1.
A force acting perpendicular to the cross-
sectional area of a body tends to elongate
causes:
(a) Shear stress
(b) Tensile stress
(c) Compressive stress
(d) Volumetric stress
•Shear stress involves parallel forces causing sliding. (τ)
•Tensile stress involves perpendicular forces causing
elongation. (σt)
•Compressive stress involves perpendicular forces
causing compression.(σc)
•Volumetric stress involves uniform pressure causing
volume change.(σv)
2. The change in length per unit original length
is defined as:
(a) Modulus of elasticity
(b) Strain
(c) Stress
(d) Poisson's ratio
• Modulus of Elasticity measures stiffness.(E)
• Strain measures deformation. (ϵ)
• Stress measures internal forces per unit
area. (σ)
• Poisson's Ratio measures the ratio of lateral
strain to axial strain. (ν)
3. According to Hooke's law, within the
elastic limit, stress is:
(a) Directly proportional to strain
(b) Inversely proportional to strain
(c) Equal to strain
(d) Not related to strain
4. Which modulus quantifies a material's
resistance to change in volume under uniform
pressure?
(a) Shear modulus
(b) Young's modulus
(c) Bulk modulus
(d) Poisson's ratio
•Young's Modulus (E): Measures the stiffness of a material. It is
the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain.
•Shear Modulus (G): Measures the rigidity of a material. It is the
ratio of shear stress to shear strain.
•Bulk Modulus (K): Measures the material's resistance to
uniform compression. It is the ratio of volumetric stress to the
change in volume.
•Poisson's Ratio (ν): Measures the ratio of transverse strain to
axial strain in a material subjected to uniaxial stress.
5. For a linearly elastic material, if the tensile
stress is doubled, what happens to the strain?
(a) Remains unchanged
(b) Is doubled
(c) Is halved
(d) Becomes unpredictable
6. Which property of a metal describes its ability
to undergo significant plastic deformation
before rupture?
A. Brittleness
B. Ductility
C. Hardness
D. Elasticity
• Brittleness: Tendency to fracture with little to no
plastic deformation.
• Ductility: Ability to undergo significant plastic
deformation before rupture.
• Hardness: Resistance to localized plastic
deformation.
• Elasticity: Ability to return to the original shape
after deformation.
7. Which property of metals allows them to be
hammered or rolled into thin sheets?
A. Fatigue
B. Malleability
C. Toughness
D. Hardness
• Fatigue: Weakening or failure of a material due
to repeated cyclic loading.
• Malleability: Ability to deform under compressive
stress and form thin sheets.
• Toughness: Ability to absorb energy and deform
plastically without fracturing.
• Hardness: Resistance to localized plastic
deformation, such as indentation and scratching.
8. Which of the following metals has the
highest electrical conductivity?
A. Iron
B. Copper
C. Aluminum
D. Silver
9. At which point on the stress-strain curve
does mild steel exhibit permanent
deformation?
A. Proportional Limit
B. Yield Point
C. Ultimate Tensile Strength
D. Fracture Point
10. What is the maximum stress that mild steel
can withstand before necking begins called?
A. Proportional Limit
B. Yield Strength
C. Ultimate Tensile Strength
D. Breaking Strength
1. Elastic Region: The initial linear portion of the curve where
stress and strain are proportional, and the material returns to
its original shape when the load is removed.
2. Yield Point: The point where permanent deformation begins,
and the material will not return to its original shape.
3. Ultimate Tensile Strength: The maximum stress the material
can withstand before necking starts.
4. Yield Plateau: The region where the material deforms
plastically at a constant stress.
5. Ultimate Tensile Strength: The peak stress on the stress-
strain curve before necking.
6. Strain Hardening Region: The part of the curve after
yielding where the material experiences an increase in stress
with increased strain.
7. Proportional Limit: The end of the linear (elastic) region
where stress is no longer proportional to strain.
8. Necking Point: The point where the material begins to
significantly reduce its cross-sectional area under stress.
9. Elastic Region: The region where deformation is
reversible.
10. Yield Point: The transition from elastic to plastic
deformation.
11. A steel rod with an original length of 2 meters
elongates by 0.001 meters when subjected to a
tensile force. What is the strain in the rod?
A. 0.001
B. 0.0005
C. 0.0001
D. 0.0002
12. A cylindrical rod with a cross-sectional area
of 100 mm2 experiences a tensile force of
10,000 N. What is the stress in the rod?
A. 100 MPa
B. 200 MPa
C. 150 MPa
D. 50 MPa
13. If a material has a Young's modulus of
200 GPa2 and is subjected to a stress of 50 MPa,
what is the strain?
A. 0.0025
B. 0.00025
C. 0.0005
D. 0.0001
14. A metal bar with a Young's modulus of 150 GPa
elongates by 0.2 mm when subjected to a tensile
force. If the original length of the bar is 1 meter,
what is the stress in the bar?
A. 30 MPa
B. 40 MPa
C. 50 MPa
D. 60 MPa
15. A steel rod with a Young's modulus of 210 GPa
is subjected to a tensile stress of 105 MPa. What is
the elongation of the rod if its original length is 2
meters?
A. 0.001 m
B. 0.002 m
C. 0.004 m
D. 0.005 m
16. A steel rod with a cross-sectional area of
50 mm2 and a Young's modulus of 200 GPa is
subjected to a tensile force of 10,000 N. What is
the elongation of the rod if its original length is 1
meter?
A. 0.001 m
B. 0.002 m
C. 0.003 m
D. 0.004 m
17. If a cylindrical bar with a radius of 5 mm is
subjected to a tensile force of 20 kN, what is the
stress in the bar?
A. 100 MPa
B. 200 MPa
C. 250 MPa
D. 300 MPa
18. Which theory of failure is also known as the
maximum principal stress theory?
a) Maximum shear stress theory
b) Maximum principal strain theory
c) Maximum distortion energy theory
d) Rankine’s theory
The Maximum Shear Stress Theory, also known as the Tresca Criterion, is
a theory of failure used to predict the yielding of ductile materials.
The Maximum Principal Strain Theory is less commonly used compared to
other theories and is sometimes applied in certain specific cases.
The Maximum Distortion Energy Theory, also known as the von Mises
Criterion, is a widely used theory of failure, particularly for ductile
materials.
Rankine’s Theory, also known as the Maximum Principal Stress Theory, is
used to predict failure in brittle materials.
19. Which theory of failure is most suitable for
ductile materials?
a) Maximum principal stress theory
b) Maximum shear stress theory
c) Maximum principal strain theory
d) Coulomb-Mohr theory
The Coulomb-Mohr Theory is a combination of the Coulomb failure
criterion and the Mohr’s circle analysis, used to predict failure in
materials, particularly those that exhibit different strengths in tension and
compression.
20.Which theory of failure is also known as the
von Mises yield criterion?
a) Maximum principal stress theory
b) Maximum shear stress theory
c) Maximum distortion energy theory
d) Rankine’s theory
21. Which theory of failure is based on the
concept that failure occurs when the maximum
shear stress in the material reaches the shear
stress at yield in a simple tension test?
a) Maximum principal stress theory
b) Maximum shear stress theory
c) Maximum principal strain theory
d) Maximum distortion energy theory
22. Which of the following theories of failure
considers the effect of hydrostatic stress?
a) Maximum principal stress theory
b) Maximum shear stress theory
c) Maximum principal strain theory
d) Maximum distortion energy theory
23. Which theory of failure is often used for brittle
materials?
a) Maximum principal stress theory
b) Maximum shear stress theory
c) Maximum principal strain theory
d) Coulomb-Mohr theory
24. According to the Tresca criterion (maximum
shear stress theory), failure occurs when the
maximum shear stress in a material reaches:
a) The yield stress in tension
b) The yield stress in compression
c) The yield stress in pure shear
d) Half the yield stress in tension
25. Which theory of failure is represented by the
equation σ1+σ2+σ3=0 for a three-dimensional
state of stress?
a) Maximum principal stress theory
b) Maximum shear stress theory
c) Maximum principal strain theory
d) Coulomb-Mohr theory
26. Which type of beam has both ends fixed and offers
the maximum resistance to deflection?
A) Simply supported beam
B) Cantilever beam
C) Fixed beam
D) Continuous beam
27. In the analysis of beams, what is the point of zero
bending moment called?
A) Point of contraflexure
B) Point of inflection
C) Neutral axis
D) Elastic center
28. What is the maximum bending moment for a
simply supported beam with a point load at the
center?
A) WL/2
B) WL/4
C) WL/8
D) WL/12
29. The slope at the end of a simply supported beam
carrying a uniformly distributed load is given by which
formula?
A) wL^4/8EI
B) wL^3/24EI
C) wL^3/48EI
D) wL^2/2EI
30. In a cantilever beam subjected to a uniformly
distributed load, where does the maximum bending
moment occur?
A) At the free end
B) At the mid-span
C) At the fixed end
D) At one-third of the span
31. The main reason for the failure of a long,
slender column under axial compression is:
a) Shear stress
b) Bearing failure
c) Buckling
d) Crushing
32. Euler's critical load formula for a pinned-pinned
column is directly proportional to:
a) Length of the column (L)
b) Cross-sectional area of the column (A)
c) Young's modulus of elasticity (E)
d) Both (a) and (c)
33. A column with a fixed-free end condition will
have a critical load that is:
a) Higher than a pinned-pinned column
b) Lower than a pinned-pinned column
c) Equal to a pinned-pinned column
d) Dependent on the material properties
34. The effective length of a column is:
a) Always equal to the actual length
b) Dependent on the end conditions of the column
c) Independent of the material properties
d) Both (a) and (c)
35.In a tie-column, the axial load is:
a) Always tensile
b) Always compressive
c) Can be tensile or compressive
d) Dependent on the material properties
36. The buckling behavior of a column can be
improved by:
a) Increasing the slenderness ratio
b) Decreasing the moment of inertia of the cross-
section
c) Using a higher strength material
d) Both (b) and (c)
37. Eccentric loading on a column can cause:
a) Pure axial compression
b) Bending moment in addition to axial compression
c) Shear stress
d) Torsion
38. In the context of column analysis, lateral
bracing refers to:
a) Providing additional support to prevent lateral
movement
b) Increasing the cross-sectional area of the column
c) Using a higher strength material
d) Reducing the effective length of the column
39. The shear center (SC) of a beam section is the
point where:
a) The bending moment causes pure bending.
b) The shear force causes no torsion.
c) The neutral axis intersects the section.
d) The maximum shear stress occurs.
40. A beam section with one axis of symmetry will
have its shear center located:
a) Anywhere along the axis of symmetry.
b) Exactly at the centroid of the section.
c) Dependent on the applied shear force direction.
d) Outside the section itself.
41. The significance of the shear center lies in:
a) Minimizing bending stresses.
b) Eliminating shear stress completely.
c) Preventing deflection of the beam.
d) Ensuring pure bending without twisting.
42. For a channel-shaped section, the shear center:
a) Coincides with the centroid.
b) Lies on the axis of symmetry but not at the centroid.
c) Cannot be determined due to the unsymmetrical
shape.
d) Is always located at the web's mid-thickness.
43. The consequence of applying a shear force off
the shear center is:
a) Increased bending moment.
b) Torsion along with bending.
c) Reduced shear stress.
d) No effect on the beam's behavior.
44. Locating the shear center is crucial for
analyzing beams with:
a) Rectangular sections only.
b) Symmetrical sections only.
c) Unsymmetrical sections.
d) All types of beam sections.
45. In the context of shear center, warping torsion
refers to:
a) Twisting of the entire beam section.
b) Non-uniform distribution of shear stress across the
section.
c) Twisting of the thin-walled section due to shear.
d) Bending of the beam due to shear force.
46. The deflection curve of a simply supported
beam with a uniformly distributed load is:
a) A straight line
b) A parabola
c) A circle
d) A sine wave
47. In the context of beam deflection, the term
"moment area method" refers to a method that
uses:
a) Integration of bending moment to find deflection
b) Integration of shear force to find deflection
c) Direct proportionality between moment and
deflection
d) Energy methods to solve for deflection
48. The deflection of a beam subjected to a moment
diagram with positive and negative areas is:
a) Always positive
b) Always negative
c) Dependent on the relative magnitudes of the areas
d) Cannot be determined without further information
49. The deflection (δ) of a simply supported beam
subjected to a point load (P) at mid-span and with a
length (L) is given by:
a) δ = (PL^3) / (48EI)
b) δ = (PL^2) / (16EI)
c) δ = (WL^4) / (8EI)
d) δ = (WL^2) / (2EI)
50. A cantilever beam is fixed at one end and free at
the other. The deflection (δ) at the free end due to a
point load (P) applied at the free end is:
a) δ = (PL^3) / (3EI)
b) δ = (PL^2) / (2EI)
c) δ = (PL^3) / (EI)
d) δ = (WL^4) / (8EI)
