EnMath 5: Mathematics for CE

Arlan V. Gutierrez
Instructor

Complex Number System and

Complex Variables
 Complex Numbers
 Operations on Complex Numbers
 Complex Equations
 Polar Form of Complex Numbers
 Multiplication and Division in Polar Form
 De Moivre”s Theorem
 Roots of a Complex Numbers
 Exponential Form of a Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers
A complex number is given by
𝒛 = 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊
where 𝒂 is the real part and 𝒃𝒊 is the imaginary part of the complex number.
𝒊 (𝒋 commonly used symbol in applications) is the imaginary unit defined as
𝒊𝟐 = −𝟏 or 𝒊 = −𝟏

Examples:
Simplify the following complex numbers:
1. 𝒊𝟐 + 𝟏
2. 𝟐𝒊𝟔 − 𝟑𝒊𝟒 − 𝟖𝒊𝟐 + 𝟒𝒊
3. 𝟑𝒊𝟏𝟐𝟓 − 𝟐𝒊𝟓𝟐 + 𝒊𝟐𝟑 − 𝟒𝒊𝟏𝟓 − 𝟏
Operations on Complex Numbers
Let 𝒛𝟏 = 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊 and 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒄 + 𝒅𝒊

Addition/Subtraction: 𝒛𝟏 ± 𝒛𝟐
(a + bi) ± (c + di) =(a ± c) + (b ± d)i

Examples:
1. If 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟑 + 𝟐𝒊 and 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟒 + 𝒊, find 𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐
2. If 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟑 + 𝟐𝒊 and 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟒 + 𝒊, find 𝒛𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐

Multiplication: 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐
(a + bi)(c + di) = ac − bd + (ad + bc)i
Examples:
1. If 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟑 + 𝟐𝒊 and 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟒 + 𝒊, find 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐
2. If 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟑 + 𝟐𝒊 and 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟒 − 𝒊, find 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐
Operations on Complex Numbers
Division: (𝒛𝟏 ÷ 𝒛𝟐 )
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐
= ×
𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟐
where 𝒛𝟐 is the conjugate of the complex number 𝒛𝟐 . The conjugate
of a complex number 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊 is 𝒂 − 𝒃𝒊

Examples:
1. If 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟑 + 𝟐𝒊 and 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟒 + 𝒊, find 𝒛𝟏 ÷ 𝒛𝟐
2. If 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟑 + 𝒊 and 𝒛𝟐 = −𝟐 + 𝟐𝒊, find 𝒛𝟏 ÷ 𝒛𝟐
Exercises 1: (Complex Numbers)
A. Simplify the following:
1. 5𝑖 5 − 6𝑖 4 + 𝑖 3 − 3𝑖 + 4 4. 2𝑖 43 − 3𝑖 23 + 5𝑖 13 − 6𝑖 9 − 4𝑖 + 3

2.
1 6
𝑖 −
2 5
𝑖 3
− 3𝑖 −
1
𝑖 −1 5. 𝑖 2015 − 2𝑖 2012 + 3𝑖 2001 − 5𝑖 84 + 6𝑖 32
2 3 3

3. −5𝑖 245 + 6𝑖 125 − 3𝑖 69 + 4𝑖 20 − 3𝑖 8 + 𝑖

B. Given 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟐 + 𝒊, 𝒛𝟐 = −𝟑 + 𝟒𝒊, 𝒛𝟑 = 𝟔 − 𝟖𝒊 and 𝒛𝟒 = 𝟑 − 𝟒𝒊, find:

1. 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 − 𝑧3 6. 2(𝑧2 −3𝑧3 )(𝑧1 + 2𝑧4 )

2. 3𝑧3 − 2𝑧2 + 4𝑧1 7.
𝑧1 2𝑧
− 9𝑧3
𝑧2 𝑧3 4
3. 𝑧4 8. 𝑧4 + (2𝑧3 − 5𝑧1 )
4. (𝑧2 +𝑧3 )(2𝑧4 − 𝑧1 ) 9. (𝑧1 −4𝑧2 ) + 3(𝑧3 + 2𝑧4 )
(𝑧2 :2𝑧1 ) (𝑧3 ;2𝑧1 )
5. 𝑧4 10. 2(𝑧4 :1)
Complex Equations
If two complex equations are equal, then, their real parts are equal and
their imaginary parts are equal. Thus if 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊 = 𝒄 + 𝒅𝒊, then 𝒂 = 𝒄
and 𝒃 = 𝒅

Examples:
1. Solve 𝟐 + 𝟑𝒊 −𝟐 + 𝒊 = 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚𝒊

2. Solve 𝒂 + 𝟑𝒃𝒊 = 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚𝒊

3. Solve 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚𝒊 − 𝟑 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚𝒊 = 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒊

Polar Form of Complex Numbers
Consider the figure
𝒓= 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃 𝟐

where 𝒓 is called the modulus or magnitude of 𝒛. 𝜽 is

called the argument or amplitude of 𝒛 (where
z = 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊 and is written as:
𝒃
𝑨𝒓𝒈𝒛 = 𝜽 = 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝒂
From trigonometry:
𝒂 = 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 and 𝐛 = 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
Examples:

since: 𝐳 = 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊 Express the following complex numbers

in polar forms:
then: 𝐳 = 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + (𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝒊
1. 3 + 2𝑖
Polar Form:
𝐳 = 𝒓(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽) 2. −3 + 2𝑖
Common abbreviation: 3. −3 − 2𝑖
𝐳 = 𝒓∠θ 4. 3 − 2𝑖
Multiplication and Division in Polar Forms
If 𝒛𝟏 = 𝒓𝟏 ∠𝜽𝟏 and 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 ∠𝜽𝟐 , then
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = (𝒓𝟏 ∠𝜽𝟏 ) 𝒓𝟐 ∠𝜽𝟐 = 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 ∠(𝜽𝟏 + 𝜽𝟐 ) and

𝒛𝟏 𝒓𝟏 ∠𝜽𝟏 𝒓𝟏
= = ∠(𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽𝟐 )
𝒛𝟐 𝒓𝟐 ∠𝜽𝟐 𝒓𝟐

Examples:
1. Given 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟐∠𝟐𝟎° and 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟒∠𝟑𝟎°, find:
𝑧1
a. 𝑧1 𝑧2 b. 𝑧2
2. Given 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐∠𝟑𝟓° , 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟑∠ − 𝟏𝟐𝟎°, and 𝒛𝟑 = 𝟏𝟓∠𝟏𝟏𝟎° find:
𝑧1 𝑧2
a. 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 b. 𝑧3
De Moivre’s Theorem
From the multiplication of polar forms
𝒓∠𝜽 𝒓∠𝜽 = 𝒓𝟐 ∠𝟐𝜽
Also, 𝒓∠𝜽 𝒓∠𝜽 𝒓∠𝜽 = 𝒓𝟑 ∠𝟑𝜽 and so on.
𝒏
Generally, 𝒓∠𝜽 = 𝒓𝒏 ∠𝒏𝜽 is the De Moivre’s Theorem

Examples:
𝟒
1. Simplify in polar form 𝟑∠𝟑𝟓°
𝟓
2. Simplify in polar form 𝟒 − 𝒊
𝟔
3. Determine the value of −𝟐 + 𝟑𝒊 in polar and rectangular forms.
Exercises 2: (Complex Numbers)
A. Convert the following complex numbers in polar form:
1. 𝟒 + 𝟐𝒊 2. 1𝟎 − 𝟐𝒊 3. 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟓𝒊 4. −𝟔 + 𝟑𝒊
B. Convert the following complex numbers in rectangular form:
1. 𝟏𝟐∠𝟑𝟎° 2. 5∠ − 𝟏𝟓𝟎° 3. 𝟏𝟎∠𝟒𝟗° 4. 𝟏𝟔∠ − 𝟏𝟏𝟐°
C. Given 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟑∠𝟐𝟓° , 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎∠𝟏𝟐𝟓°, and 𝒛𝟑 = 𝟓∠𝟏𝟓𝟔° , simplify the following
and express the answer in polar forms.
𝒛 𝒛
1. 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟑 2. 𝒛𝟏 3. 𝟐(𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟑 ) 4. 𝟐 + 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟑
𝟐 𝒛𝟑
D. Simplify the following in polar form:
𝟒 𝟑 𝟖
1. 𝟏∠𝟏𝟎° 2. 𝟏𝟎∠ − 𝟕𝟔° 3. 𝟖. 𝟓∠𝟏𝟓𝟓°

D. Simplify the following and express the answer in rectangular forms:

𝟖 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎
1. 𝟐 + 𝟒𝒊 2. −𝟏 + 𝟓𝒊 3. 𝟏+𝒊
Roots of a Complex Number
Given a complex number,
𝒛 = 𝒓∠𝜽
The root of z is given by
𝟏 𝟏
𝒛𝒏 = 𝒓∠𝜽 𝒏

By De Moivre’s Theorem
𝟏 𝟏
𝜽:𝟐𝒌𝝅
𝒛 =𝒓 ∠
𝒏 𝒏 , where 𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, … , 𝒏 and 𝛑 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
𝒏

Examples:
𝟏
1. Find the roots of 𝟐∠𝟒𝟓° 𝟐

𝟏
2. Find the roots of −𝟐 + 𝟑𝒊 𝟑
𝟏
𝟒
3. Find the roots of 𝟓∠ − 𝟔𝟑. 𝟒𝟑°
Exponential Form of a Complex Number
The polar form of a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 is
𝒛 = 𝒓∠𝜽 = 𝒓(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)
From the Euler’s formula
𝒆𝒊𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
Therefore, the exponential form is,
𝒛 = 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝜽
Examples:
Convert the following into exponential form:

1. z = 1 + 2i
2. z = −2 + 3i
3. ln(3 + 5i)
4. ln(−5 + 2i)
Exercises 3: (Complex Numbers)
A. Find the roots of the following:
𝟏 𝟏
1. 𝟏∠𝟏𝟎° 𝟐 4. 𝟐 + 𝟒𝒊 𝟖

𝟏
𝟏
2. 𝟐 − 𝟓𝒊 𝟑 5. 𝟏𝟑𝒆𝟐.𝟏𝟔𝒊 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏
3. −𝟐 − 𝟒𝒊 𝟑 6. 𝟓𝒆𝟏.𝟏𝟏𝒊 𝟐

B. Convert the following into exponential form:

1. 𝟑 + 𝟐𝒊 4. 𝟏∠𝟏𝟎°
2. −𝟐 + 𝒊 5. 5∠𝟔𝟎°
3. −𝟖 + 𝟑𝒊

C. Given 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟓 − 𝟐𝒊, 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟔 + 𝟐𝒊, and 𝒛𝟑 = −𝟑 − 𝟖𝒊, simplify:

𝒛
1. 𝒍𝒏(𝒛𝟏 ) 4. 𝒍𝒏(𝒛𝟏 )
𝟐
2. 𝒍𝒏(𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 )
5. 𝒍𝒏(𝟐𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝟑𝒛𝟑 )
3. 𝒍𝒏(𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟑 )
Thank you!!!