Disease S/S Diagnosis Treatment (inc.

meds)
Type 1 Diabetes- A lifelong
condition where the pancreas Whole body: excessive
makes little or no insulin, thirst, fatigue, hunger, or Glycated lab-made insulin needs to
sweating hemoglobin (A1C) be taken for life, often
which leads to high blood
test, several times a day. Blood
sugar levels. Gastrointestinal: nausea or Random blood sugar sugar levels need to be
vomiting test, Fasting blood checked throughout the
sugar test, day. Healthy changes also
Urinary: bedwetting or are key. Eat a balanced diet
excessive urination full of low-fat, high-fiber
foods. Learn how to count
Also common: blurred
carbohydrates. And work
vision, fast heart rate,
up to at least 150 minutes
headache, sleepiness, or of moderate aerobic
weight loss exercise a wee
Cause is I unknown

Type 2 Diabetes- A long-term

condition in which the body the pancreas doesn't make Screening, oral Lifestyle changes are key.
has trouble controlling blood enough insulin. glucose tolerance Eat nutritious foods, get
test, random blood regular exercise and lose
sugar and using it for energy.
sugar test, fasting extra weight. Check blood
blood sugar test, the sugar levels as often as a
glycated hemoglobin health care provider
test. recommends. Some people
with type 2 diabetes also
need medicine to help
control their blood sugar
Hyperglycemia- high-than- Increased thirst, frequent
normal blood glucose levels. urination, fatigue, blurred
vision,dry mouth, slow
healing, recurring
infections.

Hypoglycemia- Lower-than- Shakiness or tremors,

normal blood glucose levels. sweating, dizziness or
lightheadedness, hunger,
confusion of difficulty
concentrating, irritability or
mood changes, weakness or
fatigue, headache, rapid
heartbeat, blurred vision.

Retinopathy- A Blurred vision, Floaters,

 seeing spots or floaters in
complication of diabetes that your field of vision; Dark or
affects the eyes. Diabetic empty areas, Difficulty
retinopathy is caused by seeing at night, Color
damage to the blood vessels changes and vision loss.
in the tissue at the back of
the eye (retina). Poorly
controlled blood sugar is a
risk factor.

Nephropathy- the Swelling, changes in urine,

deterioration of kidney fatigue, high blood pressure,
function. The final stage of loss of appetite
nephropathy is called kidney
failure, end-stage renal disease,
or ESRD. It occurs when high
blood sugar levels damage the
blood vessels in the kidneys,
leading to kidney damage and
potential kidney failure.

Neuropathy- a condition that Numbness and tingling,

affects the nerves and can weakness, pain, sensitivity
cause pain, tingling, and to touch, loss of
numbness. It is caused by high coordination, changes in
blood sugar levels damaging skin hair or nails.
the nerves.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis excessive thirst, frequent

(DKA)- It occurs when there is urination, nausea, vomiting,
a shortage of insulin in the abdominal pain, and
body, leading to high blood confusion.
sugar levels. As a result, the .
body starts breaking down fat
for energy, which produces
ketones. The buildup of
ketones in the blood can cause
the blood to become acidic.
  Polyuria- refers to the condition of excessive urination. It can be a symptom of
various underlying medical conditions such as diabetes, kidney disease, or certain
medications. If you're experiencing frequent and excessive urination,

• Polydipsia- refers to excessive thirst and the feeling of constant thirst. It can be a
symptom of various medical conditions, such as diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus. If
you're experiencing persistent and extreme thirst,

• Polyphagia - a term used to describe excessive hunger or increased appetite. It can be a

symptom of certain medical conditions, such as diabetes mellitus. When blood sugar
levels are not well-controlled, it can lead to increased hunger. If you're experiencing
persistent and unexplained hunger,

• Ketone bodies- molecules produced by the liver when there is a shortage of glucose in the
body. They are an alternative source of energy that can be used by the brain and other
tissues. Ketone bodies are typically produced during periods of fasting, prolonged
exercise, or when following a low-carbohydrate or ketogenic diet. In some cases, such as
uncontrolled diabetes, the production of ketone bodies can become excessive and lead to a
condition called ketoacidosis. It's important to monitor ketone levels and seek medical

• Lipohypertrophy- refers to the thickening or enlargement of subcutaneous fat tissue in

certain areas of the body, often as a result of repeated injections of insulin or other
medications. It can affect individuals with diabetes who use insulin therapy.
Lipohypertrophy can interfere with proper insulin absorption and lead to inconsistent
blood sugar control. To prevent lipohypertrophy, it's important to rotate injection sites and
follow proper injection techniques

• Macrovascular vs. Microvascular disease- Macrovascular disease refers to conditions

that affect the larger blood vessels in the body, such as the arteries. These conditions
include coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and cerebrovascular disease.
They can lead to serious complications like heart attacks, strokes, and poor circulation in
the limbs. On the other hand, microvascular disease involves the smaller blood vessels,
such as those in the eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Conditions like diabetic retinopathy,
diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic neuropathy are examples of microvascular diseases.
They can cause damage to these specific organs and tissues. Both macrovascular and
microvascular diseases are commonly associated with diabetes and can have significant
impacts on a person's health. It's important to manage diabetes well through proper blood
sugar control, a healthy lifestyle, and regular medical check-ups to minimize the risk of
developing these complications.

• A1C, FBG (fasting), OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test)

• A1C, FBG (fasting), and OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test)! These are all important
tests used to assess blood sugar levels and diagnose diabetes. A1C, or glycated
hemoglobin, provides an average measure of blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months.
It's a helpful indicator of long-term blood sugar control. FBG, or fasting blood glucose, is
a test done after an overnight fast to measure blood sugar levels. It gives an idea of how
your body processes glucose in a fasting state.

• OGTT, or oral glucose tolerance test, involves drinking a sugary solution and having
blood sugar levels measured at specific intervals afterward. It helps evaluate how your
body responds to glucose over time. These tests are valuable tools in diagnosing and
managing diabetes. If you have concerns about your blood sugar levels or are at risk for
diabetes, it's best to consult with a healthcare professional who can guide you through the
testing process and provide appropriate care.

I Types of Insulin (long-acting, short-acting, etc.)-

• Rapid-acting insulin: This type of insulin starts working within 15 minutes after injection
and reaches its peak effect within 1-2 hours. It is typically taken before meals to control
blood sugar spikes after eating.

• Short-acting insulin: Similar to rapid-acting insulin, short-acting insulin also starts

working within 30 minutes after injection but may have a slightly longer duration of
action. It is taken before meals to help manage blood sugar levels.

• Intermediate-acting insulin: This type of insulin takes longer to start working, usually
around 2-4 hours after injection, and has a longer duration of action, typically lasting up to
12-18 hours. It is often used as a basal insulin to provide a steady level of insulin
throughout the day.

• Long-acting insulin: Long-acting insulin is designed to provide a slow and steady release
of insulin over an extended period, usually up to 24 hours. It helps maintain a baseline
level of insulin in the body between meals and overnight.

• Pre-mixed insulin: Some insulin formulations combine rapid-acting or short-acting

insulin with intermediate-acting insulin. These pre-mixed insulins are convenient for
individuals who require a combination of basal and mealtime insulin. It's important to note
that the specific type of insulin, dosage, and timing of administration can vary depending
on individual needs and healthcare provider recommendations.