SUMMER VACATION HOME WORK

Name: Divanshu
Class: X D
Roll No.: 15
Summited to: Mrs. Sonam Mam
Subject: Physics
1.Image Formation by Concave Mirror
The object’s position in relation to a concave mirror affects the type
and characteristics of the image formed. Different scenarios result in
different types of images:
Object at Infinity
A real and inverted image is formed at the focus when the object is
placed at infinity. The size of the image is significantly smaller than
that of the object.

Object Beyond the Centre of Curvature

When the object is positioned beyond the centre of curvature, a real
image is formed between the centre of curvature and the focus. The
size of the image is smaller compared to that of the object.

Object at the Centre of Curvature or Focus

When the object is placed at the centre of curvature, or the focus, a
real image is formed at the centre of curvature. The size of the image
remains the same as that of the object.

Object Between the Centre of Curvature and Focus

If the object is located between the centre of curvature and the
focus, a real image is formed behind the centre of curvature. The size
of the image is larger compared to that of the object.

Object at the Focus

When the object is positioned exactly at the focus, a real image is
formed at infinity. The size of the image is much larger than that of
the object.
Object Between the Focus and the Pole
Placing the object between the focus and the pole results in the
formation of a virtual and erect image. The size of the image is larger
compared to that of the object.
2. Image Formation by Convex Mirror
A convex mirror produces specific characteristics in the images
formed. Let’s explore the types of images formed by a convex mirror.

Object at Infinity
When the object is positioned at infinity, a virtual image is formed at
the focus of the convex mirror. The size of the image is significantly
smaller than that of the object.
Object at a Finite Distance
When an object is placed at a finite distance from the mirror, a virtual
image is formed between the pole and the focus of the convex
mirror. The size of the image is smaller than compared to that of the
object.

It’s important to note that in both cases, the images formed by a

convex mirror are always virtual and erect. The nature of a convex
mirror causes light rays to diverge upon reflection, creating virtual
images with reduced sizes. Understanding these principles helps us
accurately predict the characteristics of images formed by convex
mirrors.
3. What Is Refraction?
Refraction is the bending of a wave when it passes from one medium
to another. The bending is caused due to the differences in density
between the two substances.
Defining Refraction
“Refraction is the change in the direction of a wave passing from one
medium to another.”
Refraction of light is one of the most commonly observed
phenomena, but other waves like sound waves and water waves also
experience refraction. Refraction makes it possible for us to have
optical instruments such as magnifying glasses, lenses and prisms. It
is also because of the refraction of light that we are able to focus
light on our retina.
4. Five Applications of Refraction of Light

1. Lenses in Spectacles (Eyeglasses)

One of the most common uses of refraction is in eyeglasses.
People who have vision problems like myopia
(nearsightedness) or hypermetropia (farsightedness) wear
glasses that contain concave or convex lenses. These lenses are
specially made to bend the incoming light rays in such a way
that they focus correctly on the retina of the eye. Without
refraction, such lenses would not be able to correct vision, and
many people would not be able to see clearly.
2. Magnifying Glasses and Reading Lenses
A magnifying glass is a simple optical tool that uses a convex
lens. This lens bends the light rays in such a way that the object
being viewed appears much larger and clearer than its actual
size. This principle is very useful for reading small print,
observing insects, or looking at fine details. The use of
 refraction in magnifying glasses makes it easier for people to
perform tasks that require close-up viewing.
3. Cameras and Projectors
Both cameras and projectors use lenses that work on the
principle of refraction. In a camera, light from the object passes
through a convex lens and bends to form a clear and sharp
image on the camera’s sensor or film. Projectors do the
opposite — they use lenses to bend and spread light in such a
way that a small image is enlarged and projected onto a big
screen. Without the bending of light (refraction), it would be
impossible to focus or magnify images effectively.
4. Optical Instruments: Microscopes and Telescopes
Microscopes and telescopes are powerful instruments used in
science and astronomy. These tools use a combination of
convex lenses that bend and focus light rays to produce
enlarged images of either tiny objects (in microscopes) or
distant objects (in telescopes). The correct bending of light
through these lenses — due to refraction — is what makes it
possible to explore microorganisms or view stars and planets
far away in space.
5. Formation of Rainbow and Natural Phenomena
A very beautiful example of refraction in nature is the
formation of a rainbow. When sunlight passes through tiny
water droplets in the sky after rain, the light gets refracted,
reflected, and dispersed. This causes the light to bend and split
into seven colors — violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange,
and red (VIBGYOR). These colors then appear in the sky as a
rainbow. Without refraction, this colorful phenomenon would
not occur. Refraction is also responsible for other natural effects
like mirages in deserts and the apparent bending of objects in
water.
5.HUMAN EYE, MYOPIA &
HYPERMETROPIA

HUMAN EYE DIAGRAM

MYOPIA

Myopia is a common eye defect in which a person can see near

objects clearly, but distant objects appear blurred. This happens
when the eyeball is too long or the eye lens is too curved, causing
the light rays coming from distant objects to get focused in front of
the retina instead of directly on it. As a result, distant objects like the
blackboard in school, signboards, or a person far away appear
unclear or out of focus.
This condition usually develops in childhood or teenage years and
can increase if not corrected in time. It often leads to symptoms like
squinting, headaches, and eye strain while trying to look at faraway
objects.
Correction of Myopia:
Myopia is corrected by using concave lenses (also called diverging
lenses). These lenses spread out the incoming light rays slightly so
that they get properly focused on the retina, allowing the person to
see distant objects clearly.
 Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia is the opposite of myopia. It is a defect in which a
person can see distant objects clearly, but near objects appear
blurred. This occurs when the eyeball is too short or the lens is not
curved enough, causing the light rays from nearby objects to get
focused behind the retina instead of on it. Because of this, reading a
book, using a mobile phone, or looking at close things becomes
difficult and unclear.
People with hypermetropia often complain about eye strain,
headaches, and difficulty while reading or doing close-up work for a
long time.
Correction of Hypermetropia:
This defect is corrected by using convex lenses (also known as
converging lenses). These lenses bend the incoming light rays inward
so that they focus directly on the retina, helping the person see
nearby objects clearly.