Pattern of Inheritance
" Patterns of inheritance refer to the different
ways in which genetictraits or conditions
are passed from one generation to the
next.
" There are several main patterns of
inheritance, including:
1.Autosomal Dominant Inheritance:
A
single copy of the mutated gene from
either parent leads to the expression of the
trait.
Affected individuals have a 50% chance of
passing the trait to their offspring.
Examples include Huntington's disease.
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2. Autosomal Recessive
Inheritance:
Both copies of the gene must be mutated
for the trait to be expressed.
" Carriers (heterozygotes)are unaffected
but can pass the trait to their offspring.
" Examples :sickle cell anemia.
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3. X-Linked Dominant Inheritance:
. Dominant genes located on the X
chromosome.
" Affected males pass the trait to all their
daughters but not to their sons.
" Affected females pass the trait to half of
their sons and daughters.
" Example: Vitamin D-resistant rickets.
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4.X-Linked Recessive Inheritance:
" Recessive genes located on the X
chromosome.
" Males are more frequently affected since
they have only one X chromosome.
Carrier females can pass the trait to their
Sons.
" Examples include hemophilia and color
blindness.
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5.Y-Linked Inheritance:
" Genes located on the Ychromosome.
" Passed exclusively from fathers to sons.
" Determines male-specific traits.
Examples include male-pattern baldness
and Y-linked hearing loss.
6. Mitochondrial Inheritance:
. Involves genes in the mitochondria.
" Passed from mothers to allof their
offspring, both males and females.
Diseases can affect various body systems,
often related to energy production.
"Example: Leber's hereditary optic
neuropathy (LHON).
7. Multifactorial Inheritance:
" Involves the interactionof multiple genes
and environmental factors.
" Traits or diseases result from a
combination of genetic predisposition and
environmental triggers.
" Examples include heart disease, diabetes,
and certain types of cancer.
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Mendelian theory of inheritance
. The Mendelian theory of inheritance,
developed by Gregor Mendel in the 19th
century, isa fundamental concept in
genetics.
" It describes how traits are passed from
one generation to the next through the
inheritance of genes.
re breeding
round, yellow
seeds
RRYY RrYY RRYy RrYy
RRYY Round. yellow
seeds Self.
pollination RrYY RrYy rrYy
r e breeding
wrinkled, reen RrYy
seeds
RRYy RrYy RRyy Rryy
ryy
Rr Yy rrYy Rryy rryy
Parents (P) Parental gametes Frst generation () 9 vellow, round J vellow, wrinkled
JGreen, round 1Green, wrinkled
Second eeneration Fa
Mendeliantheory
( Principles )
1. Lawof Segregation:
" Each individual has two alleles for each
gene, one inherited from each parent.
These alleles segregate during the
formation of gametes (sperm and egg), so
each gamete carries only one allele for
each gene.
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2. Law of Independent Assortment:
. Genes located on different chromosomes
segregate independently during gamete
formation.
This means that the inheritance of one
gene does not influence the inheritance of
another gene.
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3.Dominance and Recessiveness:
" Some alleles are dominant, and their traits
are expressed when present.
Others are recessive and only show their
traits when both alleles in an individual are
recessive.
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