📘 Module 1: Digestive System and Body System Interactions

💡 What You Need to Know

• The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that the body can absorb.
• Major organs include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
• The small intestine is where most nutrient absorption takes place.
• The circulatory system delivers these nutrients to cells around the body.
• The muscular system helps move food through the digestive tract using a motion called
peristalsis.
• The nervous system controls digestive responses like salivation and the movement of muscles
during digestion.

🧪 Explore This!

🧪 Draw the digestive system.

• Label: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and gallbladder.
🧠 Highlight where food is digested and where nutrients are absorbed.

🧠 Quick Review

✅ Multiple Choice

1. Which organ absorbs most nutrients?

A. Stomach B. Esophagus C. Small intestine D. Large intestine

2. Which system works with digestion to transport nutrients?

A. Nervous B. Respiratory C. Circulatory D. Muscular

✅ True or False
3. Digestion starts in the stomach. → False
4. The nervous system helps you respond when you see food. → True

✍️Short Answer
5. Explain how the muscular and digestive systems work together to move food.

🎯 Remember!

The digestive system does not work alone.

🎯 It relies on the muscular system to move food and the nervous system to control processes—
ensuring your body gets the nutrients it needs!

📘 Module 2: Plant Transport System

💡 What You Need to Know

• Plants have specialized tissues for transporting water, minerals, and food.
• The xylem carries water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.
• The phloem distributes sugars and nutrients produced during photosynthesis.
• Transpiration is the process where water evaporates from the stomata in the leaves.
• Water moves upward through a process called capillary action, supported by adhesion, cohesion,
and root pressure.
• Guard cells control the opening and closing of the stomata to regulate water loss and gas
exchange.
🧪 Explore This!

🧪 Place a celery stalk in colored water and leave it overnight.

• Observe and record the movement of color through the plant's xylem.
📌 Take a photo or sketch your results and label the xylem pathways.

🧠 Quick Review

✅ Multiple Choice

1. Which plant tissue carries water from the roots?

A. Phloem B. Xylem C. Stomata D. Cambium

2. Which process releases water vapor from leaves?

A. Respiration B. Transpiration C. Evaporation D. Condensation

✅ True or False
3. Phloem carries water from roots to leaves. → False
4. Stomata are controlled by guard cells. → True

✍️Short Answer
5. What would happen to a plant if its xylem stopped working?

🎯 Remember!

🌿 The xylem and phloem are like the veins of a plant—helping it transport water and nutrients from
roots to leaves and food to all parts.

📘 Module 3: Genetics and Heredity

💡 What You Need to Know

• Genetics is the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring.
• A gene is a segment of DNA that controls a specific trait (e.g., eye color).
• Each trait is controlled by two alleles (one from each parent).
• Dominant alleles (like B) overpower recessive alleles (like b).
• A genotype is the combination of alleles (e.g., BB, Bb, or bb).
• A phenotype is the physical appearance or trait (e.g., brown eyes).
• Homozygous means the alleles are the same (BB or bb), while heterozygous means they are
different (Bb).
• Punnett squares help predict the probability of traits appearing in offspring.

🧪 Explore This!

🧪 Create a Punnett Square for two parents with genotype Bb (Brown eyes = dominant B, Blue eyes =
recessive b).
• Write all possible combinations.
• Determine the phenotypic ratio (how many brown-eyed vs. blue-eyed children are likely).

🧠 Quick Review

✅ Multiple Choice
 1. What is a gene?
A. Body part B. Blood type C. DNA segment D. Chromosome

2. If "B" is dominant and "b" is recessive, what is the genotype for a recessive trait?
A. BB B. Bb C. bb D. bB

✅ True or False
3. Phenotype is the genetic makeup. → False
4. Dominant traits appear with just one dominant allele. → True

✍️Short Answer
5. What’s the difference between genotype and phenotype?

🎯 Remember!

🧬 Genes are passed from parents to children—and the way they combine determines what traits we
show.
🎯 Understanding dominant and recessive alleles helps us predict patterns in heredity.

📘 Module 4: Biological Classification

💡 What You Need to Know

• Biological classification is the system scientists use to group and organize living things.
• It allows scientists to identify, name, and categorize organisms based on similarities.
• The modern classification system includes 8 major taxonomic ranks:
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
• The more levels two organisms share, the more closely related they are.
• The most specific classification is species — organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.
• Organisms with similar characteristics are placed in the same group or taxon.

🧪 Explore This!

🧪 Choose any animal (e.g., tiger, eagle, frog).

• Research and write its full classification from domain to species.
📌 Highlight which groups it shares with humans.

🧠 Quick Review

✅ Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following is the most specific taxonomic rank?

A. Class B. Species C. Order D. Genus

2. Which two organisms are likely to be more closely related?

A. Same phylum, different class
B. Same genus, different species
C. Same order, different phylum
D. Same kingdom, different domain

✅ True or False
3. Organisms in the same species can reproduce and have fertile offspring. → True
4. “Phylum” is more specific than “Genus”. → False

✍️Short Answer
5. Why do scientists use a classification system in biology?
🎯 Remember!

📚 Classification helps scientists communicate clearly, organize organisms by traits, and understand
their evolutionary relationships.

📘 Module 5: Domains of Life

💡 What You Need to Know

• All living organisms belong to one of three domains:

1. Bacteria – simple, single-celled organisms with no nucleus (prokaryotes).
2. Archaea – similar to bacteria but live in extreme environments (also prokaryotes).
3. Eukarya – organisms with complex cells that have a nucleus (eukaryotes).

• The domain Eukarya includes:

– Animals (e.g., humans, cats)
– Plants (e.g., trees, moss)
– Fungi (e.g., mushrooms, molds)
– Protists (e.g., amoeba, algae)

• Bacteria and Archaea are unicellular; Eukarya may be unicellular or multicellular.

🧪 Explore This!

🧪 Using a Venn diagram, compare the three domains of life:

• Include traits like nucleus presence, habitat, cell structure, examples.
📌 Add at least 2 examples for each domain.

🧠 Quick Review

✅ Multiple Choice

1. Which domain includes humans?

A. Archaea B. Bacteria C. Eukarya D. Protista

2. Which domain includes organisms that live in hot springs and salty lakes?
A. Bacteria B. Protista C. Archaea D. Eukarya

✅ True or False
3. All eukaryotic organisms have a nucleus. → True
4. Bacteria are multicellular organisms. → False

✍️Short Answer
5. Why is it important to group organisms into domains?

🎯 Remember!

🌍 All life is organized into three big domains based on cell structure.
🎯 Eukarya have complex cells, while Bacteria and Archaea are simpler but powerful in their own
ways.

📘 Module 6: Binomial Nomenclature

💡 What You Need to Know

• Binomial nomenclature is the two-name system for naming living things, developed by Carl
Linnaeus.
• Every species is given a scientific name made of two parts:
1. Genus (capitalized)
2. Species (lowercase)
📌 Example: Homo sapiens (humans)
• Scientific names are written in italic or underlined and are the same worldwide.
• This system avoids confusion caused by local or common names.

🧪 Explore This!

🧪 Look at 5 animals or plants around you.

• Find their scientific names using a textbook or reliable website.
📌 List them and underline each one properly (e.g., Canis lupus for a wolf).

🧠 Quick Review

✅ Multiple Choice

1. What does “binomial” mean?

A. Single name B. Three-word system C. Two-name system D. Plant-only name

2. In Panthera tigris, which part refers to the genus?

A. Panthera B. Tigris C. Both D. Neither

✅ True or False
3. The species name is capitalized. → False
4. Homo sapiens is the scientific name for humans. → True

✍️Short Answer
5. Why do scientists prefer using scientific names over common names?

🎯 Remember!

🔤 Scientific names help us speak the same biological language anywhere in the world.
🎯 The Genus + species format keeps classification clear and precise.

📘 Module 7: Taxonomic Hierarchy

💡 What You Need to Know

• The taxonomic hierarchy is the system used to classify organisms from broadest to most specific
group.
• The 8 major ranks in order are:
Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species
• A helpful mnemonic to remember this is:
“Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti”
• Each level groups organisms based on shared characteristics.
• The more categories two organisms share, the more closely related they are.
• Species is the most specific rank and includes organisms that can reproduce fertile offspring.

🧪 Explore This!
🧪 Create a chart that classifies yourself (a human) using the 8 taxonomic ranks.
📌 Then try to classify your favorite animal and compare which groups are shared.

🧠 Quick Review

✅ Multiple Choice

1. What is the correct order of classification from broadest to most specific?

A. Kingdom → Domain → Phylum → Class...
B. Species → Genus → Class...
C. Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species
D. Genus → Species → Order → Domain

2. Which group includes organisms that are most similar?

A. Kingdom B. Order C. Genus D. Phylum

✅ True or False
3. Organisms in the same family are less similar than those in the same species. → True
4. Domain is the most specific level of classification. → False

✍️Short Answer
5. Why is classification important in understanding relationships among organisms?

🎯 Remember!

🧭 The taxonomic hierarchy is like an address—it tells you exactly where an organism fits in the tree
of life.
🎯 The more levels shared, the more related two organisms are.

Answer Key – Quick Review Section

📘 Module 1: Digestive System and Body System Interactions

1. C. Small intestine

2. C. Circulatory

3. False

4. True
 5. (Answers may vary — Sample: The muscular system pushes food along the digestive tract
through peristalsis.)

📘 Module 2: Plant Transport System

1. B. Xylem

2. C. Transpiration

3. False

4. True

5. (Without xylem, water wouldn’t reach the leaves, causing the plant to wilt and die.)

📘 Module 3: Genetics and Heredity

1. C. DNA segment

2. C. bb

3. False

4. True

5. (Genotype = gene combination like Bb; Phenotype = visible trait like brown eyes.)

📘 Module 4: Biological Classification

1. B. Species

2. B. Same genus, different species

3. True

4. False

5. (To group organisms logically, identify relationships, and avoid confusion.)

📘 Module 5: Domains of Life

1. C. Eukarya

2. C. Archaea

3. True

4. False

5. (It helps scientists organize all life and understand evolutionary relationships.)

📘 Module 6: Binomial Nomenclature

1. C. Two-name system

2. A. Panthera

3. False

4. True
 5. (Scientific names avoid confusion caused by local or common names.)

📘 Module 7: Taxonomic Hierarchy

1. C. Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species

2. C. Genus

3. True

4. False

5. (It helps scientists understand relationships and evolutionary paths among organisms.)