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Pumps

The document provides an overview of pumps, defining them as mechanical devices for moving fluids and detailing their applications across various industries. It classifies pumps into positive displacement and dynamic (centrifugal) types, explaining their characteristics, components, performance parameters, and operational considerations. Additionally, it discusses pump installation, maintenance, and comparisons between pump types, along with specific applications for different pump types.

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5 views3 pages

Pumps

The document provides an overview of pumps, defining them as mechanical devices for moving fluids and detailing their applications across various industries. It classifies pumps into positive displacement and dynamic (centrifugal) types, explaining their characteristics, components, performance parameters, and operational considerations. Additionally, it discusses pump installation, maintenance, and comparisons between pump types, along with specific applications for different pump types.

Uploaded by

farhanhassan89
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture Notes on Pumps

1. Introduction to Pumps
 Definition: A pump is a mechanical device used to move fluids (liquids or gases)
from one place to another by mechanical action.
 Applications: Water supply, irrigation, oil and gas industries, chemical processes,
sewage systems, etc.

2. Classification of Pumps
A. Based on Principle of Operation

1. Positive Displacement Pumps:


o Traps a fixed amount of fluid and forces it through the discharge.
o Types:
 Reciprocating pumps (Piston, Plunger, Diaphragm)
 Rotary pumps (Gear, Screw, Vane)
o Characteristics:
 High pressure, low flow
 Good for viscous fluids
 Pulsating flow
2. Dynamic (Centrifugal) Pumps:
o Adds energy to fluid continuously by imparting velocity, then converts it to
pressure.
o Types:
 Centrifugal pumps
 Axial flow pumps
 Mixed flow pumps
o Characteristics:
 High flow, lower pressure
 Smooth, continuous flow

3. Centrifugal Pump Components


 Impeller: Rotating part that adds energy to the fluid
 Casing: Encloses the impeller; typically volute-shaped to convert velocity to pressure
 Suction & Discharge Nozzles: For fluid inlet and outlet
 Shaft & Bearings: Supports rotation
 Seal/Stuffing Box: Prevents leakage along the shaft
4. Pump Performance Parameters
 Flow Rate (Q): Volume of fluid moved per unit time (m³/s, L/min)
 Head (H): Height to which the pump can raise fluid (m)
 Power (P): Energy consumed (kW or HP)
o Water horsepower (WHP): Power imparted to the fluid
o Brake horsepower (BHP): Actual power input to the pump
 Efficiency (η): η=WHPBHP×100\eta = \frac{WHP}{BHP} \times 100η=BHPWHP
×100
 NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head):
o NPSH_A: Available
o NPSH_R: Required (to avoid cavitation)

5. Pump Characteristics Curves


 Head vs. Flow (H-Q curve)
 Efficiency vs. Flow
 Power vs. Flow
 Used for selecting pumps and understanding behavior under varying loads

6. Priming in Pumps
 Needed in centrifugal pumps to remove air from casing and suction line
 Methods: Manual, vacuum pump, foot valve, self-priming designs

7. Cavitation
 Occurs when local pressure falls below vapor pressure, forming vapor bubbles
 Causes damage to impeller and reduces efficiency
 Prevented by ensuring adequate NPSH_A > NPSH_R

8. Pump Installation & Operation


 Proper alignment
 Air-tight suction line
 Avoiding dry run
 Regular maintenance (bearing lubrication, seal inspection)
9. Comparison: Positive Displacement vs. Centrifugal
Pumps
Feature Positive Displacement Centrifugal
Flow rate Constant Varies with pressure
Pressure capability High Lower
Suitable for High viscosity fluids Low viscosity fluids
Flow nature Pulsating Smooth
Priming Self-priming (usually) Needs priming

10. Applications
 Reciprocating pumps: High-pressure cleaning, hydraulic systems
 Centrifugal pumps: Water supply, cooling systems, chemical transfer
 Gear pumps: Oil transfer, lubrication
 Diaphragm pumps: Chemical dosing, pharmaceuticals

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