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Electronics Lab Manual Questions
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) - 20 Questions
1. What is the primary objective of Experiment 1 ("EEElab-01.pdf")?
a) To study amplifier circuits
b) To analyze rectifier circuits
c) To design filter circuits
d) To measure AC voltage
Answer: b) To analyze rectifier circuits
2. In a half-wave rectifier circuit, the diode conducts during which part of the AC input
cycle?
a) Only the negative half-cycle
b) Only the positive half-cycle
c) Both positive and negative half-cycles
d) Neither half-cycle
Answer: b) Only the positive half-cycle
3. Which component is typically used as the rectifying element in the circuits described?
a) Transistor
b) Resistor
c) Diode
d) Capacitor
Answer: c) Diode
4. The output waveform of a half-wave rectifier resembles:
a) A pure DC voltage
b) A square wave
c) Pulsating DC
d) A sine wave
Answer: c) Pulsating DC
5. What is the purpose of the transformer in the rectifier circuits?
a) To step up the current
b) To isolate the circuit from the main supply and step down/up voltage
c) To filter the output
d) To amplify the signal
Answer: b) To isolate the circuit from the main supply and step down/up voltage
6. Which type of full-wave rectifier requires a center-tapped transformer?
a) Bridge rectifier
b) Half-wave rectifier
c) Center-tapped full-wave rectifier
d) Voltage doubler
Answer: c) Center-tapped full-wave rectifier
7. How many diodes are used in a center-tapped full-wave rectifier?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
Answer: b) 2
8. What is the approximate ripple factor for a full-wave rectifier without a filter?
a) 1.21
b) 0.482
c) 0.1
d) 0.8
Answer: b) 0.482
9. The Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) for each diode in a center-tapped full-wave rectifier is:
a) Vm
b) 2Vm
c) Vm/2
d) 0.7V
Answer: b) 2Vm
10.What is the main disadvantage of a half-wave rectifier compared to a full-wave rectifier?
a) Lower efficiency and higher ripple factor
b) Higher efficiency and lower ripple factor
c) Simpler circuit design
d) Less power consumption
Answer: a) Lower efficiency and higher ripple factor
11.According to "EEE- lab manual, Expt no-2.pdf", what is the main objective of that
experiment?
a) To verify Kirchhoff's voltage and current laws
b) To analyze transistor characteristics
c) To measure capacitance
d) To study diode rectification
Answer: a) To verify Kirchhoff's voltage and current laws
12.Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of currents entering a node
(or junction) is:
a) Equal to the sum of voltages
b) Equal to the total resistance
c) Zero
d) Constant and non-zero
Answer: c) Zero
13.Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around any
closed loop in a circuit is:
a) Equal to the sum of currents
b) Equal to the total power
c) Zero
d) Proportional to resistance
Answer: c) Zero
14.In "EEE- lab manual, Expt no-2.pdf", what instrument is used to measure current?
a) Voltmeter
b) Ammeter
c) Ohmmeter
d) Oscilloscope
Answer: b) Ammeter
15.What type of circuit is used to demonstrate KVL and KCL in Experiment 2?
a) Series RLC circuit
b) Parallel RC circuit
c) Series-parallel resistive circuit
d) Diode clipping circuit
Answer: c) Series-parallel resistive circuit
16.Which basic logic gate implements logical multiplication?
a) OR gate
b) NOT gate
c) AND gate
d) XOR gate
Answer: c) AND gate
17.The output of a NOR gate is HIGH only when:
a) All inputs are HIGH
b) At least one input is HIGH
c) All inputs are LOW
d) Inputs are different
Answer: c) All inputs are LOW
18.What is the Boolean expression for an OR gate with inputs A and B?
a) A * B
b) A + B
c) A'
d) A XOR B
Answer: b) A + B
19.Which of the following is considered a universal logic gate?
a) XOR
b) XNOR
c) NAND
d) Buffer
Answer: c) NAND
20.If the input to a NOT gate is HIGH, what will be its output?
a) HIGH
b) LOW
c) Undefined
d) Pulsating
Answer: b) LOW
Fill in the Blanks - 20 Questions
1. The process of converting AC to DC is called ___________.
Answer: rectification
2. A __________ rectifier allows only one half-cycle of the AC input to pass through.
Answer: half-wave
3. The output voltage of a full-wave rectifier contains less __________ than a half-wave
rectifier.
Answer: ripple
4. The efficiency of a full-wave rectifier is approximately __________%.
Answer: 81.2
5. The average DC voltage of a full-wave rectifier (bridge or center-tapped) is Vdc = 2Vm /
__________.
Answer: π (pi)
6. The PIV for each diode in a bridge full-wave rectifier is equal to __________.
Answer: Vm
7. A __________ is an electronic device that allows current to flow in one direction only.
Answer: diode
8. In an ideal diode model, the forward voltage drop is assumed to be __________V.
Answer: 0
9. Kirchhoff's Current Law is based on the principle of conservation of __________.
Answer: charge
10.Kirchhoff's Voltage Law is based on the principle of conservation of __________.
Answer: energy
11.To measure voltage across a component, a voltmeter is connected in __________ with
the component.
Answer: parallel
12.To measure current through a component, an ammeter is connected in __________ with
the component.
Answer: series
13.The input to an AND gate is LOW and HIGH. The output will be __________.
Answer: LOW
14.The output of an __________ gate is HIGH if any of its inputs are HIGH.
Answer: OR
15.The NOT gate performs a logical __________.
Answer: inversion
16.A __________ gate is equivalent to an AND gate followed by a NOT gate.
Answer: NAND
17.If both inputs to a NOR gate are LOW, the output will be __________.
Answer: HIGH
18.The Boolean expression for a NOT gate with input A is __________.
Answer: A' (or A-bar)
19.Logic gates are the basic building blocks of any __________ system.
Answer: digital
20.The truth table defines the relationship between the inputs and __________ of a logic
gate.
Answer: output
True/False - 20 Questions
1. The ripple factor is a dimensionless quantity.
Answer: True
2. A half-wave rectifier utilizes both positive and negative half-cycles of the input AC.
Answer: False
3. The PIV rating of a diode is critical to prevent breakdown during reverse bias.
Answer: True
4. A bridge rectifier typically uses three diodes.
Answer: False (uses four)
5. The output frequency of a bridge full-wave rectifier is the same as the input frequency.
Answer: False (it's twice the input frequency)
6. Silicon diodes have a typical forward voltage drop of 0.3V.
Answer: False (0.7V for silicon, 0.3V for germanium)
7. Kirchhoff's Laws are applicable only to DC circuits.
Answer: False (applicable to AC circuits as well)
8. According to KCL, the sum of currents leaving a node must be equal to the sum of
currents entering that node.
Answer: True
9. An ideal ammeter has infinite internal resistance.
Answer: False (ideal ammeter has zero internal resistance)
10.An ideal voltmeter has zero internal resistance.
Answer: False (ideal voltmeter has infinite internal resistance)
11.The resistance values used in Experiment 2 (Kirchhoff's Laws) are exact and do not vary
from their nominal values.
Answer: False (resistors have tolerance)
12.The AND gate performs logical addition.
Answer: False (performs logical multiplication)
13.An OR gate output is LOW only when all its inputs are LOW.
Answer: True
14.The XOR gate is also known as an "exclusive NOR" gate.
Answer: False (exclusive OR)
15.A NOT gate can have multiple inputs.
Answer: False (only one input)
16.The truth table for a 2-input AND gate has 4 possible input combinations.
Answer: True
17.The De Morgan's theorem relates AND/OR operations to their complements.
Answer: True (though not explicitly detailed in the provided content, it's a fundamental
concept related to logic gates)
18.Logic gates can be constructed using diodes and transistors.
Answer: True
19.The output of an XNOR gate is HIGH when its inputs are different.
Answer: False (HIGH when inputs are the same)
20.Digital multimeters (DMMs) can measure voltage, current, and resistance.
Answer: True
Short Answer Questions - 20 Questions
1. What is the primary function of a rectifier circuit in power supply applications?
Answer: To convert alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC).
2. Name the two main types of full-wave rectifier configurations discussed in the lab
manual.
Answer: Center-tapped full-wave rectifier and Bridge full-wave rectifier.
3. What is ripple factor, and what does a lower ripple factor indicate?
Answer: Ripple factor is a measure of the effectiveness of a rectifier circuit. A lower
ripple factor indicates a smoother DC output with less AC component.
4. Briefly explain why a half-wave rectifier is less efficient than a full-wave rectifier.
Answer: A half-wave rectifier utilizes only one half-cycle of the AC input, while a
full-wave rectifier utilizes both half-cycles, resulting in a more continuous and efficient
conversion.
5. What is the significance of Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) for a diode in a rectifier circuit?
Answer: PIV is the maximum reverse voltage that a diode can withstand without
breaking down. It's crucial for selecting the appropriate diode for a given rectifier circuit.
6. State Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) in your own words.
Answer: KCL states that the total current entering a junction or node in a circuit is equal
to the total current leaving that junction. (Alternatively: The algebraic sum of currents at a
node is zero).
7. State Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) in your own words.
Answer: KVL states that the algebraic sum of all voltage drops and rises around any
closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero.
8. Why is it important to connect an ammeter in series when measuring current?
Answer: An ammeter has very low internal resistance. Connecting it in series ensures
that the circuit current flows through it, allowing accurate measurement without
significantly altering the circuit's total resistance.
9. Why is it important to connect a voltmeter in parallel when measuring voltage?
Answer: A voltmeter has very high internal resistance. Connecting it in parallel ensures
that it draws negligible current from the circuit, thus not affecting the voltage being
measured.
10.What is the fundamental difference between an analog multimeter and a digital
multimeter (DMM)?
Answer: An analog multimeter uses a moving needle on a scale to display
measurements, while a digital multimeter displays readings numerically on a screen.
11.List the three basic logic gates discussed in the manual.
Answer: AND, OR, and NOT gates.
12.What is the output of an AND gate if one or more of its inputs are LOW?
Answer: The output will be LOW.
13.Describe the function of a NOT gate.
Answer: A NOT gate (or inverter) takes a single input and produces an output that is the
logical inverse of the input. If the input is HIGH, the output is LOW, and vice-versa.
14.How does a NOR gate differ from an OR gate?
Answer: A NOR gate is an OR gate followed by a NOT gate. Its output is the inverse of
an OR gate's output; it's only HIGH when all inputs are LOW.
15.What are universal logic gates, and name one example from the lab manual?
Answer: Universal logic gates are gates from which any other logic gate can be
constructed. An example from the manual is the NAND gate (or NOR gate, though
NAND is more explicitly mentioned as such).
16.What is a truth table, and what is its purpose in digital logic?
Answer: A truth table is a mathematical table used in Boolean algebra and digital
electronics to list all possible input combinations of a logic gate or circuit and their
corresponding outputs. Its purpose is to define the logic function.
17.What type of transformer is typically used in the rectifier circuits shown in the lab
manual?
Answer: A step-down transformer is typically used to reduce the mains AC voltage to a
suitable level for the rectifier circuit.
18.What would be the expected output frequency of a full-wave rectifier if the input AC
frequency is 50 Hz?
Answer: 100 Hz (twice the input frequency).
19.In the context of rectifier circuits, what does "pulsating DC" mean?
Answer: Pulsating DC refers to a DC voltage that is not constant but varies in amplitude,
having ripples or fluctuations due to the incomplete rectification of the AC input.
20.Briefly explain why a breadboard is useful for conducting circuit experiments.
Answer: A breadboard allows for quick and easy prototyping of electronic circuits without
soldering, enabling components to be easily inserted, removed, and rearranged.
