e-Notes 25-26

Grade 7 Subject Math Month June/July

Integers
An integer is any number including 0(neutral), positive numbers, and negative numbers. It should

be noted that an integer can never be a fraction, a decimal or a per cent.

Some examples of integers include 1, 3, 4, 8, 99, 108, -43, -556, etc.

Multiplication of Integers

When you multiply integers with two positive signs, Positive x Positive = Positive = 2 × 5 = 10.

When you multiply integers with two negative signs, Negative x Negative = Positive = –2 × –3 =
6.

When you multiply integers with one negative sign and one positive sign, Negative x Positive =
Negative = –2 × 5 = –10.

Division of Integers

When you divide integers with two positive signs, Positive ÷ Positive = Positive → 16 ÷ 8 = 2.

When you divide integers with two negative signs, Negative ÷ Negative = Positive → –16 ÷ –8
= 2.

When you divide integers with one negative sign and one positive sign, Negative ÷ Positive =
Negative → –16 ÷ 8 = –2.

Squares & Square Roots

Squares are the numbers, multiplied by itself. Whereas square root of a number is value which on
getting multiplied by itself gives the original value. Hence, both are vice-versa methods. For
example, the square of 2 is 4 and the square root of 4 is 2.

The square root is denoted by √

√9 = +3 / - 3

Cubes & Cube Roots

Cube is a number obtained by multiplying a particular number by itself three times while cube

root is a number that by multiplying three times results in the given number. Cube root is the

inverse of cube. For example cube of 2 is 8 and cube root of 8 is 2.

For example : 43 = 4 x 4 x 4 = 64
3
√64 = 4

Indices:
Index notation is a shortcut for writing repeated multiplications by the same number.
5 x 5 x 5 x 5 = 54
10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 1010

Laws of indices:
 Factors & rational numbers

Factors are the numbers that divide the given number completely.

Multiples are the multiplication tables.

Prime Numbers are the numbers that have only two factors i.e. one and the

number itself.

Prime Numbers – 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 23 , 29 , 31 , 37 , 41 , 43 , 47 , 53

, 59 , 61 , 67 ,

71 , 73 , 79 , 83 , 89 , 97

Composite numbers are the numbers that have more than two factors.

1 is neither prime nor composite.

Natural Numbers are the counting numbers.

Whole Numbers include all the natural numbers and zero.

A rational number is a number that is in the form of p/q, where p and q are

integers, and q is not equal to 0. Some of the examples of rational numbers

include 1/3, 2/4, 1/5, 9/3, and so on.

Prime Factors : The prime factors of a number are the 'prime numbers' that

are multiplied to get the original number. For example, 2 and 3 are the prime

factors of 12, i.e., 2 x 2 x 3

Least Common Multiple(LCM) & Highest Common Factor(HCF)

The H.C.F. defines the greatest factor present in between given two or more

numbers, whereas L.C.M. defines the least number which is exactly divisible

by two or more numbers.

1
 2D and 3D Shapes

Types of Quadrilaterals
A two-dimensional shape with four sides is called a quadrilateral. There are

seven specific types of quadrilaterals. Each of these quadrilaterals has its own

definition, as follows:

• Square: A quadrilateral with all sides of equal length, opposite sides parallel,

and all angles having a measure of 90 degrees. The diagonals of Square

bisect each other perpendicularly.

• Rectangle: A quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel and of equal length,

and all angles having a measure of 90 degrees. The diagonals of rectangle

bisect each other.

• Kite: A quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent sides of equal length.

The diagonals of Kite bisect each other perpendicularly. It has one pair

of apposite angles equal.

length, and opposite angles of equal measure. The diagonals bisect each

other. The sum of any two adjacent angles is 180°.

• Trapezium (called trapezoid in the US) : A quadrilateral with exactly one

pair of opposite sides that are parallel. The parallel sides are called bases

and the other two sides are called as lateral sides.

• Isosceles trapezoid: A quadrilateral with a pair of opposite sides that are

parallel, and the angles that belong to one of those parallel sides are equal.

The non- parallel sides are equal in length.

• Rhombus (plural: rhombi): A quadrilateral with all sides of equal length,

opposite sides parallel, and opposite angles equal. The diagonals of Rhombus

bisect each other perpendicularly. The sum of any two adjacent angles is

180°.
3D Shapes:

3D shapes are known as three-dimensional shapes or solids. 3D shapes have three

different measures such as length, width, and height as its dimensions. The only

difference between 2D shape and 3D shapes is that 2D shapes do not have a

thickness or depth.

Types of 3D Shapes

The 3D shapes consist of both curved shaped solid and the straight-sided polygon
called the polyhedron. The polyhedrons are also called the polyhedra, which are
based on the 2D shapes with straight sides. Now, let us discuss the details about
the polyhedrons and curved solids.

Polyhedrons

Polyhedrons are 3D shapes. As discussed earlier, polyhedra are straight-sided solids,

• Polyhedrons should have straight edges.

• It should have flat sides are called the faces

• It must have the corners, called vertices

Like polygons in two-dimensional shapes, polyhedrons are also classified into regular
and irregular polyhedrons and convex and concave polyhedrons.
The most common examples of polyhedra are:

• Cube: It has 6 square faces, 8 vertices and 12 edges

• Cuboid: It has 6 rectangular faces, 8 vertices and 12 edges

• Pyramid: It has a polygon base, straight edges, flat faces and one vertex

• Prism: It has identical polygon ends and flat parallelogram sides

Circumference of Circle

C = Πd where d is diameter of circle

Or

C = 2Πr where r is radius of circle

Multiplying & Dividing by 0.1 and 0.01

Multiplying by 0.1 is same as dividing by 10

4 x 0.1 = 4 / 10 = 0.4

Multiplying by 0.01 is same as dividing by 100

4 x 0.01 = 4 / 100 = 0.04

Dividing by 0.1 is same as multiplying by 10

4 ÷ 0.1 = 4 ÷ 1/10 = 4 x 10 = 40
Dividing by 0.01 is same as multiplying by 100

4 ÷ 0.01 = 4 ÷ 1/100 = 4 x 100 = 400