Viva Questions with Answers – Electrical

and Electronics Lab

1. Introduction to Electrical Lab to Know Different Components
● Q: What are the basic components used in an electrical circuit?

A: Resistors, capacitors, inductors, switches, fuses, wires, and power supplies.

● Q: Define resistor, capacitor, and inductor.

A: Resistor opposes current flow, capacitor stores electrical energy, inductor stores energy
in a magnetic field.

● Q: What is the function of a fuse?

A: To protect the circuit by breaking the connection if current exceeds a safe limit.

● Q: Why are colour codes used in resistors?

A: To identify the resistance value and tolerance of a resistor.

● Q: What is a multimeter? What can it measure?

A: A multimeter is an instrument used to measure voltage, current, and resistance.

2. Affirmation of Ohm’s Law

● Q: State Ohm’s Law.

A: Voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to current, V = IR.

● Q: What are the conditions for Ohm’s law to be valid?

A: Material must be ohmic, temperature and physical conditions should remain constant.

● Q: What is the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance?

A: V = I × R

● Q: What is the unit of resistance?

A: Ohm (Ω).

● Q: What happens to the current when resistance is doubled?

A: Current becomes half, if voltage is constant.

3. Affirmation of Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
● Q: State Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.

A: Sum of all voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is zero.

● Q: What is a closed loop?

A: A path that starts and ends at the same node without retracing.

● Q: Can KVL be applied to both DC and AC circuits?

A: Yes, it applies to both.

● Q: What is the algebraic sum of voltages in a loop?

A: Zero.

4. Affirmation of Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

● Q: State Kirchhoff’s Current Law.

A: The total current entering a junction equals the total current leaving the junction.

● Q: What is a node in a circuit?

A: A point in a circuit where two or more circuit elements meet.

● Q: What is meant by current entering and leaving a junction?

A: Current entering brings charge to the junction; leaving takes charge away.

● Q: How does KCL follow the principle of conservation?

A: It is based on conservation of charge.

5. Affirmation of Superposition Theorem

● Q: What is the superposition theorem?

A: In a linear circuit with multiple sources, the response in any element is the sum of the
responses due to each source acting alone.

● Q: When is superposition theorem applicable?

A: In linear circuits with multiple independent sources.

● Q: Can superposition theorem be applied to power?

A: No, because power is not a linear quantity.

● Q: What is the basic condition to use this theorem?

A: The circuit must be linear and bilateral.

6. Affirmation of Thevenin’s Theorem

● Q: State Thevenin’s Theorem.

A: Any linear circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage
source and series resistance.

● Q: What are Thevenin equivalent voltage and resistance?

A: Voltage across the open terminals and resistance seen from those terminals with sources
replaced.

● Q: What is the main use of Thevenin's theorem?

A: To simplify the analysis of power systems and circuits.

● Q: Can this theorem be applied to non-linear circuits?

A: No, only linear circuits.

7. Introduction to Electronics Laboratory

● Q: Name some basic electronic components.

A: Resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors, LEDs.

● Q: What is the difference between analog and digital signals?

A: Analog signals are continuous, digital signals are discrete.

● Q: What is the function of a breadboard?

A: Used for prototyping and testing circuits without soldering.

● Q: What is the role of a power supply in experiments?

A: To provide the required voltage and current to the circuit.

8. P-N Junction Diode I-V Characteristics

● Q: What is a P-N junction diode?

A: A semiconductor device that allows current in one direction only.

● Q: Define forward bias and reverse bias.

A: Forward bias: P to +ve and N to -ve. Reverse bias: P to -ve and N to +ve.

● Q: What is the cut-in voltage of a silicon diode?

A: Approximately 0.7V.

● Q: What is breakdown voltage?

A: Voltage at which the diode conducts heavily in reverse bias.

9. Half-Wave Rectifier
● Q: What is rectification?

A: Conversion of AC into DC.

● Q: Explain the working of a half-wave rectifier.

A: It allows current only during one half cycle of AC.

● Q: What is the role of a transformer in rectification?

A: To step up or step down AC voltage.

● Q: What is the efficiency of a half-wave rectifier?

A: About 40.6%.

10. Full-Wave Rectifier

● Q: How does a full-wave rectifier work?

A: It uses both halves of AC cycle to produce DC.

● Q: What is the difference between center-tapped and bridge rectifier?

A: Center-tapped uses two diodes and transformer with center tap; bridge uses four diodes
without center tap.

● Q: What is the ripple factor?

A: A measure of residual AC content in output.

● Q: Why is full-wave rectification preferred over half-wave?

A: Better efficiency and smoother DC output.

11. Application of P-N Junction Diode

● Q: List practical applications of diodes.
A: Rectifiers, voltage regulation, signal clipping, switching.

● Q: What is a Zener diode and its use?

A: A special diode used for voltage regulation in reverse breakdown.

● Q: How are diodes used in logic gates?

A: By controlling current paths in combinational logic.

● Q: What is the use of a diode in a rectifier?

A: To allow unidirectional current flow.

12. BJT I-V Characteristics (Input Characteristics)

● Q: What is a BJT?

A: Bipolar Junction Transistor, a current-controlled device.

● Q: Differentiate between NPN and PNP transistors.

A: NPN: electrons are majority carriers. PNP: holes are majority carriers.

● Q: What are input and output characteristics?

A: Input: base current vs base-emitter voltage. Output: collector current vs collector-emitter

voltage.

● Q: Define active, cut-off, and saturation regions.

A: Active: transistor amplifies. Cut-off: no conduction. Saturation: maximum conduction.

13. Study of Oscilloscope (CRO)

● Q: What is a CRO?

A: An instrument used to visualize electrical signals.

● Q: What is the function of time base?

A: To provide horizontal sweep to display time axis.

● Q: What are X and Y channels in CRO?

A: X-axis: time base, Y-axis: input signal.

● Q: How can a CRO be used to measure frequency and voltage?

A: Frequency from time period of waveform; voltage from vertical deflection scale.