Unit : 4

1.Explain Raspberry Pi architecture and discuss how Raspberry Pi used for IOT application –
13marks:

 Raspberry Pi is developed by Raspberry Pi Foundation in the United Kingdom.

 The Raspberry Pi is a series of powerful, small single-board computers.
 A low-cost, credit-card-sized minicomputer.

 Plugs into a computer monitor or TV.

 Uses a standard keyboard and mouse.
 Capable as a normal desktop computer to browsing the internet
 playing high-definition video, to making spreadsheets, word-processing, and playing games.”

Structure of board:
Processor (CPU):

 Raspberry Pi uses an ARM-based CPU. The more recent models (like

Raspberry Pi 4) use a Broadcom BCM2711 ARM Cortex-A72 chip with 4
cores, clocked at 1.5 GHz.

RAM:

 RAM varies based on the model. For example, Raspberry Pi 4 offers variants
with 2GB, 4GB, and 8GB of LPDDR4-3200 SDRAM.

Storage:

 Raspberry Pi does not have built-in storage like a hard drive or SSD.
 It uses microSD cards as its main storage device, which holds the operating
system and other files.
Connectivity:

 Ethernet Port: Raspberry Pi has a standard Ethernet port for wired network connections.
 Wi-Fi: Modern versions like the Raspberry Pi 3 and Raspberry Pi 4 have integrated Wi-
Fi (802.11 b/g/n/ac), which is essential for IoT devices that need to communicate over the
internet.

Video and Audio:

 Raspberry Pi features HDMI ports for video output, and audio can be output through the 3.5mm jack or
via HDMI.

HDMI outputs

 The HDMI port on Raspberry Pi provides both video and audio output.
 Connect the Raspberry Pi to a monitor by an HDMI cable.

Composite video output with RCA jack

 Support both PAL and NTSC video output.

 RCA jack is used to connect old television that has an RCA input only

Audio output :

 3.5 mm audio output jack is used for audio output to old television along with the RCA Jack for video.
 The audio quality is inferior to the HDMI output.

Display serial interface( DSI)

 Used to connect an LCD panel to Raspberry Pi.

 EASY TO USE.
Camera serial interface( CSI)

 Used to connect a camera module to Raspberry Pi.

Status LEDs

 Raspberry Pi has 5 status LED is which are:-

 ACT:- SD card access.
 PWR:- 3.3 V power is present.

GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) Pins:

 Raspberry Pi includes 40 GPIO pins that allow it to interface with sensors, motors, LEDs, and other
electronic components.
 These pins are crucial for IoT applications, enabling the Raspberry Pi to interact with the physical
world, read sensor data, and control external devices

Raspberry Pi in IoT Applications:

 Sensor Integration
 Data Processing and Analysis
 Connectivity
 Automation and Control
 Edge Computing
 Low-Cost
 Scalable Solutions

Example IoT Projects with Raspberry Pi:

 Smart Home System:

 Weather Station:
 Smart Garden:
 Remote Health Monitoring:

2. Draw the GSM architecture with a neat diagram and explore the working of GSM modules-
13 marks :
The GSM architecture consists of three major interconnected subsystems that interact with
themselves.
The subsystems are Base Station Subsystem (BSS), Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) and
Operational Support Subsystem (OSS). Mobile Station (MS) is also a subsystem but it is
considered as a part of BSS.
The network switching system (NSS):

 NSS is a GSM element that provides flow management and call processing for mobile devices moving
between base stations.
functional units:
 Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)
 Home Location Register (HLR)
 Visitor Location Register (VLR).

The mobile station (MS):

 Hardware and the SIM card are the two most essential elements of the MS. The MS (Mobile stations) is
most widely recognized by cell phones.

The base station system (BSS)

 It serves as a connection between the network subsystem and the mobile station. It consists of two parts:
 The Base Transceiver Station (BTS): The BTS is responsible for radio connection protocols with the
MS and contains the cell’s radio transceivers.
 The Base Station Controller (BSC): The BSC is responsible for managing the radio resources of one or
more BTS(s).

The operations and support system (OSS):

 The operation support system (OSS) is a part of the overall GSM network design. This is linked to the
NSS and BSC components. The OSS primarily manages the GSM network and BSS traffic load

How GSM Modules Work:

 Communication Setup:
When a GSM module is powered on, it initializes and waits for the SIM card to be inserted..
 Sending SMS: The GSM module can send SMS messages by interfacing with a microcontroller.
 Receiving SMS: When the GSM module receives an SMS, it notifies the microcontroller.
 Voice Call Handling: GSM modules can also handle voice calls.
 Internet Connectivity:
 Applications of GSM Modules:
 Remote Monitoring
 Home Automation
 GPS Tracking
 Industrial Automation and Security Systems.

GSM is having 4 different sizes of cells are used in GSM :

 Macro :
 Micro :
 Pico :
 Umbrella :

Features of GSM are :

 Supports international roaming

 Clear voice clarity
 Ability to support multiple handheld devices.
 Spectral / frequency efficiency
 Low powered handheld devices.

Services of GSM:

 Telephony services or teleservices

 Data services or bearer services
 Supplementary services

Advantages: Compatibility , Security, Roaming, Efficient use of bandwidth .

3. Compare and Contrast various IOT communication protocols. – 8 marks:

4.Explain in detail how to connect Raspberry Pi to the cloud.- 5 marks

Connecting a Raspberry Pi to the cloud allows you to access and manage your Raspberry Pi remotely, exchange
data with cloud services, and perform various tasks such as data logging, remote control, and automation.

 Set up an IoT cloud platform account (e.g., AWS IoT, Google Cloud, Azure IoT, or ThingSpeak) and
create a device or a channel.

 Install necessary libraries or SDKs on the Raspberry Pi for the chosen cloud platform (e.g.,
AWSIoTPythonSDK for AWS, azure-iot-device for Azure).

 Authenticate the Raspberry Pi using device credentials (e.g., certificates, API keys, or connection strings)
provided by the cloud platform.

 Use Python or other programming languages to send sensor data or messages to the cloud via MQTT,
HTTP, or other communication protocols.

Steps :

 Select a Cloud Service Provider

 Install Required Software on Raspberry Pi
 Monitor and Control Raspberry Pi Remotely
 Use Cases of Raspberry Pi with Cloud.

5.Discuss the different ways of accessing GPIO pins in detail – 5marks:

 Accessing GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins can be done in several ways depending on the
hardware platform (like Raspberry Pi, BeagleBone, or microcontrollers) and the operating system.
 GPIO stands for General-Purpose Input/Output. These pins are a physical interface between the
Raspberry Pi and the outside world. At the simplest level, you can think of them as switches that you can
turn on or off (input) or that the Pi can turn on or off (output).
 The GPIO pins allow the Raspberry Pi to control and monitor the outside world by being connected to
electronic circuits. The Pi is able to control LEDs, turning them on or off, run motors, and many other
things.

GPIO Character Device Interface (gpiod)

 Description: Newer Linux kernels use libgpiod and /dev/gpiochipN interface.

 Use Case: Preferred over sysfs for modern Linux systems.
 Tools: gpiodetect, gpioinfo, gpioget, gpioset.
 Pros: Modern, efficient, better API for developers.
 Cons: Requires learning new API and tools.
6. Show and explain different types of communication models used in IoT environment - 7
marks:
Communication models used in IoT have great value. The IoTs allow people and things to be connected any time, any
space, with anything and anyone, using any network and any service.

Types of Communication Model :

1.Request & Response Model

2.Publisher-Subscriber Model

3.Push-Pull Model

1.Request & Response Model :This model follows a client-server architecture.

The client, when required, requests the information from the server. This request is usually in the encoded format.

On the other hand — In Request-Response communication model client sends a request to the server and the server
responds to the request.

2. Publisher-Subscriber Model: This model comprises three entities: Publishers, Brokers, and
Consumer .
  Publishers are the source of data.
 Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker.
 Brokers responsibility is to accept data from publishers and send it to the appropriate
consumers.

3.Push-Pull Model
The push-pull model constitutes data publishers, data consumers, and data queues.
--Publishers and Consumers are not aware of each other.
--Publishers publish the message/data and push it into the queue.
--Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producer and consumer.

4.Exclusive Pair:
 Exclusive Pair is the bi-directional model, including full-duplex communication among client and server.
 The Server has the record of all the connections which has been opened.

7. Show different types of communication APIs and communication protocols used in IoT
environment – 13 marks:
IoT Communication APIs
Generally we used Two APIs For IoT Communication. These IoT Communication APIs are:
  REST Based Communication APIs
 Web Socket Based Communication APIs.
REST Based Communication API :
REST APIs follow the request-response communication model. The REST architectural constraints apply to the
components, connectors, and data elements, within a distributed hypermedia system.
Advantages of REST API:

 Simplicity: REST APIs are relatively simple to design and implement.

 Flexibility: REST APIs can be used to support a wide range of applications
 Caching: REST APIs can leverage caching to improve performance and reduce server
load.
 Stateless: REST APIs are stateless ,making them easy to scale and distribute.
Disadvantages of REST API:

 Limited real-time support

 Performance overhead:
 Complexity:
Web Socket Based Communication APIs :

Web Socket APIs allow bi-directional, full-duplex communication between clients and servers. It
follows the exclusive pair communication model.
WebSocket APIs are suitable for IoT Applications with low latency or high throughput
requirements.
Advantages of WebSocket API:
Real-time communication: WebSocket APIs enable real-time communication
Efficiency: they use a persistent connection to enable bidirectional
communication.
Scalability: WebSocket APIs are highly scalable
Reduced overhead: WebSocket APIs have lower overhead than REST APIs.
Disadvantages of WebSocket API:
Complexity: WebSocket APIs are more complex to design
Security: WebSocket APIs can be vulnerable to security .
compatibility: WebSocket APIs are not supported by all browsers.

Difference between Rest API and Web Socket API :

S.NO. REST API WEB SOCKET API

It is Stateless protocol. It will not store It is Stateful protocol. It will store the
1.
the data. data.

It is Bi-directional. Messages can be

It is Uni-directional. Only either
2. received or sent by both server or
server or client will communicate.
client.

3. It is Request-response model. It is Full duplex model.

HTTP request contains headers like It is suitable for real-time applications.

4.
head section, title section. It does not have any overhead.

Network Layer Protocols (How devices connect)

These focus on how devices physically and wirelessly communicate.

Wi-Fi

 High data rate, good for bandwidth-heavy apps (e.g., cameras).

 Power-hungry, not ideal for battery-powered sensors.
 Common in smart homes.
 Bluetooth:

 Short-range, low-power.
 BLE is ideal for wearables and fitness trackers.
 Limited range & data rate.

Zigbee / Z-Wave

 Low power, mesh networking.

 Widely used in home automation (e.g., smart lights, thermostats).
 Zigbee is open standard; Z-Wave is proprietary.

LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network)

 Low-power, long-range (up to 15 km).

 Ideal for remote sensors, agriculture, smart cities.

Cellular (3G/4G/5G, NB-IoT, LTE-M)

 Great coverage, especially for mobile or remote apps.

 NB-IoT and LTE-M are cellular IoT-specific, optimized for low power and low data.

Application Layer Protocols

These define how data is sent between IoT devices and platforms.

MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport)

 Lightweight, publish/subscribe model.

 Perfect for low-bandwidth, high-latency, unreliable networks.
 Widely used in industrial and smart home IoT.

CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol)

 Similar to HTTP but optimized for low-power devices.

 Works over UDP instead of TCP.
 Good for RESTful APIs in constrained environments.

HTTP/HTTPS

 Standard web protocol.

 Heavier than MQTT/CoAP but widely supported.
 Useful when direct web interaction is needed.

AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol)

 More complex and reliable than MQTT.

 Used in enterprise systems, like banking or big industrial applications.
8. What is Zigbee? Draw and explain about Zigbee architecture in detail –
13marks .
 Zigbee is a specification for a low-power, low-data-rate wireless
communication protocol used primarily for short-range
communication in IoT (Internet of Things) applications.
 It is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for physical and MAC layers
and is optimized for reliable, low-cost, and energy-efficient wireless
networking.
 Zigbee devices have a range (1 hop) of 80 to 100m.
Key Features of Zigbee

 Low power consumption

 Mesh networking (robust and self-healing)
 Low latency
 Supports up to 65,000 nodes.


Zigbee Architecture

Zigbee architecture is built on three main layers:

1. Application Layer
2. Network Layer
3. Physical & MAC Layer (IEEE 802.15.4)
Three types of Zigbee devices:

 Coordinator
 Router
 End Device

Device Roles in Zigbee Network

Zigbee Coordinator (ZC)

 Only one per network

 Initializes the network
 Stores network information (security keys, etc.)

Zigbee Router (ZR)

 Intermediate node
 Forwards data between devices
 Can extend the range via mesh networking

Zigbee End Device (ZED)

 Communicates only with parent (coordinator or router)

 Cannot relay data
 Sleep-capable, hence very low power

Zigbee Network Topologies

 Star Topology: Coordinator at center, others connect directly

 Tree Topology: Hierarchical; routers extend network
 Mesh Topology: Most robust; all routers can talk and forward

Advantages of Zigbee

 Very energy-efficient
 Good for networks with many low-power devices
 Scalable and self-healing (especially with mesh)
 Secure communication with encryption

Disadvantages of Zigbee:
1. Limited range:
2. Limited data rate:
3. Interoperability:
4. Security:

Zigbee Applications:
 Home Automation
 Medical Data Collection
  Industrial Control Systems
 meter reading system
 light control system
 Commercial
Operating Frequency:
1. Channel 0: 868 MHz (Europe)
2. Channel 1-10: 915 MHz (the US and Australia)
3. Channel 11-26: 2.4 GHz (Across the World)
2marks :
1. What is publish / subscribe pattern?

 The Publish/Subscribe pattern (often abbreviated as Pub/Sub) is a messaging

patternwhere senders (publishers) of messages are decoupled from the
receivers (subscribers).
 Instead of sending messages directly to specific recipients, a publisher sends
messages to a channel or topic, and all subscribers who are interested in that
topic receive the message.

2. Interpret the usage of Raspberry Pi interface in IOT.

 The Raspberry Pi plays a pivotal role in IoT (Internet of Things) as a compact,
low-cost, and versatile computer that can interface with sensors, actuators, and
the internet.
 It acts as a bridge between the physical and digital world, making it ideal for
prototyping and deploying IoT solutions.

3. Name the types of IOT Communication protocols.

1. Network Communication Protocols – e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, LoRaWAN,

Cellular (NB-IoT, LTE-M)
2. Application Layer Protocols – e.g., MQTT, CoAP, HTTP, AMQP, WebSocket.

4. What is GPIO?

GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) is a set of programmable pins found on

microcontrollers and devices like the Raspberry Pi. These pins can be configured to read
input (e.g., from a sensor) or send output (e.g., to an LED or motor).

5. Identify the role of ZigBee in IoT and how it is advantageous compared to other protocols.
Zigbee is a wireless communication protocol designed for low-power, low-data-rate, short-range
communication. It is widely used in IoT applications like smart homes, industrial automation, and
sensor networks.

6.Retrieve the importance of Bluetooth along with its standards ?

Bluetooth is important in IoT for short-range, low-power wireless communication,

especially in wearables, health devices, and smart home systems. It enables reliable and
energy-efficient data exchange between devices.

Bluetooth Standards:

 Bluetooth Classic (BR/EDR) – Used for audio and data streaming.

 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) – Optimized for low power, ideal for IoT.

7. What is python and list the features.

Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its simplicity,

readability, and versatility. It is widely used in web development, data science, IoT, AI,
and automation.

Features of Python:

1. Easy to Learn and Use

2. Interpreted Language
3. Cross-platform Compatibility
4. Large Standard Library

8. Interpret the usage of raspberry Pi interface in IOT

Raspberry Pi serves as a central controller in IoT systems. It interfaces with
sensors and actuators through GPIO pins and connects to the internet via Wi-Fi
or Ethernet, allowing data collection, processing, and cloud communication in
real time.