
6310 175 40.18333 72.45 35 1 34
6310 176 40.21667 72.51667 42 12 30
 Scallops.dat

Scallop data were collected during 1990 off the east coast of North America.
STRATA designator Sample no. per year latitude longitude Tot scallops caught < 70 mm > 70 mm
6310 177 40.23333 72.68333 42 11 31
6300 178 40.31667 72.61667 20 2 18
6300 179 40.4 72.68333 17 8 9
6290 180 40.51667 72.68333 25 6 19
6290 181 40.55 72.48333 19 8 11
6290 182 40.45 72.53333 20 11 9
6300 183 40.46667 72.46667 41 29 12
6300 184 40.4 72.41667 46 23 23
6300 185 40.31667 72.43333 30 2 28
6310 186 40.31667 72.35 21 8 13
6310 187 40.23333 72.35 37 6 31
6310 188 40.18333 72.3 290 210 80
6310 189 40.23333 72.18333 207 72 135
6340 190 40.91667 71.76667 297 128 169
6340 191 40.86667 71.8 46 7 39
6330 192 40.86667 71.85 23 7 16
6330 193 40.9 71.95 1 0 1
6330 194 40.85 72.06667 9 0 9
6330 195 40.81667 72.18333 20 4 16
6330 196 40.81667 72.3 0 0 0
6330 197 40.81667 72.38333 0 0 0
6330 198 40.78333 72.35 33 31 2
6330 199 40.66667 72.38333 28 15 13
6290 200 40.58333 72.38333 159 126 33
6340 201 40.61667 72.31667 62 45 17
6340 202 40.56667 72.25 76 11 65
6340 204 40.56667 72.18333 106 20 86
6350 205 40.53333 72.18333 71 17 54
6300 206 40.5 72.31667 50 13 37
6310 207 40.43333 72.28333 68 14 54
6310 208 40.35 72.25 24 7 17
6310 209 40.31667 72.15 26 4 22
6350 210 40.36667 72.1 11 1 10
6350 211 40.45 71.96667 3 3 0
6350 212 40.56667 71.98333 26 5 21
6340 213 40.6 72.01667 34 7 27
6340 214 40.6 72.13333 75 32 43
6340 215 40.65 72.16667 143 87 56
6340 216 40.65 72.08333 62 25 37
6340 217 40.7 72.05 31 20 11
6330 218 40.73333 72.05 230 160 70
6340 219 40.71667 71.98333 8 1 7
6340 220 40.66667 71.83333 114 35 79
6340 221 40.73333 71.88333 8 3 5
6330 222 40.76667 71.91667 8 0 8
6340 224 40.75 71.83333 38 8 30
 velvetlf.dat

Subsample of the number of velvetleaf weeds counted in a field in Nebraska.

X (meters east) Y (meters east) weed count
7 126 17
7 140 0
7 154 1
7 168 0
7 182 0
7 196 0
7 210 0
7 224 0
21 126 18
21 140 0
21 154 0
21 168 6
21 182 1
21 196 0
21 210 0
21 224 2
35 28 4
35 42 1
35 56 12
35 70 14
35 84 1
35 98 0
35 112 9
35 126 3
35 140 0
35 154 12
35 168 8
35 182 6
35 196 1
35 210 0
35 224 0
49 28 3
49 42 33
49 56 48
49 70 54
49 84 3
49 98 0
49 112 3
49 126 0
49 140 2
49 154 4
49 168 1
49 182 8
49 196 3
49 210 2
49 224 0
63 28 2
63 42 0
63 56 0
63 70 0
 velvetlf.dat

Subsample of the number of velvetleaf weeds counted in a field in Nebraska.

X (meters east) Y (meters east) weed count
63 84 0
63 98 0
63 112 0
63 126 0
63 140 0
63 154 0
63 168 0
63 182 0
63 196 1
63 210 0
63 224 0
77 14 1
77 28 5
77 42 0
77 56 0
77 70 0
77 84 0
77 98 0
77 112 0
77 126 0
77 140 0
77 154 0
77 168 0
77 182 0
77 196 0
77 210 0
77 224 0
91 14 0
91 28 0
91 42 0
91 56 0
91 70 1
91 84 3
91 98 1
91 112 0
91 126 2
91 140 2
91 154 0
91 168 0
91 182 0
91 196 0
91 210 0
91 224 1
105 0 2
105 14 2
105 28 1
105 42 0
105 56 0
105 70 0
105 84 0
 velvetlf.dat

Subsample of the number of velvetleaf weeds counted in a field in Nebraska.

X (meters east) Y (meters east) weed count
105 98 2
105 112 0
105 126 0
105 140 0
105 154 0
105 168 0
105 182 0
105 196 0
105 210 0
105 224 0
119 0 5
119 14 26
119 28 4
119 42 7
119 56 49
119 70 27
119 84 17
119 98 86
119 112 8
119 126 2
119 140 3
119 154 2
119 168 9
119 182 2
119 196 3
119 210 0
119 224 0
133 0 37
133 14 49
133 28 18
133 42 46
133 56 28
133 70 68
133 84 22
133 98 52
133 112 28
133 126 47
133 140 39
133 154 14
133 168 26
133 182 6
133 196 4
133 210 2
133 224 0
147 0 43
147 14 59
147 28 42
147 42 11
147 56 43
147 70 8
 velvetlf.dat

Subsample of the number of velvetleaf weeds counted in a field in Nebraska.

X (meters east) Y (meters east) weed count
147 84 59
147 98 57
147 112 45
147 126 81
147 140 1
147 154 17
147 168 12
147 182 2
147 196 7
147 210 1
147 224 0
161 0 30
161 14 41
161 28 44
161 42 10
161 56 10
161 70 10
161 84 11
161 98 5
161 112 7
161 126 3
161 140 0
161 154 5
161 168 4
161 182 9
161 196 1
161 210 38
161 224 5
175 0 37
175 14 6
175 28 6
175 42 17
175 56 16
175 70 6
175 84 7
175 98 0
175 112 0
175 126 3
175 140 0
175 154 0
175 168 0
175 182 0
175 196 1
175 210 0
175 224 1
189 0 0
189 14 8
189 28 28
189 42 31
189 56 15
 velvetlf.dat

Subsample of the number of velvetleaf weeds counted in a field in Nebraska.

X (meters east) Y (meters east) weed count
189 70 9
189 84 0
189 98 0
189 112 0
189 126 0
189 140 0
189 154 0
189 168 0
189 182 0
189 196 0
189 210 0
189 224 0
 Wolfcamp.dat

Potentiometric Levels (feet) for Wolfcamp Aquifer -- New Mexico and Texas
Easting (X) Northing (Y) Potentiometric Level
42.8 127.6 1464
-27.4 90.8 2553
-1.2 84.9 2158
-18.6 76.5 2455
96.5 64.6 1756
108.6 82.9 1702
88.4 56.5 1805
90 39.3 1797
93.2 33.1 1714
97.6 56.3 1466
90.6 35.1 1729
92.6 41.8 1638
99.5 59.2 1736
-24.1 184.8 1476
-26.1 114.1 2200
56.3 26.8 1999
73 18.9 1680
80.3 12.6 1806
80.2 14.6 1682
68.8 107.8 1306
76.4 96 1722
64.5 110.4 1437
43.4 53.6 1828
39.1 62 2118
112.8 45.5 1725
54.3 147.8 1606
6.1 48.3 2648
-3.8 40.4 2560
-2.2 29.9 2544
-2.4 33.8 2386
-2.2 33.7 2400
63.2 79.5 1757
-10.8 175.1 1402
-19 171.9 1364
-38.6 158.5 1735
83.1 159.1 1376
-21.8 15 2729
-23.6 9.4 2766
-20.1 22.1 2736
-16.6 17.3 2432
29.9 175.1 1024
100.9 23 1611
101.3 23 1548
103.3 20.3 1591
-14.3 31.3 2540
-18.1 30.2 2352
-18.1 29.5 2528
-9.9 38.1 2575
-12.2 39.1 2468
11.7 18.7 2646
 Wolfcamp.dat

Potentiometric Levels (feet) for Wolfcamp Aquifer -- New Mexico and Texas
Easting (X) Northing (Y) Potentiometric Level
61.7 32.5 1739
69.6 33.8 1674
66.7 33.9 1868
-36.7 150.9 1865
-19.6 137.8 1777
-21.3 131.8 1579
-22.4 137.1 1771
21.1 139.3 1408
7.7 126.8 1527
-8.3 107.8 2003
56.7 171.3 1386
59 164.5 1089
69 177.2 1384
70.9 161.4 1030
73 163 1092
59.7 170.1 1161
61.9 174.3 1415
63.7 173.9 1231
5.6 79.1 2300
18.2 77.4 2238
85.7 139.8 1038
105.1 132 1332
-101.6 10.7 3510
-145.2 28 3490
-74 88 2594
-94.5 86.6 2650
-88.8 76.7 2533
-120.3 80.8 3571
-86 54.4 2811
-72.8 43.1 2728
-100.2 42.9 3136
-78.8 40.8 2553
-83.7 46.5 2798
-95.6 35.8 2691
-87.6 29.4 2946
 Index

A 19,53,297,
170,174,179, iron ore (Page 95)
analysis of variance 279,295,312
235,334 organics 5,92,286
anisotropy 192,215,248 samples (data set) 4,327
areas 295 5,23,62,88,
auxiliary functions 308 scallops
162,201,333
B velvetlf 6,88,329
bar chart 12 4,21,59,200,
blocks 302 wolfcamp 232,249,281,
box plot 11 313,318
C 41,50,
degrees of freedom
CD 6 151,287
Central Limit Theorem 50 discrete data 14
clustered sampling 192 discretisation 298
coefficient of variation 13,67 distribution
confidence interval Bernoulli 104
193,251,265, Binomial 104
for estimates Compound Poisson 113
274,307
for mean 44,49 Exponential 111
standard deviation 41,50 Gaussian 31
on regression 156 Geometric 109
correlation coefficient 151,165 67,215,
lognormal
150,207,257, 304,323
covariance mixed Poisson 123
270,276
Cressie 223,271 Negative Binomial 109
cross validation 284 Normal 31,287
cross cross validation 290 Poisson 112
cutoff 45 Snedecor’s  138
Student’s  44
D distributions
data, ordered 34,165 test for fit of 140
data sets: discrete 103
4,16,50,147, mixtures of 86
coal 156,168,228, distribution free 164,333
248,277
E
copper 4 estimate unknown value 190
dioxin 5 estimate, mean 37,73
gasa 4,75,159 estimate, standard deviation 41
4,94,144,167, estimation error 153,209
geevor estimation variance 265,269
290,302,322
 Index

F matrices 275
Finney 69 maximum likelihood 76
G mean 8,32,73
geometric mean 9,72 median 8,32,73
45,80,295, Merks 224
grade/tonnage curves Mine Call factor 168,301
301
Griffith 117 mode 8,32,73

H N
histogram (not) 12 natural logarithms 72
homogeneous 186 nearest neighbour 233
honour data 192 non-parametric 164,333
hypothesis testing 135 nugget effect 224,270,281

I O
independent 15,31 objective 1
inference 14 open pit 295
inverse distance 190,208,247 open cast 295

J P
jack-knifing 285 panels 302
Journel 329 pay limit 80
pay value 81
K payability 84
Krige 141,295 population 14,49
kriging predicting a value 152
direct 306 probability density function 31
indicator 329 probability distribution 31
lognormal 320 probability paper 34
ordinary 272,274,315 proportonal effect 320
rank uniform 333
simple 269,271,315 R
universal 315 random 15,31
kurtosis 13,33 range 9
range, interquartile 9
L rank transform 164,215
lagrangian multiplier 273,318 143,195,
least squares 77,224 regression effect
296,306
location of sample 188 relationships 147,210
logarithmic transform 70 Rendu 80
lower tail 32 representative 14,31,185
M reproducible 14,31,185
mapping methods 188 153,239,
residual
213,267,272, 281,314
Matheron risk 50
295,317
 Index

S
sample data 7 single sample 135
scatter plot 147 standard deviations 138
scattergram 147 two sample 137
selection calculations 45,82 176,235,281,
semi-variogram trend surface
314,315,334
experimental 212,248,295
U
model 216,248,295
unbiassed 154,269
relative 322
uniform transform 164
sensitivity 285
upper tail 32
Sichel 71,118
skewness 13,33,69,320 V
software 6 variance 10,75
standard deviation 11,32 variogram 213
standard error 269 variance, between block 298
stope 295 variance, within block 298
study area 2 volume/variance 296
support 295 W
T 188,207,247,
weighted average
test(s) 264,272
chi-squared 2 142,223 weights, negative 268
correlation 151 weights, optimal 264
means 137
 Practical Geostatistics was written by Isobel Clark and
published in 1979 by Elsevier Applied Science when
few books were available to assist a teacher of geostatistics.

“Kriging is useful as an interpolation and estimation technique in geochemistry, rock me-

chanics, geography, hydrology, forestry and many more diverse disciplines. ....... provides
the reader with a book which can be readily understood and with fully worked examples
and illustrations” Engineering Societies Library Review, 1980

“It is obviously written by an experienced teacher who well knows the value of worked
examples and self-teaching exercises” British Book News, 1980

“a useful and easy introduction” Biometrics 1980

“La présentation est claire, succinte, les développements mathématiques sont réduits à leur
strict minimum. L’ouvrage s’adresse à un public non spécialisé.” Annales de la Société
Géologique de Belgique, 1982

“Some readers may find the text rather too chatty............” Bulletin of the Institute of
Mathematics and its Applications 1981

“I think Clark’s book is valuable because it makes geostatistics readily understandable.

............ I hope that Dr Clark will give us a comparison of classical statistics with geo-
statistics in a future book” Economic Geology 1981

This is that future book. Jointly authored by Isobel Clark and Bill Harper, Practical
Geostatistics 2000 shows how the kriging techniques of geostatistics evolve logically
from basic statistical concepts and interpolation methods such as trend surface analysis
and inverse distance weighting.
This book is not intended for specialist mathematicians or statisticians, but for those
students and professionals to whom geostatistics is one useful tool on the workbench.
Our proposed audience includes anyone who needs to produce estimates or predictions of
quantitative values at locations where samples have not been or cannot be taken.
No prior knowledge of statistics is assumed, although the reader needs to be comfortable
with basic algebra and a little calculus. It helps if you know how to solve small sets of
simultaneous equations. All chapters include fully worked examples. Most include a list
of exercises for the reader to practice on. A separate volume of answers to the exercises
is also available. Data sets are listed and can be downloaded — along with the software —
from the Web.
 c

Ecosse North America, LLC

Attn: William V. Harper, [email protected]
Mathematical Sciences, Towers Hall 139
Otterbein University
1 S. Grove Street
Westerville, OH 43081-2006 USA
http://ecossenorthamerica.com/