DESIGN OF MICRO STRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR

FUTURE 5G AND 6G APPLICATIONS

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(Electronics & Communication Engineering)
Submitted to

Sanketika Institute of Technology and Management

BY
Name of the students: College Roll No:
k. Akshaya 226D5A0412
k. Deepika 226D5A0411
R. Vanaja 216D1A0409
S. Ganesh 216D1A0412

Under the Guidance of

Prof. Dr. T.V Rama Krishna M.E, PhD

PRINCIPAL OF SITAM

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SANKETIKA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

Affiliated to JNTUGV
P.M PalemVisakhapatnam,530041
2021-2025

I
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna for
Future 5G and 6G Applications” submitted by K. Akshaya (226D5A0412), K. Deepika
(226D5A0411), R. Vanaja (216D1A0409), S. Ganesh (216D1A0412) in partial fulfilment
of the requirements for the award of the Degree Bachelor of Technology in “Electronics
& Communication Engineering” is a Bonafide record of the work carried out under our
guidance and supervision at SITAM during the academic year 2024-2025.

Internal Guide: Head of the Department:

Dr.T. V Rama Krishna M.E, Ph.D. Dr. R. Suneetha MTech, Ph.D.
Principal of SITAM Associate Professor, HOD
SITAM Engineering College SITAM Engineering College
Visakhapatnam Visakhapatnam

II
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express a deep sense of gratitude to my guide Dr.T.V.Rama Krishna M.E, Ph.
D for his guidance and cooperation throughout our project work. We are highly grateful to
his for providing all the facilities for the completion of the project work.
We are highly grateful to Dr. R. Suneetha B. E, M. Tech, Ph. D Head of the
Department, Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering for providing the
required facilities in the department for successful completion of the project.
We are very much thankful to the Principal Dr. T.V. Rama Krishna of SITAM
Engineering College for his encouragement and cooperation to carry out this work.
We express sincere thanks to all the teaching staff of Department of ECE for
providing great assistance in accomplishment of the project.
We all express my thanks to all the non-teaching staff of Department of ECE for
giving all the support and suggestions to complete the project.
We are very much thankful to the management of SITAM Engineering College for
their encouragement and cooperation to carry out this work.
We would like to thank our parents, friends and classmates for their encouragement
throughout my project period directly or indirectly in completing the project successfully.

III
 DECLARATION
We hereby declaring that this project work entitled “DESIGN OF MICRO STRIP
PATCH ANTENNA FOR FUTURE 5G AND 6G APPLICATIONS” has been carried
out by us and contents have been presented in the form are for the award of the
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING. We declare that this dissertation has not been submitted elsewhere for
any Graduate or Degree of University.

BY

K. Akshaya (226D5A0412)
K. Deepika (226D5A0411)
R. Vanaja (216D1A0409)

S. Ganesh (216D1A0412)

IV
 ABSTRACT
This paper presents the design, simulation, and analysis of a compact millimeter-
wave (mmWave) patch antenna optimized for multi-band operation targeting 5G and
emerging 6G communication systems. The proposed antenna operates efficiently at 24.5
GHz, 26.63 GHz, 29.375 GHz, and 31.35 GHz, offering high gain, low sidelobe levels, and
effective impedance matching. The antenna structure integrates a circular patch with an
embedded slotted H-shaped element, enhancing multi-resonant behavior while maintaining
a compact form factor. Precise geometrical tuning of the slots, feedline, and parasitic
elements enables multi-band resonance and directional radiation characteristics.
Simulations were conducted using CST Studio Suite®, analyzing S-parameters, VSWR,
and radiation patterns.
The antenna exhibits return loss values below –10 dB across all operational bands
and achieves a peak gain of 6.38 dBi at 31.35 GHz. The corresponding VSWR remains
under 1.5 at key frequencies, indicating efficient power transfer. Far-field analysis reveals
focused radiation patterns with low sidelobe levels, suitable for high-frequency beam-
steering applications. Additionally, 3D gain plots demonstrate directional behavior with
minimal losses, confirmed by high radiation and total efficiency values.
The design’s performance suggests strong potential for deployment in advanced
mmWave systems, including 5G/6G base stations, satellite links, and precision-guided
communication systems. This project presents the design and analysis of a novel Ultra-
Wideband (UWB) microstrip patch antenna optimized for future 5G and 6G wireless
communication systems. With the rapid advancement of telecommunications technology,
there is an increasing demand for antennas that can support high data rates, wide frequency
ranges, and low latency.
The proposed antenna employs a unique design methodology combining analytical
techniques and simulation-based optimizations to achieve enhanced performance across a
wide frequency spectrum. The antenna operates in the millimetre-wave (mm Wave) band,
offering broad impedance bandwidth, stable radiation patterns, and compact size, making
it suitable for integration into modern communication devices.
Its low-profile structure, high gain, and improved efficiency cater to the stringent
requirements of next-generation networks, ensuring seamless connectivity and enhanced
signal quality. Detailed parametric studies and simulations are presented to validate the
antenna's performance, demonstrating its potential to support future wireless
communication standards, including 5G and 6G.
This design provides a promising solution to the challenges faced in high-
frequency communication systems and paves the way for future research in the
development of UWB antennas for emerging technologies

Keywords — 5G, 6G, mm wave Antenna, CST Studio, Millimeter-wave, High

Efficiency etc.

V
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Motivation
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Objective
1.4 Organization of the project

CHAPTER -2 LITERATURE SURVEY

CHAPTER -3 BACKGROUND
3.1 Introduction to Antennas
3.1.1 Bock Diagram
3.2 Antenna Parameters
3.2.1 Frequency and Wavelength
3.2.2 Return Loss
3.2.3 Bandwidth
3.2.4 Directivity
3.2.5 Beamwidth
3.2.6 Radiation Pattern
3.2.7 Gain
3.2.8 Input Impedance
3.2.9 VSWR
3.2.10 Efficienccy
3.3 Types of Antennas
3.3.1 Log Periodic Antenna
3.3.2 Rhombic Antenna
3.3.3 Dipole Antenna
3.3.4 Monopole Antenna
3.3.5 Helical Antenna
3.3.6 Loop Antenna
3.3.7 Parabolic Reflector

VI
 3.3.8 Yagi-Uda Antenna
3.3.9 Lens Antenna
3.3.10 Horn Antenna
3.3.11 Antenna Array
3.4 Microstrip Patch Antenna
3.5 Feeding methods of patch antenna
3.5.1 Contacting Feeding Method
3.5.2 Non-Contacting Feeding Method
3.5.3 Coplanar Waveguide Feeding
3.6 Design Methodology
3.6.1 Antenna Configuration
3.6.2 Feeding Mechanism
3.6.3 Substrate and Dielectric Considerations
3.6.4 Metamaterial-Inspired Ring
3.6.5 geometrical Summary
3.6.6 Design Goals
3.7 Computer Simulation Technology
3.8 Fabrication
3.9 Physical Measurements
3.9.1 Vector Network Analysis
3.9.2 Anechoic Chamber

CHAPTER -4 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Designing of basic structure
4.2 Etching Meander line slots on to the feed line
4.3 Etching CSRR slots on to patch
4.4 Reconfigurability

CHAPTER -5 RESULTS AND VALIDATIONS

5.1 Design and Development
5.2 Return Loss
1. VSWR
2. Radiation Patterns

VII
5.3 Validation

CHAPTER -6 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 Conclusion
6.2 Future Scope
REFERENCES

VIII
 LIST OF ABBREVATIONS
CST – Computer Simulation Technology
SRR – Split Ring Resonator
CSRR – Complementary Split Ring Resonator
MSA – Microstrip Patch Antenna
DGS – Defected Ground Structure
CPW – Coplanar Waveguide
UWB – Ultra-Wide Band
RF – Radio Frequency
RL – Return Loss
BW – Bandwidth
UHF – Ultra High Frequency
VHF – Very High Frequency
VSWR – Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
Wi-Fi – Wireless Fidelity
WiMAX – Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
ISM – Industrial, Scientific, and Medical
mmWave – Millimetre Wave
MIMO – Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
DG – Diversity Gain
ECC – Envelope Correlation Coefficient
DNG – Double Negative Metamaterial
SMA – Sub Miniature version A (Connector)
HPBW – Half Power Beamwidth
FEM – Finite Element Method

IX
 LIST OF NOMENCLATURE
S11 – Return Loss
VSWR – Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
Gain – Antenna Gain (dBi)
E-field – Electric Field Distribution
H-field – Magnetic Field Distribution
Surface Current – Surface Current Distribution
BW – Bandwidth
Isolation – Isolation between antenna ports
εr – Dielectric Constant of Substrate
h – Height of the Substrate
t – Height of the Conductor
r – Radius of the Patch
Wg, Lg – Width and Length of the Ground Plane
λ – Wavelength
fr – Resonant Frequency
c – Speed of Light (3 × 10⁸ m/s)
μ0 – Permeability of Free Space
ε0 – Permittivity of Free Space
Z0 – Characteristic Impedance
ΔL – Effective Length Extension
εeff – Effective Dielectric Constant
CPW – Coplanar Waveguide Feed
Meander Line – Compact feeding technique for impedance matching
CSRR – Complementary Split Ring Resonator
DGS – Defective Ground Structure
MIMO – Multiple Input Multiple Output
5G mmWave – Millimetre-Wave 5G Applications
Reconfigurability – Frequency tuning for multiple band

X
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

1
 INTRODUCTION

1.1 MOTIVATION
The exponential growth in mobile data traffic and the proliferation of smart devices have
driven the demand for next-generation wireless communication systems, particularly fifth-
generation (5G) and emerging sixth-generation (6G) networks. These systems aim to provide
ultra-high-speed connectivity, low latency, and massive device connectivity. To meet these
requirements, millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency bands, typically ranging from 24 GHz to
100 GHz, have been proposed as a viable solution due to the large bandwidth availability [11],
[12].
The antenna, as a critical component in any wireless system, plays a pivotal role in
determining the overall system performance. However, designing antennas for mmWave bands
poses significant challenges due to the trade-offs between gain, size, isolation, bandwidth, and
efficiency. In this context, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology has emerged as a
key enabler, offering increased capacity and link reliability. MIMO antennas for mmWave 5G
applications require compact form factors, wide impedance bandwidth, low mutual coupling, and
high gain to counter the high propagation loss associated with mmWave frequencies [4], [5], [6].
Various researchers have investigated compact and high-gain antenna designs suitable for
integration in mobile and wearable devices. For instance, Lin et al. [3] developed a circularly
polarized antenna at 28 GHz, while Iqbal et al. [2] presented an EBG-backed antenna system for
wearable applications. The use of dielectric resonators [7], slot-fed structures [4], and substrate
integrated waveguides (SIW) [5] has also shown promise in improving bandwidth and isolation
performance. Additionally, metamaterial structures have gained considerable attention for their
ability to enhance antenna gain and reduce size [1], [10], [15].
Despite significant progress, several challenges persist in the design of mmWave MIMO
antennas for 5G/6G applications:
 High Mutual Coupling: MIMO configurations often suffer from mutual coupling between
antenna elements, degrading system performance [6], [8].
 Limited Bandwidth and Gain: Achieving wideband operation with high gain in a compact
design is complex due to space constraints and material limitations [9], [16], [17].
 Polarization Diversity: Many designs lack efficient polarization diversity, which is
essential for improving signal reception and reducing multipath fading [4].
 Integration with Smart Devices: Ensuring seamless integration in small-form-factor
devices without compromising performance remains a key issue [7], [8].
 Lack of AI/ML Optimization: While some works have explored AI-driven antenna
optimization [14], its application in mmWave antenna design is still limited.

Given these challenges, there is a pressing need to design a compact, high-isolation,

wideband MIMO antenna that is suitable for 5G mmWave applications. Additionally, leveraging
novel geometries, such as metamaterial-inspired structures and decoupling elements, can lead to
performance enhancements in terms of gain, bandwidth, and isolation. These advancements will
2
facilitate the integration of such antennas into smart mobile terminals, wearable devices, and IoT
modules.
The primary objectives of this paper are:
1. To design a compact 2×2 MIMO antenna operating in the mmWave band, specifically
around 28 GHz.
2. To achieve high isolation between the antenna elements using integrated decoupling
structures.
3. To enhance gain and bandwidth using metamaterial-inspired or branched-slot geometries.
4. To analyze key performance parameters including S-parameters, envelope correlation
coefficient (ECC), diversity gain, and far-field radiation patterns.
The major contributions of this work are summarized as follows:
 A novel 2×2 compact MIMO antenna is proposed for mmWave 5G/6G applications using
CST Studio Suite.
 The antenna incorporates decoupling structures to improve isolation without increasing
footprint.
 Metamaterial-inspired designs are utilized to enhance gain and bandwidth in a compact
layout.
 Detailed performance evaluation is conducted using simulation, focusing on key
parameters relevant for MIMO performance.
 The proposed design is benchmarked against recent state-of-the-art works to demonstrate
its efficacy.
The remainder of the paper is structured as follows: section II provides the literature survey
and Section III provides a detailed overview of the antenna design methodology and materials
used. Section IV presents the simulation setup and discusses the results, including S-parameters,
ECC, gain, and radiation patterns. Section V concludes the paper and suggests future directions
for further research.
The aim to address the unique challenges posed by these advanced wireless technologies.
The primary motivation stems from the need to meet the high demands for data rates, capacity,
energy efficiency, and miniaturization, while ensuring robust connectivity in increasingly
complex and congested environments.
The rapid advancement of wireless communication technology is driving the
miniaturization of electronic devices, making antenna design a crucial area of research. Antennas
have become an integral component of all wireless devices, requiring compactness, high
efficiency, and broad bandwidth to meet the increasing demands for high-speed data transmission
and inter-device communication. The challenges in modern antenna design include reducing
surface wave losses, improving radiation efficiency, minimizing return loss, and achieving
bandwidth enhancement while maintaining a small form factor.
The continuous advancement of wireless communication technologies has led to the
development of 5G networks, and research is already being conducted on the next generation, 6G,
which promises even higher data rates, lower latency, and enhanced connectivity. As these
technologies evolve, so does the need for new antenna systems that can efficiently meet the
demands of high-frequency communication, large bandwidth, and mobility.
Microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) have gained significant attention for modern wireless
communication systems due to their advantages, such as low profile, ease of integration with

3
printed circuit boards (PCBs), cost-effectiveness, and ability to operate at a wide range of
frequencies. With the emergence of 5G and future 6G technologies, there is an increasing demand
for antennas that can operate at higher frequencies (millimeter-wave bands) which are essential
for modern wireless communication systems.
The proposed antenna structure is optimized to provide:
 Wideband operation for 5G and 6G applications
 High gain and directivity to support long-range communication
 5G and 6G applications demand antennas that can handle multiple bands simultaneously
This project explores the development of a compact, high-performance of antenna with a
superior bandwidth, efficiency, and gain for 5G and 6G applications. The antenna supports a
frequency range from 24 GHz to 40 GHz, making it ideal for high-speed data transmission in IoT,
smart vehicles, and next-generation communication networks.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The design and optimization of microstrip patch antennas are critical for the advancement of
wireless communication technologies, particularly for future 5G and 6G applications. These
applications demand antennas that offer high data rates, low latency, efficient spectrum usage,
and a reliable connection across a wide range of frequencies.
As wireless communication technologies continue to evolve, future networks (5G and beyond)
will need to support massive numbers of devices, ultra-high data throughput, and low-latency
applications. This requires the development of novel antenna designs that can meet these
demanding requirements while overcoming challenges such as size limitations, high-frequency
operation, and interference management.

1.3 OBJECTIVE
The goal is to design and implement a objective of designing a microstrip patch antenna
for future 5G and 6G applications is centred around meeting the evolving demands of
communication systems, which require higher data rates, greater reliability, and more efficient
use of the electromagnetic spectrum. As 5G and 6G technologies are expected to support a wide
range of advanced applications, such as ultra-low latency, high-speed data transfer, massive IoT
(Internet of Things) connectivity, and AI-based services, antennas play a crucial role in ensuring
optimal performance
1.4 ORGANISATION OF THE PROJECT
Chapter 1: Introduces the motivation, problem statement, objective, and scope of Microstrip
Patch Antenna For Future 5G and 6G Applications.
Chapter 2: Presents a literature review on Microstrip Patch Antenna designs, focusing on compact
structures, mutual coupling reduction, and bandwidth enhancement.
Chapter 3: Covers the fundamentals of antennas, different types of antennas, feeding techniques,
and performance parameters, Fabrication of patch antenna.

4
Chapter 4: Details the design and implementation of the proposed microstrip patch antenna for
5g and 6g application techniques and optimization using CST Microwave Studio.
Chapter 5: Presents simulation results and validation, analysing waveforms of VSWR, radiation
patterns, gain.
Chapter 6: Concludes the study, summarizing key findings and discussing future enhancements
like massive antenna integration and real-world testing.

5
 CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY

6
 LITERATURE SURVEY

The rapid evolution of wireless communication demands high-performance antenna

systems, particularly in the millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum for 5G and emerging 6G
applications. Researchers have proposed various antenna designs and technologies to meet the
stringent requirements of bandwidth, gain, compactness, and MIMO compatibility.
Ren et al. [1] explored the use of MEMS technologies for optical metamaterials,
highlighting their applicability in high-frequency devices, which can inspire metamaterial-based
enhancements in antenna performance. Iqbal et al. [2] proposed a millimeter-wave MIMO
antenna with an Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) structure for wearable applications, achieving
enhanced isolation and reduced mutual coupling. Similarly, Lin et al. [3] designed a compact
omnidirectional circularly polarized antenna at 28 GHz for device-to-device communication in
5G systems, emphasizing the significance of polarization diversity.
Ullah et al. [4] introduced a series-slot-fed circularly polarized MIMO array for indoor 5G
applications, enhancing polarization and spatial diversity. Usman et al. [5][6] developed a dual-
port annular slot MIMO antenna and a dielectric resonator-based design with improved isolation,
both operating in the mmWave bands. Sharawi et al. [7] proposed a dielectric resonator-based
MIMO system suitable for mobile mmWave devices, focusing on integration and miniaturization.
Alhaqbani et al. [8] and Bait-Suwailam et al. [9] designed wideband MIMO antennas with
hexagonal slots and compact decoupling structures respectively, aiming to enhance bandwidth
and reduce mutual coupling for 5G terminals. Liu et al. [10] reported gain enhancement in
microstrip antennas using negative permeability meta materials, reinforcing the role of engineered
materials in antenna improvement.
The fundamental role of mmWave in future broadband systems was emphasized by Pi and
Khan [11], while Xu et al. [12] presented various mmWave antenna designs tailored for 5G
applications. Park and Lee [13] reviewed beamforming techniques in mmWave antennas,
essential for overcoming propagation challenges in 5G.
Yadav et al. [14] explored AI-based optimization methods for 5G antenna performance,
marking a shift toward intelligent design. Zhang and Huang [15] discussed metamaterial-inspired
antennas that enhance performance without increasing size. Lee et al. [16] presented a high-gain
antenna for small-cell deployments in 5G, a key to dense urban network layouts. Wang et al. [17]
designed a novel mmWave MIMO antenna with superior gain and isolation. Most recently, Talari
and Sekhar [18] introduced a high-gain dual-band metamaterial-inspired antenna with a
hexagonal structure, demonstrating its effectiveness in 5G spectrum bands.
This body of literature highlights the advancements and challenges in mmWave antenna
design. Common themes include gain enhancement, miniaturization, MIMO integration, and the
application of metamaterials and AI in design optimization. These works form the foundation for
further innovation in antenna structures targeting future 6G communication standards.
Microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) have emerged as crucial components in modern
wireless communication systems, including 5G and upcoming 6G networks. These antennas are
favoured due to their compact size, ease of fabrication, low cost, and versatile designs. With the

7
advent of 5G technology and the anticipated demands of 6G, which is expected to require ultra-
high data rates, low latency, and massive connectivity, the design of MPAs needs to evolve. This
review presents an overview of current research and trends in the design of microstrip patch
antennas for next-generation communication systems.
Patch antennas have a very important function to fulfil in the world of wireless
communication networks that we live in today. The building of a microstrip patch antenna is
straightforward and it employs a microstrip fabrication method that is more commonly used. The
patch can be configured in any way imaginable; however, the rectangular and circular
configurations are the ones that are used the most frequently. These patch antennas are use in the
simplest way possible for the broadest range of applications that are also the most demanding [1].
This section discusses the technical work of different papers of microstrip patch antennas.
A broadband elliptical-shaped slot antenna that can be used for future wireless applications
of the 5G is proposed in this article [8]. The suggested antenna for 5G communication achieves a
broadband impedance bandwidth of greater than 67 percent (from 20 GHz to beyond 40 GHz) at
S11 values of less than -10 db. The bandwidth that was accomplished is sufficient to span both
forthcoming 5G bands (28/38 GHz). The suggested antenna possesses almost omnidirectional
patterns, relatively flat gain, and good radiation efficiency across the frequency band, except for
the band that would be rejected.
In this study, different designs for rectangular microstrip antennas are presented. One of
the typical frequencies for 5G communications is 28 GHz and these antennas all operate at that
frequency. To achieve more accurate impedance matching, an array arrangement makes use of a
corporate feeding network. It enhances performance factors such as returns loss characteristics,
impedance bandwidth, gain, and radiation pattern. Other performance metrics that benefit from
this are gain and directivity. In conclusion, this eight-element microstrip patch array that has been
proposed along with its modified corporate feeding is an excellent option for potential future 5G
applications.
This article presents [10] a dual-band printed slot antenna as a potential solution for 5G
mobile network infrastructure in the future. The suggested antenna offers almost omnidirectional
patterns, relatively flat gain, and good radiation efficiency across the entire frequency band,
except for the band that would be rejected. The suggested dual-band antenna has been shown to
have a dual-band response for the 5G system at both 28 and 38 GHz, as shown by the results of
simulations. An L-shaped slot is etched out in the feed line to form a notched band in the
frequency range of 30–35 GHz. This is done to limit the amount of interference that occurs
between the 5G system and other applications. The dual-band antennas that are being considered
have a gain of up to 7 dB, although there is a significant decrease in the notched-frequency band
near 31 GHz.
The investigations conducted [11] in this study focused on utilizing a wide variety of
microstrip antenna configurations. Antenna performance can be evaluated based on several
critical characteristics, including return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), bandwidth,
resonant frequency, and gain. A return loss of less than -10 dB is an outstanding value. The value
range of VSWR that is taken into consideration is 1-2. CST microwave studio is a cutting-edge
software application that enables users to create and evaluate a wide variety of antennas, filters,
and other types of devices.

8
 For use in 5G communication applications, the study describes [12] a high-gain linear
1 4 antenna array that is constructed utilizing a circular slotted patch. The suggested antenna has
been developed for a frequency of 28 GHz and can support TM11 as a fundamental mode when
it is tuned to resonance. The concept of the proposed antenna has been validated using a vector
network analyser (VNA) and an anechoic chamber to characterize the prototype of the antenna.
The suggested array antenna has a central frequency of 28 GHz, a return loss of 16 dB, and an
impedance bandwidth of 10 dB that spans 10 percent of the millimetre-wave band between 24.6
and 27.24 GHz.
Research by Al-Guri et al. [13], 3.5 GHz hexagonal microstrip patch antennas are designed
and simulated. Four types of antennas, from single elements to 1×8 arrays, were simulated using
CST software. The proposed 1×8 array antenna has a microstrip feed line. Its directional radiation
helps the base station provide high-quality, high-capacity network connectivity. This antenna is
for long-distance point-to-point connections. The final antenna had a 6.938 dB gain at 3.5 GHz
and a -10 dB return loss.
According to the research paper [14], the antenna operates at 27.97 GHz and has a
directivity of 7.6 dB, a bandwidth of 1.06 GHz, 7.5 dB, and a reflection coefficient of -20.95 dB
Additionally, its efficiency is 99.98%. An investigation into the design of patch antennas for use
in 5G wireless communication systems is provided here.
In this study [15], a microstrip patch antenna serves as a communication device that is
examined for one-band and dual-band communication at higher frequencies. This research was
carried out in the United States (mm-waves). This is a dual-band version of the U-shaped slotted
microstrip patch antenna with working bands of 28 GHz and 38 GHz. The Rogers RT 5880
material, which has a dielectric constant of 2.2, was utilized across the entirety of the antenna
substrate during the design process. At a frequency of 28 GHz, the antenna had a return loss of -
32 dB, while at a frequency of 38 GHz, it was 40 dB Simulations showed that the proposed dual
band would have a gain of 7.92 dB at 38 GHz and 6.7 dB at 28 GHz.
A square-slotted microstrip patch antenna for mm Wave wireless communication with a
resonance frequency of 37 GHz is presented in this study [16].The radiating patch is loaded atop
the antenna, which comprises of H slot and an inverted T slot.
Using the electromagnetic simulation software microwave studio, the suggested antenna
has been built and investigated on the Rogers RT5880 substrate, which has a relative permittivity
of 2.2 and a loss tangent of 0.0009, respectively. A minimal return loss of -43.05 dB, a gain of
8.18 dB, and an impedance bandwidth of 16.22 percent were found to exist at the resonant
frequency of 37 GHz in this paper's findings.
In this paper [17], a 1×2 array microstrip rectangular patch antenna consisting of two
elements is designed. The patch on the antenna is 19.5 millimetres by 26.5 millimetres, and it has
a frequency of 3.5 GHz and array size of 1×2. The design of the antenna is created in a simulation
that operates at a frequency of 3.5 GHz; the substrate material is made of flame retardant (FR) 4,
which has a constant of 4.3, and the patch materials are built of copper. The frequency at which
the simulation operates is 3.5 GHz.

9
 CHAPTER-3
BACKGROUND

10
 BACKGROUND

3.1 INTRODUCTION TO ANTENNAS

Antennas are crucial components in wireless communication systems, enabling the transmission
and reception of electromagnetic waves. With the advent of 5G and the emerging 6G
technologies, antenna design has become increasingly important to meet the demands of high-
speed, low-latency, and high-capacity communication.
Microstrip Patch Antennas
Microstrip patch antennas are a popular choice for modern wireless applications due to their
compact size, low profile, and ease of integration with other components. These antennas
consist of a radiating patch element printed on a dielectric substrate, often with a ground plane
on the opposite side.
Design Considerations for 5G and 6G Applications
The design of microstrip patch antennas for 5G and 6G applications requires careful
consideration of several factors, including:
1. Frequency range: 5G and 6G operate on higher frequency bands, requiring antennas to be
designed for optimal performance within these ranges.
2. Bandwidth: Wider bandwidths are necessary to support high-speed data transmission.
3. Gain and directivity: Antennas must provide sufficient gain and directivity to ensure reliable
communication.
4. Size and compactness: Antennas must be compact and integrable with other components.

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Wireless communication has emerged as one of the most advanced technologies in the
field of communication. The invention of radio marked the beginning of wireless communication
in the early 20th century, and since then, wireless systems have become an integral part of
modern-day connectivity. Today, wireless communication networks are widely used in
telecommunications, IoT, vehicular communication, and mobile systems, enabling seamless
interaction between electronic devices without physical connections. Wireless Local Area
Networks (WLAN) have also been extensively integrated into business centres, educational
institutions, and residential environments to support high-speed data transmission.

11
 Revive Design and
literature Find the Calculate the simulation
on problem and dimensions work with
Start help of
Antenna set Target of the
CST
and IoT antenna

Optimum
Result

Comparison Result
and Analysis
End
Conclusion

Fig 3.2: Design and Development Flow of Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G/6G Applications

Wireless communication systems operate by transmitting data over large distances

without the need for physical cables. In this system, the antenna plays a crucial role by
facilitating the transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves (EM waves). The antenna
is responsible for converting electrical signals into electromagnetic waves for wireless
propagation. As wireless communication continues to evolve, the demand for compact, high-
performance antennas with better efficiency, bandwidth, and low-cost fabrication has
significantly increased.
The transmission line in a communication system is used to carry radio frequency (RF)
energy from one point to another. The antenna acts as a transition device that converts the guided
RF signal from a transmission line into free-space electromagnetic waves. This transition is
crucial in ensuring efficient wireless communication over long distances.
Whenever wireless communication is required, an antenna is essential for transmitting and
receiving signals. Sound waves are converted into electromagnetic waves for long-distance
transmission. The device responsible for this conversion is known as an antenna. Antennas
exhibit the principle of reciprocity, meaning they can function in both transmitting and receiving
modes with the same characteristics.
The efficiency of an antenna depends on various factors such as transmitter power,
transmission distance, receiver sensitivity, and atmospheric conditions. The size of the antenna
is primarily dictated by the wavelength of the transmitted signal. At higher frequencies, the
wavelength is smaller, allowing for the design of compact antennas suitable for modern
wireless applications.

12
 Fig: 3.2 EM Wave in Free Space
An electromagnetic wave (EM wave) is a traveling wave that originates from a point in free space
and propagates in all directions. These waves create electric (E) and magnetic (H) field
disturbances, which are perpendicular to each other and the direction of wave propagation. The
speed of an EM wave in free space is approximately 3 × 10⁸ m/s. The propagation of EM waves
follows Maxwell’s equations, which define the interaction of electric and magnetic fields in time
and space. The entire range of electromagnetic frequencies is referred to as the Electromagnetic
Spectrum.
At the end of a conducting transmission line, energy is supplied by a source or generator. The
energy propagates as a plane Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) wave along the uniform section
of the transmission line, with minimal losses. A small gap between the transmission lines can lead
to partial energy leakage, influencing the overall performance of the system.

Fig: 3.2 Antenna as a Transition Device

An ideal generator represents the source of the transmitted signal. The transmission line carries
RF energy, while the antenna, modelled as a load, radiates the signal into free space. Standing
waves occur due to the interface interference patterns in the medium.

13
 Fig: 3.3Thevenin Circuit of Antenna

The antenna can also be represented using Thevenin’s equivalent circuit, where:
R_L represents the load resistance.
R _r is the radiation resistance, which accounts for the power radiated into free space.
The impedance matching between the antenna and the transmission line is crucial to minimize
reflection losses and ensure maximum power transfer.

3.2 ANTENNA PARAMETERS

Frequency Range
Operating frequency: The frequency range at which the antenna will operate, typically within the
5G or 6G frequency bands (e.g., 24 GHz, 28 GHz, or 39 GHz).
Bandwidth: The range of frequencies over which the antenna can operate effectively, typically
measured in GHz.

Gain and Directivity

Gain: A measure of the antenna's ability to concentrate radiated power in a specific
direction, typically measured in decibels (dB).

Directivity: A measure of the antenna's ability to radiate power in a specific direction,

typically measured in decibels (dB).

Radiation Pattern
Radiation pattern: The distribution of radiated power in space, typically represented as a
2D or 3D plot.
Beamwidth: The angular range over which the antenna's radiation pattern is within 3 dB of its
maximum value.

Impedance and Matching

Impedance: The antenna's input impedance, typically measured in ohms (Ω).

Matching: The process of ensuring the antenna's impedance matches the impedance of the
connected circuitry.

14
Efficiency and Losses
Efficiency: A measure of the antenna's ability to convert input power into radiated power,
typically measured as a percentage.

Losses: Energy lost due to various factors, such as conductor loss, dielectric loss, or surface
wave loss.

Polarization
Polarization: The orientation of the electric field vector of the radiated wave, typically
classified as linear, circular, or elliptical.

Size and Compactness

Size: The physical dimensions of the antenna, typically measured in millimetres or centimetres.
Compactness: The degree to which the antenna is miniaturized, often achieved through
techniques like meandering or folding.

3.2.1 FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH

Frequency Range for 5G and 6G
5G frequency bands: 24 GHz, 28 GHz, 39 GHz, and other mm Wave frequencies.
6G frequency bands: Potentially up to 100 GHz or more, with research exploring frequencies like
140 GHz and 300 GHz.
Frequency is defined as “the rate at which a wave repeats itself over a specific period of time.” It
is measured in Hertz (Hz) and represents the number of oscillations per second. The frequency
(f) is the inverse of the timeperiod(T), given by:
1
𝑓=
𝑇
where:
 f = Frequency of the wave (Hz)
 T = Time period (s)
Wavelength Calculation
The wavelength (λ) of an electromagnetic wave is calculated using the formula:
λ=c/f
where:
 c: Speed of light (approximately 3 x 10^8 meters per second).
 f: Frequency of the electromagnetic wave.
Wavelengths for 5G and 6G Frequencies
Here are the wavelengths for some 5G and potential 6G frequencies:

15
24 GHz: λ ≈ 12.5 mm
28 GHz: λ ≈ 10.7 mm
39 GHz: λ ≈ 7.7 mm
100 GHz: λ ≈ 3 mm
Antenna Size and Wavelength
The size of a microstrip patch antenna is typically related to the wavelength of the operating
frequency. A common design rule is to make the patch size approximately:
λ/2: Half the wavelength of the operating frequency.

Implications for 5G and 6G Antenna Design

The smaller wavelengths at 5G and 6G frequencies have significant implications for antenna
design:
1. Smaller antenna size: Antennas can be made smaller due to the smaller wavelengths.
2. Increased complexity: Designing antennas for higher frequencies can be more challenging
due to the smaller sizes and increased sensitivity to manufacturing tolerances.
3. New materials and technologies: Researchers are exploring new materials and technologies to
support antenna design at these higher frequencies.

Fig: 3.4 Wavelength (λ), distance between peaks

3.2.2 RETURN LOSS

Return Loss Definition
Return loss (RL) is defined as the ratio of the reflected power to the incident power, typically
expressed in decibels (dB). A higher return loss indicates better impedance matching and less
power reflection.
Return Loss Formula
The return loss can be calculated using the following formula:

16
RL (dB) = -20 log10 (|Γ|)
where:

 Γ: Reflection coefficient, representing the ratio of reflected to incident voltage.

Return loss is related to Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) as:
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅−1
 RL (dB)=20 log 10 ( )
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅+1

Return Loss Requirements for 5G and 6G

For 5G and 6G applications, a good return loss is typically considered to be:
- -10 dB or better: Acceptable for most applications.
- -15 dB or better: Good for high-performance applications.
- -20 dB or better: Excellent for critical applications.

Factors Affecting Return Loss

Several factors can impact the return loss of a microstrip patch antenna:
1. Impedance mismatch: Mismatch between the antenna's impedance and the feedline or
circuitry.
2. Frequency: Return loss can vary with frequency, especially near the antenna's resonant
frequency.
3. Antenna design: The antenna's geometry, size, and shape can affect its return loss.
4. Materials: The properties of the materials used in the antenna's construction can impact its
return loss.
Improving Return Loss
To improve the return loss of a microstrip patch antenna:
1. Optimize antenna design: Use simulation tools to optimize the antenna's geometry and size.
2. Improve impedance matching: Use matching networks or adjust the feedline to improve
impedance matching.
3. Select suitable materials: Choose materials with suitable properties for the antenna's
construction.

17
3.2.3 BANDWIDTH
Bandwidth Definition
Bandwidth (BW) is defined as the range of frequencies over which the antenna's performance
meets certain criteria, such as:
- Impedance matching: The antenna's impedance is within a certain range (e.g., -10 dB return
loss).
- Gain and radiation pattern: The antenna's gain and radiation pattern meet certain requirements.
Bandwidth Requirements for 5G and 6G
For 5G and 6G applications, a wide bandwidth is typically required to support high-speed data
transmission. The bandwidth requirements can vary depending on the specific application, but
here are some general guidelines:
- 5G: 100 MHz to 1 GHz bandwidth.
- 6G: 1 GHz to 10 GHz bandwidth or more.
Factors Affecting Bandwidth
Several factors can impact the bandwidth of a microstrip patch antenna:
1. Antenna design: The antenna's geometry, size, and shape can affect its bandwidth.
2. Frequency: The antenna's bandwidth can vary with frequency, especially near the antenna's
resonant frequency.
3. Materials: The properties of the materials used in the antenna's construction can impact its
bandwidth.
4. Feedline and matching network: The design of the feedline and matching network can affect
the antenna's bandwidth.
Techniques for Improving Bandwidth
To improve the bandwidth of a microstrip patch antenna:
1. Use wideband antenna designs: Such as stacked patches, parasitic elements, or fractal antennas.
2. Optimize antenna geometry: Use simulation tools to optimize the antenna's geometry and size.
3. Use broadband materials: Choose materials with suitable properties for the antenna's
construction.
4. Improve impedance matching: Use matching networks or adjust the feedline to improve
impedance matching.
Challenges and Limitations
Designing wideband microstrip patch antennas for 5G and 6G applications can be challenging
due to:

18
1. Size and complexity: Wideband antennas can be larger and more complex than narrowband
antennas.
2. Frequency-dependent performance: The antenna's performance can vary with frequency,
making it challenging to achieve consistent performance across the desired bandwidth.
3. Manufacturing tolerances: Small manufacturing tolerances can impact the antenna's
performance and bandwidth.

3.2.4 DIRECTIVITY
Directivity (D) measures an antenna’s ability to focus its radiation in a specific direction
compared to an isotropic source. It is defined as:

D= 𝑈
𝑈∩

Where:
 U = Radiation intensity of the given antenna

 U_0 = Radiation intensity of an isotropic antenna

Higher directivity is preferred for high-gain directional antennas, especially in MIMO systems.
Beamwidth Definition
Beamwidth (BW) is defined as the angular range over which the antenna's radiation pattern is
within 3 dB of its maximum value, typically expressed in degrees.
Beamwidth Requirements for 5G and 6G
For 5G and 6G applications, a narrow beamwidth is typically required to support high-speed
data transmission and reduce interference. The beamwidth requirements can vary depending on
the specific application, but here are some general guidelines:

- 5G: 30-60° beamwidth.

- 6G: 10-30° beamwidth or less.

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3.2.6 RADIATION PATTERN
The radiation pattern is a graphical representation of how an antenna radiates power in space. It
is described in:
 3D Spherical Coordinates (r, θ, φ) for complete spatial representation

 2D Radiation Patterns for vertical and horizontal.

Fig: 3.9 Three-dimensional Radiation Pattern

Fig: 3.9Two-dimensional Radiation Pattern

Common Types of Radiation Patterns:

 Omnidirectional – Radiates equally in all directions (e.g., dipole antennas)
 Directional – Radiates energy in a specific direction (e.g., Yagi-Uda antennas)

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 .

a) Omni directional

b) Directional
3.2.7 GAIN
Gain Definition
Gain (G) is defined as the ratio of the maximum radiated power density to the average radiated
power density, typically expressed in decibels (dB).
G=ηD
Where:
 G = Gain (dB)

 η = Efficiency

 D = Directivity
High-gain antennas improve signal strength and coverage.

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Gain Requirements for 5G and 6G:

For 5G and 6G applications, high gain is typically required to support high-speed data
transmission and reduce interference. The gain requirements can vary depending on the specific
application, but here are some general guidelines:
5G: 6-10 dB gain.
6G: 10-15 dB gain or more.

3.2.8 INPUT IMPEDANCE

Antenna impedance is the ratio of voltage to current at its feed point. It should match the
transmission line impedance (typically 50Ω) for optimal power transfer. The impedance is given
by:
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅𝑖𝑛 × 𝑗𝑋𝑖𝑛
Where:
 R_in = Resistance component
 X_in = Reactance component
Impedance Matching ensures maximum power transfer by minimizing reflections.

3.2.9 VOLTAGE STANDING WAVE RATIO (VSWR)

VSWR quantifies the degree of impedance mismatch between an antenna and its feed line. It is
given by:

VSWR=𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛

A VSWR close to 1 ensures efficient power transfer. For most applications, VSWR < 2 is
considered acceptable.

3.2.10 EFFICIENCY
Antenna efficiency (η) is the ratio of power radiated (Prad) to total input power (Pin):

22
η= 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 × 100%
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛

Higher efficiency is preferred for low-loss antennas, particularly in MIMO systems for 5G
networks.

3.2.11 RADIATION INTENSITY

Radiation intensity (U) is the power radiated per unit solid angle:
U=𝑟2𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑
It determines how effectively an antenna radiates energy in a particular direction.

3.2.12 POLARIZATION
Polarization describes the orientation of the electric field (E) of an EM wave. It can be:
1. Linear Polarization

o Vertical Polarization
o Horizontal Polarization

(a) horizontal

(b) vertical polarization

Fig: 3.16 Graphical illustrations

23
 2. Circular Polarization

o Right-Hand Circular Polarization (RHCP)

o Left-Hand Circular Polarization (LHCP)

Fig: 3.17 Graphical Illustrations of LHCP and RHCP

3. Elliptical Polarization

o A combination of linear and circular polarization

o Used for satellite and wireless communications
Polarization Mismatch:
For maximum power transfer, both transmitter and receiver antennas must have the same
polarization. Any mismatch reduces signal strength and leads to transmission loss.
Polarization Mismatch (dB)= 20𝑙𝑜𝑔10(cos 𝜃)
where, θ is the polarization misalignment angle.

3.3 TYPES OF ANTENNAS

3.3.1 PATCH ANTENNAS
Patch antennas are the most common type of microstrip patch antenna. They consist of a
rectangular or circular patch of metal on a substrate, with a ground plane on the other side.
- Advantages: Low profile, easy to fabricate, and low cost.
- Disadvantages: Limited bandwidth, low gain, and sensitive to manufacturing tolerances.
3.3.2. SLOT ANTENNAS
Slot antennas are similar to patch antennas, but they have a slot or aperture in the ground plane
instead of a patch.
- Advantages: Wider bandwidth, higher gain, and less sensitive to manufacturing tolerances.
- Disadvantages: More complex to fabricate and may require additional components.

24
3.3.3. MONOPOLE ANTENNAS
Monopole antennas are a type of microstrip patch antenna that consists of a single element,
typically a vertical strip or wire.
- Advantages: Simple to fabricate, low cost, and omnidirectional radiation pattern.
- Disadvantages: Limited bandwidth, low gain, and may require additional components.
3.3.4. DIPOLE ANTENNAS
Dipole antennas are a type of microstrip patch antenna that consists of two elements, typically
two parallel strips or wires.
- Advantages: Wider bandwidth, higher gain, and directional radiation pattern.
- Disadvantages: More complex to fabricate and may require additional components.
3.3.5. ARRAY ANTENNAS
Array antennas are a type of microstrip patch antenna that consists of multiple elements, typically
arranged in a linear or two-dimensional array.
- Advantages: Higher gain, improved radiation pattern, and increased bandwidth.
- Disadvantages: More complex to fabricate and may require additional components.
3.3.6. FRACTAL ANTENNAS
Fractal antennas are a type of microstrip patch antenna that uses fractal geometry to achieve a
compact and efficient design.
- Advantages: Compact size, low profile, and improved radiation pattern.
- Disadvantages: More complex to fabricate and may require additional components.
3.3.7. METAMATERIAL ANTENNAS
Metamaterial antennas are a type of microstrip patch antenna that uses metamaterials to achieve
a compact and efficient design.
- Advantages: Compact size, low profile, and improved radiation pattern.
- Disadvantages: More complex to fabricate and may require additional components.

3.4 MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAS

Microstrip patch antenna consists of a conducting patch on one side of a dielectric substrate whose
other side is grounded. Unlike a microstrip line, a radiating patch is preferably printed on a low
permittivity substrate for higher radiation efficiency.
This article provides an overview of the microstrip patch antenna, its properties, and its geometry.
We discuss in detail its applications and limitations in the real-life world. We try to conclude the
article by discussing what we learned about this antenna.

25
The microstrip patch contains a conducting patch on a dielectric slab whose other side is
grounded. When current through a feed line reaches the strip present on the antenna, it leads to
the generation of electromagnetic waves.
The waves from patch generate a radiation pattern as waves begin to radiate from the sides of the
patch. The waves produced depends upon the thickness of the substrate, due to the small thickness
of substrate, the waves get reflected from the edges.
There are various types of microstrip patch antenna:
 Square

 Rectangular

 Dipole

 Circular

 Ellipse
 Triangular

 Disc Sector

 Circular Ring
formulas Used in Microstrip Patch Antenna
Here are some important formulas associated with this antenna:
Dimensions of Patch Antenna
Centre frequency(fc)=c2LєrCentrefrequency(fc)=2Lєrc
Wavenumber(k)=2πwavenumber(k)=ƛ2π
The radiation pattern of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna can be approximated by a simple
formula.
For E-plane (phi = 90 degrees):
 E(θ)=1jƛjƛ1 × (I022I0) × sin(θ) × [sin (kl × cos(θ22θ)/cos(θ22θ))
For H-plane (theta = 90 degrees):
 H(ϕ)=1jƛjƛ1 × (I022I0) × sin(θ) × [sin (kl × sin(θ22θ)/sin(θ22θ))
Here,
E(θ) is the electric field in the E-plane (phi = 90 degrees).
H(ϕ) is the magnetic field in the H-plane (theta = 90 degrees).
θ is the polar angle in the E-plane.
ϕ is the azimuthal angle in the H-plane.
k is the free-space wave number

26
λ is the wavelength
l is the effective length of the microstrip patch.
I0 is the current on the antenna.

3.5 FEEDING METHODS OF PATCH ANTENNAS

A microstrip patch antenna is an antenna that uses a patch of conductive material on a substrate
to radiate electromagnetic waves. The patch is typically rectangular or circular in shape.
Microstrip Patch Antenna Requirements for 5G and 6G
For 5G and 6G applications, microstrip patch antennas are required to have a high gain, low side
lobes, and a directional radiation pattern. The requirements can vary depending on the specific
application, but here are some general guidelines:
- 5G: Frequency range: 24 GHz to 28 GHz, gain: 10 dB to 15 dB, side lobes: -20 dB to -30 dB
- 6G: Frequency range: 60 GHz to 100 GHz, gain: 15 dB to 20 dB, side lobes: -30 dB to -40 dB
Microstrip Patch Antenna Design Parameters
The design parameters of a microstrip patch antenna include:
1. Frequency range: The frequency range of the antenna.
2. Gain: The gain of the antenna.
3. Side lobes: The level of side lobes.
4. Patch size: The size of the patch.
5. Patch shape: The shape of the patch (rectangular, circular, etc.).
6. Substrate material: The material used for the substrate.
7. Feed point: The location of the feed point.
Microstrip antennas typically use four primary feeding techniques, categorized into:
1. Contacting Feeding Methods

o Microstrip Line Feed

o Coaxial/Probe Feed
2. Non-Contacting Feeding Methods

o Aperture Coupling Feed

o Proximity Coupling Feed
3. Coplanar waveguide feeding

27
3.5.1 CONTACTING FEEDING METHODS
A contacting feeding method is a technique used to feed a microstrip patch antenna. This method
involves physically connecting the feedline to the patch antenna. Here's a detailed analysis of
contacting feeding methods for microstrip patch antennas in 5G and 6G applications:
Contacting Feeding Method Definition
A contacting feeding method is a technique used to feed a microstrip patch antenna by physically
connecting the feedline to the patch antenna.
Contacting Feeding Method Types
There are several types of contacting feeding methods, including:
1. Microstrip line feed: This is a common contacting feeding method where a microstrip line is
connected to the patch antenna.
2. Coaxial probe feed: This contacting feeding method uses a coaxial probe to feed the patch
antenna.
3. Via hole feed: This contacting feeding method uses a via hole to connect the feedline to the
patch antenna.
Microstrip Line Feed
The microstrip line feed is a common contacting feeding method for microstrip patch antennas.
The microstrip line is connected to the patch antenna and provides a good impedance match.
Coaxial Probe Feed
The coaxial probe feed is another common contacting feeding method for microstrip patch
antennas. The coaxial probe is inserted into the patch antenna and provides a good impedance
match.
Via Hole Feed
The via hole feed is a contacting feeding method that uses a via hole to connect the feedline to
the patch antenna. This feeding method provides a good impedance match and is often used in
high-frequency applications.
Contacting Feeding Method Requirements for 5G and 6G
For 5G and 6G applications, the contacting feeding method must meet certain requirements,
including:
- High frequency range: The contacting feeding method must be able to operate at high frequency
ranges, such as 24 GHz to 28 GHz for 5G and 60 GHz to 100 GHz for 6G.
- Good impedance match: The contacting feeding method must provide a good impedance match
to ensure efficient power transfer.
- Low loss: The contacting feeding method must have low loss to minimize signal degradation.
Contacting Feeding Method Design Parameters

28
The design parameters of a contacting feeding method for a microstrip patch antenna include:
1. Frequency range: The frequency range of the antenna.
2. Impedance match: The impedance match of the contacting feeding method.
3. Loss: The loss of the contacting feeding method.
4. Feeding method type: The type of contacting feeding method used (microstrip line, coaxial
probe, etc.).

3.5.2 NON-CONTACTING FEEDING METHODS

Aperture Coupling Feeding
This technique places an open-ended microstrip line below the patch, with a ground plane in
between, which is slotted to facilitate RF field coupling. While minimizing spurious radiation, it
provides a narrow bandwidth and requires precise fabrication.
Proximity Coupling Feeding
In this method, the microstrip feed line is positioned beneath the radiating patch, separated by a
dielectric layer. This setup reduces undesired radiation and enhances impedance bandwidth.
Both of these non-contact feeding techniques offer greater design flexibility, as parameters such
as substrate permittivity, slot dimensions, and thickness can be adjusted to optimize performance.
Apart from these conventional methods, other advanced feeding techniques include:
 Edge-Coupled Feed

 Gap-Coupled Feed

 Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) Feeding

 Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Feeding

3.5.3 COPLANAR WAVEGUIDE FEEDING

A coplanar waveguide (CPW) feeding method is a technique used to feed a microstrip patch
antenna. This method uses a coplanar waveguide to transfer energy between the feedline and the
patch antenna. Here's a detailed analysis of CPW feeding methods for microstrip patch antennas
in 5G and 6G applications:
A coplanar waveguide feeding method is a technique used to feed a microstrip patch antenna
using a coplanar waveguide.
Coplanar Waveguide Feeding Method Advantages
The CPW feeding method has several advantages, including:
1. Low loss: The CPW feeding method has low loss, making it suitable for high-frequency
applications.

29
2. High efficiency: The CPW feeding method has high efficiency, making it suitable for high-
power applications.
3. Compact design: The CPW feeding method allows for compact design, making it suitable for
applications where space is limited.

3.6 DESIGN METHODOLOGY

Design Goals The proposed antenna design introduces a novel structure aimed at achieving high
gain, compactness, and multi-band performance for millimeter-wave (mmWave) applications,
particularly around the 28 GHz frequency band. The antenna geometry integrates a circular
radiating patch with a slotted H-shaped structure embedded within it, coupled with a microstrip
feedline and strategically engineered ground plane features.
3.6.1 ANTENNA CONFIGURATION
At the heart of the design is a circular patch radiator, selected for its inherent wideband behavior
and efficient radiation characteristics. This patch has a diameter that supports resonance within
the mmWave spectrum and serves as the primary radiating element. Embedded inside this circular
patch is a slotted H-shaped structure, whose geometry has been meticulously optimized to support
multiple resonant frequencies.

Fig. 1. Antenna Design

The H-shaped slot, functioning as a parasitic element, introduces additional current paths and
modifies the surface current distribution. This generates multiple resonant modes and
significantly enhances bandwidth and radiation efficiency. The vertical bars of the H-structure are
5.49 mm in length, while the horizontal bar sits 5.50 mm from the substrate’s top and spans 5.8
mm in length. Slot width is maintained at 0.5 mm for effective frequency tuning.
3.6.2 FEEDING MECHANISM
The antenna is excited through a microstrip feedline, which is 0.5 mm wide and extends 5.5 mm
toward the patch. A gap of 0.3 mm is maintained between the feedline and the lower bar of the
H-shaped slot to facilitate proper impedance matching and efficient power coupling. This gap is

30
crucial for controlling the input reflection coefficient and minimizing return loss. The ground
plane is partially slotted to refine the current path and enhance radiation properties. It features a
rectangular slot (3 mm × 2.6 mm) and a circular slot with a radius of 0.4 mm, both contributing
to bandwidth improvement and resonant frequency control.

Fig. 2. Ground Structure

3.6.3 SUBSTRATE AND DIELECTRIC CONSIDERATIONS

The structure is built on a low-loss dielectric substrate with a thickness of 0.203 mm, ideal for
high-frequency mmWave performance. A thinner substrate helps in reducing surface wave losses
and enhancing the antenna gain, while maintaining a compact form factor suitable for modern
wireless devices.

Fig. 3. substrate

3.6.4 METAMATERIAL INSPIRED RING

To further enhance the performance, a ring-shaped structure is embedded concentrically within
the patch. This ring has an inner radius of 4.4 mm and an outer radius of 4.7 mm, giving a ring
width of 0.3 mm. Acting similarly to metamaterial-inspired resonators, this ring improves
radiation pattern stability and contributes to gain enhancement by introducing additional coupling
effects.

31
3.6.5 GEOMETRICAL SUMMARY
All relevant design dimensions are summarized in Table I, ensuring reproducibility and clarity in
fabrication.

Parameter Value (mm)

Patch Width 12
Patch Length 12
Ground Slot Width 3
Ground Slot Length 2.6
Ground Circle Slot Radius 0.4
Substrate Thickness 0.203
Feed Width 0.5
Feed Length (up to rectangular bar) 5.5
Horizontal Rectangular Bar Length 5.8
Bar Width 0.5
Gap Width 0.3
Vertical Bar Length 5.49
Ring Width 0.3
Ring Inner Radius 4.4
Ring Outer Radius 4.7

TABLE1 :ANTENNA GEOMETRY PARAMETERS

The design aims to fulfill the following objectives:

 Achieve multi-band operation suitable for mmWave communication systems.
 Maintain compact size for integration into portable wireless terminals.
 Provide enhanced gain and radiation efficiency through geometric and parasitic
optimization.
 Ensure good impedance matching with low reflection coefficients across operating bands

3.10 COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY (CST)

Computer simulation technology (CST) is a software tool used for designing and analysing
microstrip patch antennas.
CST software is a widely used tool for electromagnetic simulation and antenna design.

32
Advantages of CST
The CST software has several advantages, including:
1. Accurate results: CST provides accurate results for many microstrip patch antenna designs.
2. Handles complex geometries: CST can handle complex geometries and is not limited to simple
shapes.
3. Includes mutual coupling: CST includes the mutual coupling between different parts of the
antenna.

Limitations of CST
The CST software has several limitations, including:
1. Computationally intensive: CST requires significant computational resources and can be time-
consuming.
2. Requires expertise: CST requires expertise in electromagnetics and antenna design.
3. Limited to certain types of antennas: CST is limited to certain types of microstrip patch
antennas and may not be applicable to all designs.
Design Procedure Using CST
The design procedure using CST involves the following steps:
1. Create a model: Create a model of the microstrip patch antenna using CST.
2. Define the simulation parameters: Define the simulation parameters, such as frequency and
mesh size.

33
3. Run the simulation: Run the simulation using CST.
4. Analyse the results: Analyse the results and optimize the design.
Applications of CST
CST is widely used in various applications, including:
1. 5G and 6G wireless communication systems: CST is used in the design of microstrip patch
antennas for 5G and 6G wireless communication systems.
2. Satellite communications: CST is used in the design of microstrip patch antennas for satellite
communications.
3. Radar systems: CST is used in the design of microstrip patch antennas for radar systems.
4. Medical applications: CST is used in the design of microstrip patch antennas for medical
applications, such as microwave ablation and hyperthermia.

3.11 FABRICATION
The fabrication of microstrip patch antennas is a critical step in the design process.
Fabrication Techniques
Several fabrication techniques can be used to fabricate microstrip patch antennas, including:
1. Printed Circuit Board (PCB) fabrication: PCB fabrication is a widely used technique for
fabricating microstrip patch antennas.
2. Photolithography: Photolithography is a technique used to fabricate microstrip patch antennas
with high precision.
3. Screen printing: Screen printing is a technique used to fabricate microstrip patch antennas with
low cost and high volume.
4. 3D printing: 3D printing is a technique used to fabricate microstrip patch antennas with
complex geometries.
Fabrication Materials
Several materials can be used to fabricate microstrip patch antennas, including:
1. Copper: Copper is a widely used material for fabricating microstrip patch antennas.
2. Aluminium: Aluminium is a lightweight material used for fabricating microstrip patch
antennas.
3. FR4: FR4 is a widely used substrate material for fabricating microstrip patch antennas.
4. Rogers: Rogers is a high-frequency substrate material used for fabricating microstrip patch
antennas.
Fabrication Challenges
Several challenges can arise during the fabrication of microstrip patch antennas, including:
34
1. Fabrication tolerances: Fabrication tolerances can affect the performance of microstrip patch
antennas.
2. Material properties: Material properties can affect the performance of microstrip patch
antennas.
3. Fabrication defects: Fabrication defects can affect the performance of microstrip patch
antennas.
4. Testing and validation: Testing and validation are critical steps in the fabrication process.
Fabrication Applications
Microstrip patch antennas are widely used in various applications, including:
1. 5G and 6G wireless communication systems: Microstrip patch antennas are used in 5G and 6G
wireless communication systems.
2. Satellite communications: Microstrip patch antennas are used in satellite communications.
3. Radar systems: Microstrip patch antennas are used in radar systems.
4. Medical applications: Microstrip patch antennas are used in medical applications, such as
microwave ablation and hyperthermia.

3.12 PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS

After fabrication, microstrip antennas undergo physical testing to verify their impedance
characteristics, radiation performance, and efficiency.

3.12.1 VECTOR NETWORK ANALYZER (VNA)

Vector network analysis (VNA) is a technique used to measure the frequency response of
microstrip patch antennas.
Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)
A VNA is an instrument used to measure the frequency response of microstrip patch antennas.
Advantages of VNA
The VNA has several advantages, including:
1. Accurate measurements: VNA provides accurate measurements of the frequency response of
microstrip patch antennas.
2. Wide frequency range: VNA can measure the frequency response of microstrip patch antennas
over a wide frequency range.
3. High resolution: VNA can measure the frequency response of microstrip patch antennas with
high resolution.
Limitations of VNA
The VNA has several limitations, including:
1. Calibration: VNA requires calibration to ensure accurate measurements.

35
2. Measurement uncertainty: VNA measurements can be affected by measurement uncertainty.
3. Limited dynamic range: VNA has a limited dynamic range, which can affect the accuracy of
measurements.
Applications of VNA
VNA is widely used in various applications, including:
1. 5G and 6G wireless communication systems: VNA is used to measure the frequency response
of microstrip patch antennas for 5G and 6G wireless communication systems.
2. Satellite communications: VNA is used to measure the frequency response of microstrip patch
antennas for satellite communications.
3. Radar systems: VNA is used to measure the frequency response of microstrip patch antennas
for radar systems.
4. Medical applications: VNA is used to measure the frequency response of microstrip patch
antennas for medical applications, such as microwave ablation and hyperthermia .

3.12.2 ANECHOIC CHAMBER

An anechoic chamber is a shielded room used to measure the radiation pattern and gain of
microstrip patch antennas.
Anechoic Chamber Theory
An anechoic chamber is designed to absorb electromagnetic radiation, reducing reflections and
interference.

Fig: Anechoic Chamber Setup

Advantages of Anechoic Chamber

The anechoic chamber has several advantages, including:

36
1. Accurate measurements: Anechoic chamber provides accurate measurements of the radiation
pattern and gain of microstrip patch antennas.
2. Controlled environment: Anechoic chamber provides a controlled environment for measuring
the radiation pattern and gain of microstrip patch antennas.
3. Reduced interference: Anechoic chamber reduces interference from external sources, allowing
for more accurate measurements.
Limitations of Anechoic Chamber
The anechoic chamber has several limitations, including:
1. High cost: Anechoic chamber is a high-cost facility to build and maintain.
2. Limited size: Anechoic chamber has a limited size, which can affect the measurement of large
antennas.
3. Calibration: Anechoic chamber requires calibration to ensure accurate measurements.
Applications of Anechoic Chamber
Anechoic chamber is widely used in various applications, including:
1. 5G and 6G wireless communication systems: Anechoic chamber is used to measure the
radiation pattern and gain of microstrip patch antennas for 5G and 6G wireless communication
systems.
2. Satellite communications: Anechoic chamber is used to measure the radiation pattern and gain
of microstrip patch antennas for satellite communications.
3. Radar systems: Anechoic chamber is used to measure the radiation pattern and gain of
microstrip patch antennas for radar systems.
4. Medical applications: Anechoic chamber is used to measure the radiation pattern and gain of
microstrip patch antennas for medical applications, such as microwave ablation and hyperthermia.

37
 CHAPTER-4
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

38
 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 DESIGNING BASIC STRUCTURE

Computer simulation technology plays a crucial role in designing microstrip patch antennas for
5G and 6G applications. Tools like CST and allow for precise modeling, simulation of
performance metrics, and optimization of antenna parameters to meet the specific requirements
of these advanced communication
Radiating Patch:
A conductive patch (e.g., rectangular, circular, or other shapes) that radiates the electromagnetic
waves.
Dielectric Substrate:
A thin layer of insulating material (e.g., FR4, Rogers) that supports the patch and ground plane.
Ground Plane:
A conductive plane on the opposite side of the substrate, providing a return path for the current.
Feed Mechanism:
A microstrip line, coaxial probe, or other feeding technique to excite the antenna.
Frequency Band:
Determine the target frequency band for 5G/6G operation (e.g., 28 GHz, 60 GHz).
Substrate Material:
Choose a substrate with appropriate dielectric properties (dielectric constant, loss tangent) and
thickness.
Patch Shape and Dimensions:
Optimize the patch shape and dimensions to achieve the desired resonant frequency, bandwidth,
and radiation characteristics.
Feeding Technique:
Select a suitable feeding technique (e.g., microstrip line, coaxial probe) based on bandwidth,
impedance matching, and ease of implementation.
Ground Plane Size:
Ensure the ground plane is large enough to provide a good return path for the antenna current.
Compactness:
Design for a compact size, which is essential for many mobile applications.

39
Multi-band Operation:
Explore designs that can operate across multiple frequency bands.
Slot or Defect Structures:
Consider incorporating slots or other defect structures in the patch or ground plane to enhance
performance or achieve multi-band operation.
Simulation using CST Studio Suite:
Model Creation: Create the 3D model of the antenna in CST, including the patch, substrate,
ground plane, and feed.
Material Assignment: Assign the appropriate materials to the different parts of the antenna.
Solver Setup: Configure the solver parameters (frequency range, mesh settings, etc.).
Simulation: Run the simulation to analyze the antenna's performance (S-parameters, radiation
patterns, gain, etc.).
Optimization: Optimize the antenna parameters (e.g., patch dimensions, substrate thickness) to
achieve the desired performance.
Key Design Considerations for 5G and 6G Microstrip Patch Antennas
Frequency Range: 5G operates typically in the sub-6 GHz and mmWave bands, while 6G is
expected to utilize even higher frequencies, necessitating careful design adjustments.
Bandwidth Requirements: Wider bandwidth is essential for accommodating higher data rates
and multiple frequency bands.
Miniaturization: As devices become smaller, the antenna design must also focus on
compactness while maintaining performance.
Simulation Steps for 5G and 6G Microstrip Patch Antennas
Select Advanced Simulation Software: Utilize tools like CST Microwave Studio or ANSYS
HFSS, which are equipped to handle the complexities of 5G and 6G designs.
Define Material Properties:
Choose substrates with low loss tangent and high dielectric constant to enhance performance at
higher frequencies.
Patch Geometry Optimization:
Experiment with various shapes (rectangular, circular, or fractal) to achieve the desired radiation
characteristics and efficiency.
Feeding Techniques:
Implement advanced feeding techniques, such as aperture coupling or proximity coupling, to
improve impedance matching and reduce losses.
Simulation of Multi-Band Operation:

40
Design antennas capable of operating across multiple frequency bands to support diverse
applications in 5G and 6G networks.
Future Trends in Microstrip Patch Antenna Design
Integration with AI: Leveraging artificial intelligence for optimizing designs and predicting
performance outcomes based on historical data.
Smart Antennas: Development of adaptive antennas that can dynamically adjust their
parameters based on environmental conditions and user requirements.
Sustainability: Emphasis on using eco-friendly materials and processes in antenna fabrication
to align with global sustainability goals.

4.2 Etching meander line slots onto the feed line:

Computer simulation technology is essential for designing microstrip patch antennas with
meander line slots for 5G and 6G applications. This approach enhances bandwidth and
efficiency, allowing for precise modeling and optimization of antenna performance to meet the
specific demands of advanced communication systems.
Choose a simulation tool:
Software like CST Microwave Studio commonly used for simulating antennas and microstrip
structures.
Model the feed line:
Create a 3D model of the feed line, including the substrate material, dimensions, and any
existing structures.
Design the meander line slot:
Define the geometry of the meander line, including its length, width, and spacing between turns,
and its placement on the feed line.
Simulate the structure:
Run simulations to analyze the performance of the feed line with the meander line slot,
including parameters like S-parameters, impedance matching, and radiation patterns.
Optimize the design:
Adjust the meander line geometry and placement iteratively to achieve the desired performance
characteristics.
Fabrication:
Create a mask:
Use the simulation results to generate a mask that accurately represents the meander line slot
pattern.
Etch the PCB:

41
Apply the mask to the PCB and use a chemical etching process to remove the unwanted copper,
creating the meander line slot.
Verify the results:
After etching, measure the performance of the feed line with the meander line slot and compare
the results with the simulation data.

Design Configuration:
Define the dimensions and layout of the meander line slots on the feed line, ensuring they are
optimized for the desired frequency range.
Material Properties:
Select appropriate substrate materials with low-loss characteristics to enhance performance,
especially at higher frequencies.
Parameter Optimization:
Adjust parameters such as slot length, width, and spacing to achieve the desired resonance and
bandwidth.
Performance Simulation:
Run simulations to analyze key performance metrics, including return loss (S11), gain, and
radiation patterns.
Iterative Refinement:
Based on simulation results, iteratively refine the design to optimize performance, focusing on
achieving the best possible efficiency and bandwidth.
Key Considerations for Future 5G and 6G Applications
Multi-Band Capability: Ensure the antenna can operate effectively across multiple frequency
bands to support various applications and services.

42
Integration with Other Technologies: Consider the integration of the antenna with other
technologies, such as MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) systems, to enhance overall
network performance.
Environmental Factors: Account for environmental influences on antenna performance, such
as temperature variations and physical obstructions.
Key Considerations for Future 5G and 6G Applications
Multi-Band Capability: Ensure the antenna can operate effectively across multiple frequency
bands to support various applications and services.
Integration with Other Technologies: Consider the integration of the antenna with other
technologies, such as MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) systems, to enhance overall
network performance.
Environmental Factors: Account for environmental influences on antenna performance, such
as temperature variations and physical obstructions.

Key Considerations for Future 5G and 6G Applications

Multi-Band Capability: Ensure the antenna can operate effectively across multiple frequency
bands to support various applications and services.
Integration with Other Technologies: Consider the integration of the antenna with other
technologies, such as MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) systems, to enhance overall
network performance.

43
Environmental Factors: Account for environmental influences on antenna performance, such
as temperature variations and physical obstructions.

4.3 Etching CSRR slots onto the patch

Etching Complementary Split-Ring Resonator (CSRR) slots onto a patch antenna using
computer simulation involves designing and simulating the antenna with CSRR slots,
optimizing their placement and dimensions for desired performance, and then using these
simulations to guide the physical etching process. Complementary Split Ring Resonators
(CSRR): CSRRs are structures that can be etched into the patch of the antenna to create
additional resonances. Substrate Material: Select a substrate with low loss and appropriate
dielectric constant (e.g., Rogers RT5880, FR-4).
Patch Dimensions: Calculate the dimensions of the patch based on the desired frequency using
standard formulas.
Metamaterial Inspired Design:
CSRR slots are inspired by metamaterial concepts, which allow for unique electromagnetic
properties, such as size reduction and enhanced performance.
Software:
Computer simulation software like CST Microwave Studio, HFSS (ANSYS/ANSOFT), or
similar tools are used to model the antenna with the CSRR slots.
Parameter Optimization:
Simulations help optimize the dimensions and placement of the CSRR slots to achieve desired
characteristics like bandwidth, impedance matching, and radiation pattern.
Simulation Objectives:
Simulations are used to verify that the antenna with CSRR slots performs as expected, including
frequency response, radiation characteristics, and mutual coupling.
Etching and Fabrication:
Material Selection:
The antenna is typically etched onto a substrate material like FR-4, which has a specific
dielectric constant and loss tangent.
Etching Process:
The simulation results are used to guide the etching process, where the CSRR slots are precisely
cut into the conductive patch and/or ground plane.
Fabrication:
The antenna is fabricated by etching the desired pattern onto the substrate material using
techniques like photolithography and chemical etching.
Examples of CSRR Applications:
Size Reduction:

44
CSRR slots can be used to miniaturize antennas by effectively changing the resonant frequency
of the antenna.
Bandwidth Enhancement:
CSRR slots can be used to broaden the bandwidth of the antenna by introducing multiple
resonant frequencies.
Multi-Band Operation:
By strategically placing and designing CSRR slots, antennas can be designed to operate at
multiple frequencies.
Polarization Control:
CSRR can be used to achieve circular polarization by exciting orthogonal modes along the
diagonals of a hexagon patch.
Mutual Coupling Reduction:
CSRR can be used to reduce mutual coupling between antennas
Key Considerations for 5G and 6G Applications:
Multi-Band Operation: Ensure the antenna can operate effectively across multiple frequency
bands to support various applications.
Compact Design: Focus on miniaturization while maintaining performance as devices become
smaller.
Integration with Advanced Technologies: Consider the integration of the antenna with MIMO
systems and beamforming techniques to enhance network performance.
Future Directions in Antenna Design:
AI and Machine Learning: Explore the use of AI for optimizing antenna designs based on
extensive datasets and performance predictions.
Sustainable Materials: Investigate eco-friendly materials for antenna fabrication to align with
sustainability goals.
Adaptive Antennas: Develop antennas that can adapt their characteristics in real-time based on
user demand and environmental conditions.
By utilizing computer simulation technology and incorporating CSRR slots into the design of
microstrip patch antennas, engineers can create advanced antennas that meet the high-
performance requirements of future 5G and 6G communication systems.

4.4 Reconfiguration
Reconfigurable microstrip patch antennas are a promising solution for future 5G and 6G
applications, allowing for dynamic adjustment of their operating frequency, radiation pattern,
and polarization. This capability is essential for meeting the diverse and evolving demands of

45
modern wireless communication systems. Below is a comprehensive guide on designing a
reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna using computer simulation technology.
Flexibility and Adaptability:
Reconfigurable antennas can adjust their operating frequency or radiation characteristics,
making them suitable for diverse communication scenarios and evolving network demands.
5G and 6G Requirements:
Future wireless technologies like 5G and 6G require antennas that can operate across a wide
range of frequencies and support high data rates, making reconfigurable antennas a valuable
solution.
Compactness and Low Profile:
Microstrip patch antennas are known for their small size, low cost, and ease of integration into
various devices, making them ideal for mobile and IoT applications.
Computer Simulation for Design and Analysis
Software Tools:
Software like CST Microwave Studio and HFSS (from Ansys) are used to simulate and analyze
the performance of microstrip patch antennas.
Design Parameters:
Simulation tools allow engineers to optimize antenna parameters like patch size, substrate
material, and feeding techniques to achieve desired performance characteristics.
Performance Evaluation:
Simulations help evaluate antenna performance metrics like return loss, bandwidth, gain,
radiation pattern, and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR).
Specific Design Approaches and Techniques
Frequency Reconfigurability:
Techniques like using RF MEMS (Microelectromechanical Systems) switches or varactor
diodes can enable frequency reconfigurability.
Slot and Defect Structures:
Incorporating slots or defects in the ground plane or patch can improve bandwidth, gain, and
impedance matching.
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) Antennas:
Reconfigurable microstrip antennas can be used in MIMO configurations to enhance capacity
and coverage.
Material Selection:
The choice of substrate material (e.g., Rogers RT5880) is crucial for achieving desired
performance characteristics, especially at higher frequencies.

46
Feeding Techniques:
Different feeding methods, such as microstrip line, coaxial probe, and aperture coupled feeds,
can be used to optimize antenna performance.
Examples of Applications
5G Mobile Communication:
Reconfigurable antennas can support multiple 5G frequency bands and improve network
efficiency.
6G Wireless Systems:
As 6G technologies move into higher frequency bands, reconfigurable antennas can enable
flexible and adaptive communication systems.
IoT Devices:
Compact and low-profile microstrip antennas are well-suited for integration into IoT devices,
enabling wireless connectivity.
Radar and Satellite Communication:
Reconfigurable antennas can be used in radar and satellite communication systems for improved
performance and flexibility
Reconfigurable Elements:
Incorporate Switches: Integrate electronic components (e.g., PIN diodes or RF MEMS
switches) into the design to enable frequency or pattern reconfiguration.
Design for Multiple States: Ensure the antenna can switch between different configurations
effectively.
Simulation Setup
Model Creation: Create the 3D model of the microstrip patch antenna with the reconfigurable
elements in the simulation software.
Feeding Mechanism: Implement a feeding mechanism (e.g., microstrip feed line or coaxial
feed) to excite the patch.
Boundary Conditions: Set appropriate boundary conditions and mesh settings for accurate
simulation results.
Run Simulations:
Performance Metrics: Analyze key performance metrics such as:
Return Loss (S11): To assess impedance matching.
Radiation Pattern: To evaluate the directional characteristics of the antenna.
Gain and Efficiency: To determine the overall performance of the antenna.
Optimization:

47
Based on the simulation results, iteratively refine the design by adjusting the dimensions and
placement of the reconfigurable elements to achieve the desired performance.
Test different configurations to ensure the antenna meets the required specifications across all
states.
Key Considerations for 5G and 6G Applications:
Multi-Band Operation: Ensure the antenna can operate effectively across multiple frequency
bands to support various applications.
Compact Design: Focus on miniaturization while maintaining performance, as devices become
smaller.
Integration with Advanced Technologies: Consider the integration of the antenna with MIMO
systems and beamforming techniques to enhance network performance.
Future Directions in Reconfigurable Antenna Design:
AI and Machine Learning: Explore the use of AI for optimizing antenna designs based on
extensive datasets and performance predictions.
Sustainable Materials: Investigate eco-friendly materials for antenna fabrication to align with
sustainability goals.
Adaptive Antennas: Develop antennas that can adapt their characteristics in real-time based on
user demand and environmental conditions.
Example Design Considerations:
Frequency Reconfiguration: Use varactor diodes to change the capacitance in the feed line or
patch, allowing for tuning of the resonant frequency.
Pattern Reconfiguration: Implement switches that can change the feeding points or the
configuration of the patch to alter the radiation pattern.
Polarization Reconfiguration: Design the antenna to switch between linear and circular
polarization by adjusting the feed mechanism or patch geometry.
By leveraging computer simulation technology and incorporating reconfigurable elements into
the design of microstrip patch antennas, engineers can create advanced antennas that meet the
high-performance requirements of future 5G and 6G communication systems. This approach not
only enhances flexibility and adaptability but also opens up new possibilities for innovative
antenna designs.

4.4 RECONFIGURABILITY
Reconfigurable microstrip patch antennas are a promising solution for future 5G and 6G
applications, allowing for dynamic adjustment of their operating frequency, radiation pattern, and
polarization. This capability is essential for meeting the diverse and evolving demands of modern
wireless communication systems. Below is a comprehensive guide on designing a reconfigurable
microstrip patch antenna using computer simulation technology.

48
Understanding Reconfigurability in Antennas:
Reconfigurability in antennas can be achieved through various methods, including:
Electrical Reconfiguration: Changing the operating frequency or radiation pattern using
electronic components such as PIN diodes, varactor diodes, or RF MEMS switches.
Mechanical Reconfiguration: Physically altering the antenna structure or its environment to
change its characteristics.
Hybrid Approaches: Combining electrical and mechanical methods for enhanced flexibility.
Design Process for a Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antenna:
Step 1: Select Simulation Software
Choose an appropriate electromagnetic simulation tool such as CST Microwave Studio, ANSYS
HFSS, or FEKO. These tools can accurately model the effects of reconfiguration on antenna
performance.
Step 2: Define Antenna Parameters:
Operating Frequency: Determine the target frequency range for 5G or 6G applications (e.g., 28
GHz, 60 GHz).
Substrate Material: Select a substrate with low loss and suitable dielectric constant (e.g., Rogers
RT5880, FR-4).
Patch Dimensions: Calculate the dimensions of the patch based on the desired frequency using
standard formulas.
Step 3: Design the Patch Antenna:
Basic Patch Geometry: Start with a basic rectangular or circular patch design.
Reconfigurable Elements:
Incorporate Switches: Integrate electronic components (e.g., PIN diodes or RF MEMS switches)
into the design to enable frequency or pattern reconfiguration.
Design for Multiple States: Ensure the antenna can switch between different configurations
effectively.
Step 4: Simulation Setup
Model Creation: Create the 3D model of the microstrip patch antenna with the reconfigurable
elements in the simulation software.
Feeding Mechanism: Implement a feeding mechanism (e.g., microstrip feed line or coaxial feed)
to excite the patch.
Boundary Conditions: Set appropriate boundary conditions and mesh settings for accurate
simulation results.
Step 5: Run Simulations:
Performance Metrics: Analyse key performance metrics such as:

49
Return Loss (S11): To assess impedance matching.
Radiation Pattern: To evaluate the directional characteristics of the antenna.
Gain and Efficiency: To determine the overall performance of the antenna.
Step 6: Optimization:
Based on the simulation results, iteratively refine the design by adjusting the dimensions and
placement of the reconfigurable elements to achieve the desired performance.
Test different configurations to ensure the antenna meets the required specifications across all
states.
Key Considerations for 5G and 6G Applications:
Multi-Band Operation: Ensure the antenna can operate effectively across multiple frequency
bands to support various applications.
Compact Design: Focus on miniaturization while maintaining performance, as devices become
smaller.
Integration with Advanced Technologies: Consider the integration of the antenna with MIMO
systems and beamforming techniques to enhance network performance.
Future Directions in Reconfigurable Antenna Design:
AI and Machine Learning: Explore the use of AI for optimizing antenna designs based on
extensive datasets and performance predictions.
Sustainable Materials: Investigate eco-friendly materials for antenna fabrication to align with
sustainability goals.
Adaptive Antennas: Develop antennas that can adapt their characteristics in real-time based on
user demand and environmental conditions.
Example Design Considerations:
Frequency Reconfiguration: Use varactor diodes to change the capacitance in the feed line or
patch, allowing for tuning of the resonant frequency.
Pattern Reconfiguration: Implement switches that can change the feeding points or the
configuration of the patch to alter the radiation pattern.
Polarization Reconfiguration: Design the antenna to switch between linear and circular
polarization by adjusting the feed mechanism or patch geometry.
By leveraging computer simulation technology and incorporating reconfigurable elements into
the design of microstrip patch antennas, engineers can create advanced antennas that meet the
high-performance requirements of future 5G and 6G communication systems. This approach not
only enhances flexibility and adaptability but also opens up new possibilities for innovative
antenna designs.

50
 CHAPTER -5
RESULT AND VALIDATION

51
 RESULTS AND VALIDATIONS

5.1 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

The graph illustrates the S11 (return loss) of the proposed antenna from 20 GHz to 32 GHz,
showing multiple resonant frequencies with return loss values below –10 dB, indicating good
impedance matching. Notable deep dips occur at 24.51 GHz (–17.10 dB), 29.38 GHz (–26.50
dB), and 31.35 GHz (–29.07 dB), reflecting excellent radiation efficiency at these frequencies.
Other points near –10 dB (24.34 GHz, 24.66 GHz, 29.31 GHz, 29.46 GHz, 31.19 GHz, and 31.48
GHz) confirm acceptable matching across a wide band. These results highlight the antenna’s
capability to operate efficiently across multiple mmWave bands, making it suitable for 5G and
future 6G applications.

Fig. 4. S parameter waveform

The graph shows the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) of the proposed antenna from 20
GHz to 35 GHz, highlighting its impedance matching performance. Ideal VSWR is 1:1, with
values below 1.5 indicating efficient power transfer. The antenna demonstrates excellent
matching at 29.375 GHz (VSWR 1.09) and 31.365 GHz (VSWR 1.13), and good matching at
24.48 GHz (VSWR 1.31). However, a high VSWR of 3.61 at 34.45 GHz indicates poor matching
and inefficiency at that frequency, which lies outside the antenna’s intended operational band.
Overall, the low VSWR values across key mmWave frequencies confirm the antenna's suitability
for 5G and future 6G applications.

52
 Fig. 5. VSWR waveform
This image shows the far-field radiation patterns of the proposed antenna at 24.5 GHz, 29.375
GHz, and 31.35 GHz, plotted in polar form with Phi fixed at 90°. At 24.5 GHz, the pattern is
moderately directional with a main lobe centered around 0°, indicating effective radiation. At
29.375 GHz, the pattern becomes more focused with a sharper main lobe and reduced sidelobes,
reflecting better directivity and higher gain. The 31.35 GHz pattern maintains this directionalit y
and efficiency, showing consistent performance. Overall, the antenna demonstrates strong,
directional radiation across all target frequencies, supporting its suitability for multi-band
mmWave applications in 5G and 6G systems.

Fig. 6. Farfield radiation pattern at 29.375 GHz, 31.35 GHz

53
This image displays the far-field radiation patterns of the proposed antenna at 29.375 GHz, 31.35
GHz, and 24.5 GHz in polar plots, showing gain (in dBi) versus Phi angle with Theta fixed at 90°.
These plots reveal the antenna's directional behavior in the horizontal plane. At 29.375 GHz, the
pattern exhibits a strong directional lobe centered at 90°, indicating efficient radiation. Similarly,
at 31.35 GHz, the antenna maintains a focused main lobe with low sidelobes, showing consistent
and effective performance. The 24.5 GHz pattern, while still directional, features a broader
beamwidth and slightly different shape, reflecting variation in gain and coverage.Overall, the
antenna demonstrates robust directional radiation across the target frequencies, supporting multi-
band operation in the mmWave spectrum. The sharp main lobes and low sidelobe levels make it
well-suited for 5G and future 6G communication systems. The observed differences across
frequencies emphasize the importance of full-band analysis for optimal antenna design.

Fig. 7. Farfield radiation pattern at 29.375 GHz, 31.35 GHz

This image displays the 3D far-field radiation pattern of the proposed antenna at 31.35 GHz,
highlighting its gain distribution in dBi across space. The pattern features a strong directional
main lobe along the positive y-axis, indicating focused radiation in that direction. A color gradient
from red (high gain) to dark blue (low gain) illustrates the gain variation, with a peak gain of 6.36
dBi. Low sidelobe levels suggest minimal interference from other directions. The accompanying
data shows a radiation efficiency of -1.930 dB and total efficiency of -1.934 dB, indicating low
internal losses. Overall, the plot confirms the antenna’s effective directional performance at 31.35
GHz, making it suitable for mmWave applications.

54
 Fig. 8. 3 D Farfield radiation pattern at 31.35 GHz

This image illustrates the 3D far-field radiation pattern of the antenna at 29.375 GHz, showing its
gain distribution in dBi across three-dimensional space. The pattern features a directional main
lobe pointing along the positive y-axis, indicating focused signal transmission. A color gradient
from red (highest gain) to dark blue (lowest gain) visualizes the gain variation, with a peak gain
of 3.11 dBi. Low sidelobe levels suggest minimal interference from other directions. The data
indicates a radiation efficiency of -2.141 dB and total efficiency of -2.149 dB, reflecting minimal
internal losses. Overall, this 3D plot confirms the antenna's effic

Fig. 9. 3 D Farfield radiation pattern at 29.375 GHz

55
This image displays the 3D far-field radiation pattern of the antenna at 24.5 GHz, showing its
gain distribution in dBi across three-dimensional space. The pattern exhibits a directional main
lobe along the positive y-axis, indicating focused radiation. A color gradient from red (highest
gain) to dark blue (lowest gain) visualizes gain variation, with a peak gain of 3.57 dBi. The
presence of minimal sidelobes suggests reduced interference from other directions. The
accompanying data confirms a radiation efficiency of -0.9999 dB and a total efficiency of -1.079
dB, indicating low internal losses. Overall, the plot highlights the antenna’s effective directional
performance at 24.5 GHz, suitable for mmWave applications.

Fig. 10. 3D Farfield radiation pattern at 24.5 GHz

This image illustrates the surface current distribution of the proposed antenna at 24.5 GHz,
highlighting the intensity and direction of current flow across the structure. The color gradient—
from dark blue (low current) to red (high current)—shows that the peak surface current reaches
1056.56 A/m. The strongest current concentrations appear around the circular patch and H-shaped
structure, indicating these areas as the primary radiators. Directional arrows depict the current
flow, offering insight into the antenna's resonant behavior. The red line at the base represents the
feed line, serving as the main current source. Overall, the image provides a clear understanding
of how current distribution influences the antenna’s radiation at 24.5 GHz.

56
 Fig. 11. Surface current distribution at 24.5 GHz

This image displays the surface current distribution of the proposed antenna at 29.375 GHz,
highlighting the magnitude and direction of current flow. The color scale—from dark blue (low)
to red (high)—shows a peak current of 1162.27 A/m. Current is primarily concentrated around
the circular patch and H-shaped structure, indicating their key role in radiation at this frequency.
Directional arrows reveal the flow pattern, offering insight into the antenna’s resonant behavior.
The red line at the base represents the feed line, serving as the main current source. Compared to
the 24.5 GHz case, this distribution shows a higher peak current, suggesting stronger excitation
at 29.375 GHz. This analysis provides valuable insight into the antenna’s efficient performance
at this frequency.

Fig. 12. Surface current distribution at 24.5 GHz

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This image illustrates the surface current distribution of the proposed antenna at 31.35 GHz,
showing both the magnitude and direction of current flow. The color gradient—from dark blue
(low) to red (high)—indicates a peak current of 760.054 A/m. The strongest current
concentrations are observed around the circular patch and H-shaped structure, confirming their
role as the primary radiating elements. Directional arrows highlight the current flow path, offering
insight into resonant behavior. The red line at the bottom represents the feed line, acting as the
main source of excitation. Compared to the distributions at 24.5 GHz and 29.375 GHz, this
frequency exhibits a lower peak current, suggesting a variation in excitation strength. Overall, the
image provides a clear understanding of the antenna’s radiation behavior at 31.35 GHz.

Fig. 13. Surface current distribution at 31.5 GHz

5.3 VALIDATION
Validation of Microstrip Patch Antenna Design for 5G and 6G Applications
The validation of microstrip patch antenna design for 5G and 6G applications is a critical step in
ensuring that the designed antenna meets the required performance specifications.
Validation Techniques:
Several validation techniques can be used to validate the design of microstrip patch antennas for
5G and 6G applications, including:
1. Simulation: Using simulation software to model and simulate the performance of the designed
antenna.
2. Measurement: Measuring the performance of the fabricated antenna using techniques such as
radiation pattern measurement.
3. Comparison with existing designs: Comparing the performance of the designed antenna with
existing designs to ensure that it meets the required specifications.

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 CHAPTER -6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

59
 CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the design of microstrip patch antennas for 5G and 6G applications is a complex
and challenging task that requires careful consideration of several factors. By exploring new
materials and technologies, developing new antenna structures and designs, investigating new
applications and use cases, and improving manufacturing and fabrication techniques, researchers
can create high-performance microstrip patch antennas that meet the demands of future wireless
communication systems.
Microstrip patch antenna design for 5G and 6G applications is a critical aspect of antenna design.
By understanding the frequency range, bandwidth, gain and directivity, polarization, and radiation
pattern requirements, researchers can design microstrip patch antennas that meet the demands of
future wireless communication systems.

6.2 FUTURE SCOPE

The feature scope of microstrip patch antenna design for 5G and 6G applications is a critical
aspect of antenna design.

Frequency Range
The frequency range of microstrip patch antennas for 5G and 6G applications includes:
1. Sub-6 GHz: Frequencies below 6 GHz, such as 2.4 GHz, 3.5 GHz, and 5 GHz.
2. Millimetre -wave frequencies: Frequencies above 24 GHz, such as 28 GHz, 39 GHz, and 60
GHz.
3. Terahertz frequencies: Frequencies above 100 GHz, such as 140 GHz and 220 GHz.

Bandwidth
The bandwidth of microstrip patch antennas for 5G and 6G applications includes:
1. Narrowband: Bandwidths of less than 100MHz.
2. Wideband: Bandwidths of 100 MHz to 1GHz.
3. Ultra-wideband: Bandwidths of 1 GHz to 10GHz.

Gain and Directivity

The gain and directivity of microstrip patch antennas for 5G and 6G applications include:
1. Low gain: Gains of less than 10Db.
2. Medium gain: Gains of 10 dB to 20dB.
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3. High gain: Gains of 20 dB to 30dB.

Polarization
The polarization of microstrip patch antennas for 5G and 6G applications includes:
1. Linear polarization: Polarization in a single plane.
2. Circular polarization: Polarization in multiple planes.
3. Dual-polarization: Polarization in two orthogonal planes.

Radiation Pattern
The radiation pattern of microstrip patch antennas for 5G and 6G applications includes:
1. Omnidirectional: Radiation patterns that are uniform in all directions.
2. Directional: Radiation patterns that are focused in a specific direction.
3. Shaped beam: Radiation patterns that are shaped to meet specific requirements.

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