Lecture (1)
Fluid Mechanics
What is Fluid Mechanics?
• Mechanics: the study of forces and motion
• To define fluid first you need to define stress
• Stress: ratio of applied force to area over
which it is exerted
S = F/A
• There are three types of stresses due to three
different types of forces
Tensile Stress
• Tensile force: the Rope
force which tries to
pull things apart
100
lb
Compressive Stress
100
lb
• Compressive force:
the force which tries
Steel
to crush the things column
below it.
Shear Stress
• Shear force: the
force which tries pull
the weight down
100
(shear the glue) lb
• Tends to make one
Glue
surface slide parallel
to an adjacent
surface.
Fluids and Solids
• Solids: substances which can permanently
resist very large shear forces.
• Fluids: substances which can not permanently
resist a shear force no matter how small.
Units and Dimensions
• Primary units:
Mass = M, Length = L, Time = T, Force = F
• Derived unites:
the dimensions of many other parameters may be
worked out in terms of the basic primary units (MLT
system)
• Force gives a unit of acceleration to a unit of mass.
• Energy or work the product of force and distance.
• Power the energy per unit time.
• Pressure the force per unit area.
• Viscosity the shear stress per unit velocity.
Systems of Units
1. The centimeter-gram-second (cgs) system
2. The meter-kilogram-second (mks) system
and the Systeme International d'Unites (SI)
3. The foot-pound-second (fps) system
(Engineering system)
4. The British engineering system
(cgs) System
Primary units
Unit Dimension Measured in
Length L centimeter cm
Mass M gram g
Time T second s
Derived units
Force MLT −2 dyne dyn
Energy or work ML2 T −2 Erg (10-7 joules) erg
Power ML2 T −3 Erg/second Erg/s
Pressure ML−1 T −2 Dyne/sq. centimeter Dyn/cm2
(mks) and (SI) Systems
Primary units
Unit Dimension Measured in
Length L meter m
Mass M kilogram kg
Time T second s
Derived units
Force MLT −2 Newton N
Energy or work ML2 T −2 Joule J
Power ML2 T −3 Watt W
Pressure ML−1 T −2 Pascal Pa
(pfs) System
Primary units
Unit Dimension Measured in
Length L Foot ft
Mass M Pound lb
Time T second S
Derived units
Force MLT −2 Poundal pdl
Energy or work ML2 T −2 Ft-poundal Ft pdl
Power ML2 T −3 Ft-poundal/s Ft pdl/s
Pressure ML−1 T −2 poundal/sq. foot Pdl/ft2
The British Engineering System
Primary units
Unit Dimension Measured in
Length L Foot ft
Force F Pound force Lbf
Time T second S
Derived units
Mass F L−1 T −2 Slug Lbf ft-1 s2
Energy or work FL Ft-pound force ft Ibf
Power FL T −1 Ft-pound force/s ft Ibf/s
Pressure F L−2 Pound force/sq. foot Ibf/ft2
Thermal Units
• Heat (H) is a form of energy and therefore its dimensions
are ML2T~2.
• It is defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the
temperature of unit mass of water by one degree
• So it is more accurate to involve temperature as a
fundamental dimension (θ)
• Dimensionally: H ∝ M θ → H =Cp M θ
• The specific heat capacity (Cp ) has dimensions
HM−1θ−1
Dimensions of Heat
System Mass unit Temp. scale Unit of heat
(degree)
Cgs Gram Celsius Calorie
Mks Kilogram Celsius Kilocalorie
Fps Pound Celsius Pound calorie or centigrade
heat unit(CHU)
Fps pound Fahrenheit British thermal unit (Btu)
Molar Units
• Necessary when working with ideal gases and systems in
which a chemical reaction is taking place,
• The mole is defined in the SI system as:
the quantity of material which contains as many
entities (atoms, molecules or formula units) as there are in
12 g of carbon 12.
• The number of molar units is denoted by dimensional
symbol N.
• The number of kilomoles (N) of a substance A is:
N= M MA
• The molecular weight (MA ) has the dimensions MN−1.
The End of The Lecture
