PROFILE

NAME - ISHITA
SHARMA
CLASS – XII
ROLL NO – 15
SUBJECT – BIOLOGY
SUBJECT TEACHER –
Mr. ASHISH TRIPATHI

INDEX
 S.no Contents Page
no
01 Acknowledgement 01
02 Introduction 02-03
03 Human cancer cells 03-04
04 Difference between 04-06
normal cells and
cancer cells
05 Morphological 07
difference between
normal and cancer
cells
06 Cancer cell division 08-09
07 Causes of cancer 09-10
08 Types of Cancer and 10-14
Symptoms
09 Cancer treatment 14-16
10 Bibliography 17

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special
thanks of gratitude to my teacher Mr.
 Ashish Tripathi as well as our
principal Fr. John Paul Bara, who gave
me golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic
“Cancer”, which also helped me in
doing a lot of research and I came to
know about so many new things and
1 am really thankful to them.

Secondly, I would also like to thank

my parents and friends who helped
me a lot in finalising this project
within the time frame.
Thank you!

INTRODUCTION
Cancer is a group of diseases
involving abnormal cell growth with
the potential to invade or spread to
other parts of the body.Not all
tumors are cancerous; benign
tumors do not spread to other parts
of the body. Possible signs and
symptoms include a lump, abnormal
bleeding, prolonged cough,
unexplained weight loss and a
change in bowel movements. While
these symptoms may indicate
cancer, they may have other causes.
Over 100 types of cancers affect
humans. These diseases are
characterized by a cellular
malfunction. Healthy cells are
programmed to ‘know what to do
and when to do it’. Cancerous cells
do not have this programming and
therefore replicate and grow out of
control.
Cancerous cells in together are
called Neoplasm.

Neoplasm

HUMAN CANCER
CELLS
Cancer cells are cells that divide
relentlessly, forming solid tumors or
flooding the blood with abnormal
cells.
Cancer cells have distinguishing
histological features visible under
the microscope. The nucleus is often
large and irregular, and the
cytoplasm may also display
abnormalities.The shape, size,
protein composition, and texture of
the nucleus are often altered in
malignant cells. The nucleus may
acquire grooves, folds or
indentations, chromatin may
aggregate or disperse, and the
nucleolus can become enlarged.
Different combinations of
abnormalities are characteristic of
different cancer types, to the extent
that nuclear appearance can be used
as a marker in cancer diagnostics
and staging.
Cancer Cell formation Cancer
Cell multiplication
Difference between normal
and cancer cells
Based on- Normal Cancer
cells cells
Cell Cell These cells
reproductio reproductio may have
n n is gene
needed to mutations
replenish or
the cell chromoso
population me
that ages mutations
or that affect
becomes the
damaged reproductiv
or e
destroyed. properties
Normal of the cells.
 cells They don’t
reproduce experience
properly. biological
aging and
maintain
their ability
to replicate
and grow.
Cell Cells Cancer
communic communic cells lose
ation ate with the ability
other cells to
through communic
chemical ate with
signals. other cells
These through
signals chemical
help signals.
normal They also
cells to lose
know when sensitivity
to to anti-
reproduce growth
and when signals
 to stop from
reproducin surroundin
g. Cell g cells.
signals are These
usually signals
transmitte normally
d into a restrict
cell by cellular
specific growth..
proteins.
Cell Normal Cancer
specialisati cells have cells are
on the ability unspecializ
to ed and do
differentiat not
e or develop
develop into cells of
into a specific
specialized type.
cells. For Similar to
example, stem cells,
cells can cancer
develop cells
into heart proliferate
 cells, brain or replicate
cells, lung many
cells or any times, for
other cell long
of a periods of
specific time.
type.
Cell death Normal When the
cells have genes in a
the ability normal cell
to self are
destruct damaged
when they beyond
become repair,
damaged certain
or DNA
diseased. checking
Cells break mechanism
down and s signal for
are cell
disposed of destruction
by white .
blood cells.
Morphological difference
between normal and
cancer cells

Normal cell Cancer cell

Large Small
cytoplasm cytoplasm
Single Multiple
nucleus nuclei
Single Multiple
nucleolus and large
nucleoli
Fine Coarse
 chromatin chromatin

CANCER CELL
DIVISION
Cell division is a normal process used
by the body for growth and repair. A
parent cell divides to form two
daughter cells, and these daughter
cells are used to build new tissue, or
to replace cells that have died as a
result of ageing or damage. Healthy
cells stop dividing when there is no
longer a need for more daughter
cells, but cancer cells continue to
produce copies.
Cancer is unchecked cell growth.
Mutations in genes can cause cancer
by accelerating cell division rates or
inhibiting normal controls on the
system, such as cell cycle arrest or

programmed cell death. As a mass of

cancerous cells grows, it can develop
into a tumour.
 Differentiating between normal
cell division and cancer cell
division

CAUSES OF
CANCER
Tobacco use is the cause of about
22% of cancer deaths. Another 10%
is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of
physical activity, and excessive
drinking of alcohol. Other factors
include certain infections, exposure
to ionizing radiation and
environmental pollutants. In the
developing world nearly 20% of
cancers are due to infections such as

hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human

papillomavirus (HPV).Approximately
5-10% of cancers are due to
inherited genetic defects from a
person’s parents. These factors act,
at least partly, by changing the
genes of a cell. Typically many
genetic changes are required before
cancer develops.
 Types of Cancer
and symptoms
Most Common types of Cancer:
- Lung Cancer: A cancer that
begins in the lungs and most
often occurs in people who
smoke.
Symptoms- Cough (often with
blood), Chest pain, Wheezing and
weight loss.
Prevention: Avoid smoking and
carcinogens at work, Eat diet full of
fruits and vegetables, Exercise most
days of the week.
 - Breast Cancer: A cancer that
forms in the cells of breasts.
Symptoms- Bloody nipple
discharge, discomfort, inverted
nipple, lump formation near Breasts.
Prevention: -Keep weight in check
and be physically fit.
-Avoid alcohol and smoking.
-Avoid birth control pills and regular
screening. Avoid post-menopausal

hormones.
- Prostate Cancer: A cancer in a
man’s prostate, a small walnut-
shaped gland that produces
seminal fluid.
Symptoms- Urinary problems, Blood
in the urine and semen. Pain in the
hips, pelvis, spine or upper leg. Pain
or discomfort during ejaculation.
Prevention- Enough exercise.
Maintaining a healthy and a
Balanced diet. Ensuring regular
ejaculation. Having green tea
regularly.

- Throat Cancer
Throat cancer refers to cancer of the
voice box, the vocal cords, and other
parts of the throat, such as the
tonsils and oropharynx.
Symptoms- Respiratory symptoms
like coughing, Blood wheezing, or
shortness of breath, weight loss,
weakness, fever, a change in voice,
Chest pain, ear pain, hoarseness
swollen lymph nodes in the neck,
difficulty in swallowing.
Prevention- Don’t smoke, check for
radon at home, regular exercise; eat
variety of fruits and vegetables, limit
the intake of alcohol, have a cup of
green tea.
 CANCER
TREATMENT
Cancer can be treated in the
following ways:
Surgery- Surgery, when used to
treat cancer, is a procedure in which
a surgeon removes cancer from the
patient’s body.

Surgery
Radiation Therapy- It is a type of
cancer treatment that uses high
doses of radiation to kill cancer cells
and shrink tumors.

Radiation Therapy
Chemotherapy- It is a type of
cancer treatment that uses drugs to
kill cancer cells.
 Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy- It is a type of
cancer treatment that helps your

immune system fight cancer.

Immunotherapy
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
To complete this project, I took
help from the following material
–
1- S.Chand ISC Biology Class 12
2-NCERT Biology Class 12