College of Engineering & Technology

Department of Information Technology

Course code 3141
Seminar Report
On ” Robotics”

N Name ID NO
O
1
Zerihun Tsagaye

MAttu, Ethiopia
Academic year 2017 E.C

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 MATTU UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that seminar entitled “Robotics” have successfully completed by “Individual ”
in the academic year 2015 in partial fulfillment as prescribed by Department Of Information
Technology, Mattu University

Advisor name Mr.Teshome ……………………………………………………………

Sign…………………………………………………………………………………….

Date……………………………………………………………………… ……………

Head of department name Mr.Teshome………………………………………… ….

Sign…………………………………………………………………………… ……….

Date……………………………………………………………………………………..

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Acknowledgment
Firstly, I would like to thank GOD, almighty, our supreme guide, for bestowing his blessings upon
me in my entire endeavor. I take this opportunities to thank my seminar guide Mr. Teshome I also
like to thank Mr.________________ and our student for their valuable words of advice. I am also
thankful to all the other lecturers in our department and students of my class for their support and
suggestions.

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Mobile robots........................................................................................................................ 11

Figure 2 Rolling robots ....................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 3 Walking Robots .................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 4 Stationary Robots ................................................................................................................. 12
Figure 5 Autonomous robots............................................................................................................... 13
Figure 6 structure ............................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 9 Manipulation......................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 10 Differential drive ................................................................................................................ 17
Figure 11 Rob Surgery ...................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 12 A typical example of an industrial robots ........................................................................... 18
Figure 13 AIBO- the robot pup ........................................................................................................... 19
Figure 14 Humanoid robots ............................................................................................................... 20

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Table of Contents , Page
Acknowledgment ......................................................................................................................................... 3
Abstract........................................................................................................................................................ 6
Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1 Introduction Of Robotics ................................................................................................................. 7
Chapter Two ................................................................................................................................................ 8
2.0 Literature Review ................................................................................................................................. 8
2.2 Meaning of Robotics: ........................................................................................................................ 9
2.3 Definition of a ‘Robot’: ................................................................................................................ 9
2.4 Laws of Robotics: .................................................................................................................... 10
2.5 Types Of Robots .......................................................................................................................... 10
2.6 Branch Of Robotics ..................................................................................................................... 13
Chapter 3 .................................................................................................................................................. 14
3.1 Components Of Robots .................................................................................................................. 14
3.1.1 Structure:- .............................................................................................................................. 14
3.1.2 Power Source:- ...................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.3 Actuation:- ................................................................................................................................ 16
3.1.4 Manipulation:-.......................................................................................................................... 16
3.1.5 Locomotion:- ............................................................................................................................ 17
Chapter 4 .................................................................................................................................................. 17
4 .1 ROBOTICS APPLICATION ...................................................................................................... 17
4.2 Advantages: .................................................................................................................................. 20
4.3 Limitations: ................................................................................................................................... 20
4.5 Problems With Robotics: ........................................................................................................... 21
4.5 The Impact Of Robotics On Society: ...................................................................................... 21
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 22

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Abstract

Robotics is a branch of Artificial Intelligence (AI), it is mainly composed of electrical engineering,

mechanical engineering and computer science engineering for construction, designing and
application of robots. Over the course of human history the emergence of certain new technologies
have globally transformed life as we know it. Disruptive technologies like fire, the printing press,
oil, and television have dramatically changed both the planet we live on and mankind itself, most
often in extraordinary and unpredictable ways. In pre-history these disruptions took place over
hundreds of years. With the time compression induced by our rapidly advancing technology, they
can now take place in less than a generation. We are currently at the edge of one such event. In ten
years robotic systems will fly our planes, grow our food, explore space, discover life saving drugs,
fight our wars, sweep our homes and deliver our babies. In the process, this robotics driven
disruptive event will create a new 200 billion dollar global industry and change life as you now
know it, forever. Just as my children cannot imagine a world without electricity, your children will
never know a world without robots. Come take a bold look at the future and the opportunities for
Mechanical Engineers that wait there. This paper introduces robotics by explaining what it is,
providing a brief history and laws of robotics. We have even discussed various types of robots and
their use.

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 Chapter 1
1.1 Introduction Of Robotics
With growing developments in the field of mechatronics and mathematic modeling, robotics has
come a long way. From an iron piece that could move only a few inches, there are now machines
capable of jumping from high-rise buildings, detecting landmines, performing operations and
troubleshooting. Robotics is an interdisciplinary field that integrates computer science and
engineering. Robotics involves design, construction, operation, and use of robots. The goal of
robotics is to design machines that can help and assist humans. Robotics integrates fields of
mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, information engineering, mechatronics,
electronics, bioengineering, computer engineering, control engineering, software engineering,
mathematics, among others. The very mention of a ‘robot’ reminds one of the Terminators/
Cyborgs with their menacing steel bodies and reddened eyes, which are out to destroy the world.
From the early Stark Trek days to the current cybernetics agents in Matrix and X-Men, these
agents have time and reminded us of the holocaust, and with the emergence of new found
technologies the fears are just confounding. The field of robotics is a very interesting and
useful. The term “Robot” is derived from the Czech word “Robota” which means menial
laborer. It has appeared on January 25, 1921 Murphy (2000). Robots can be used in
manufacturing environments, in underwater and space exploration, for helping the
disabled, or even for entertainments. There are different kinds of robot: manual handling
device, fixed sequence robot, variable sequence robot, playback robot, numerical control
robot, and intelligent robot. Niku (2010).
"An intelligent robot is a mechanical creature which can function autonomously". The
intelligent robot has to be able to handle ambiguous, conflicting, cluttering and uncertain
situations. It can cope with all vagaries of the real world and learn from its interaction with
the environment. Nehmzow et al, (2012). Many people thought that the robot must be
anthropomorphic (human-like). In the real world, the robots have a variety of shapes
depending on their jobs. Murphy (2000). Drive systems for robots are diverse depending on
the environment where the robot exists.
Robots have always had a fascination in our mind. With their various applications in

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various fields, they have become a common part in our daily life. They are meant to ease
our work and increase our comfort of living. The term ‘robot’ got prominence way back in
the 1950s when Karl Capek in his play Rossum’s Universal Robots denoted the birth of a
superior race that had intelligence similar to that of humans.
As Robots come in various forms and have application in various fields defining a Robot
becomes that much difficult. There are various definitions for the term Robot. Some of
them are: The most accepted definition of a Robot provided by the Robotics Institute of
America in 1979 is that: “A robot is a reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator
designed to move material, Parts, tools or specialized devices through variable
programmed motions for the Performance of a variety of tasks”. Robotics is that branch
which involves with the study and applications of Robots. The goal of Robotics is to mimic
natural world as closely as possible. Robotics is a relatively new field of engineering (about
approximately 50 years old) and is finding many applications in different areas. Murphy
(2000).

1.2 History of Robotics:

The term ‘robot’ got prominence way back in the 1950s when Karl Capek in his play Rossum’s
Universal Robots denoted the birth of a superior race that had intelligence similar to that of
humans. Later on Issac Asimov introduced his laws of robots and finally Eric Elenberger, who
is considered as the father of robotics, introduced real time robots to the world. Fully
autonomous robots only appeared in the second half of the 20th century. The first digitally
operated and programmable robot, the Animate, was installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal
from a die casting machine and stack them. Commercial and industrial robots are widespread
today and used to perform jobs more cheaply, more accurately and more reliably, than humans.
They are also employed in some jobs which are too dirty, dangerous, or dull to be suitable for
humans.

Chapter Two
2.0 Literature Review
During the last 45 years, robotics research has been aimed at finding solutions to the

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technical necessities of applied robotics. The evolution of application fields and their
sophistication have influenced research topics in the robotics community. This evolution
has been dominated by human necessities. In the early 1960s, the industrial revolution put
industrial robots in the factory to release the human operator from risky and harmful tasks.
The later incorporation of industrial robots into other types of production processes added
new requirements that called for more flexibility and intelligence in industrial robots. Lei
et al (2004). Currently, the creation of new needs and markets outside the traditional
manufacturing robotic market (i.e., cleaning, demining, construction, shipbuilding,
agriculture) and the aging world we live in is demanding field and service robots to attend
to the new market and to human social needs. Davies (1996).
This research is aimed at surveying the evolution of robotics and tracing out the most
representative lines of research that are strongly related to real-world robotics applications
and this research addresses robotics in three areas:
 Robot Manipulators
 Mobile Robots
 Biological Inspired Robots

Although these three areas share some research topics, they differ significantly in most
research topics and in their application fields. For this reason, they have been treated
separately in this survey. The section on robot manipulators includes research on industrial
robots, medical robots and rehabilitation robots, and briefly surveys other service
applications such as refueling, picking and palletizing.
2.2 Meaning of Robotics:
Robotics means the study and application of robot technology.
Robotics is a branch of engineering that involves conception, design, manufacture, and
operation of machines assigned for specific high precision and repetitive tasks.
2.3 Definition of a ‘Robot’:
"A reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or
specialized devices through various programmed motions forthe performance of a variety of tasks"

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2.4 Laws of Robotics:

Popular science fiction writer Isaac Asimov created the Three Laws of
Robotics:
1. A robot must not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow
a human being to come to harm.
2. A robot must always obey orders given to it by a human being,
except where it would conflict with the first law.
3. A robot must protect it's own existence, except where it would
conflict with the first or second law.
2.5 Types Of Robots
There are many types of robots; they are used in many different environments and for many
different uses. Some of them are:
 Mobile Robots
 Rolling Robots
 Walking Robots
 Stationary Robots
 Autonomous Robots
 Remote-control Robots

Ask a number of people to describe a robot and most of them will answer they look like a human.
Interestingly a robot that looks like a human is probably the most difficult robot to make. Is is
usually a waste of time and not the most sensible thing to model a robot after a human being. A
robot needs to be above all functional and designed with qualities that suits its primary tasks. It
depends on the task at hand whether the robot is big, small, able to move or nailed to the ground.
Each and every task means different qualities, form and function, a robot needs to be designed
with the task in mind.
Mobile Robots – Mobile robots are able to move, usually they perform task such as search areas.
A prime example is the Mars Explorer, specifically designed to roam the mars surface.

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 Mobile robots are a great help to such collapsed building for survivors Mobile robots are used
for task where people cannot go. Either because it is too dangerous of because people cannot
reach the area that needs to be searched.

Figure 1 Mobile robots

Mobile robots can be divided in two categories:
Rolling Robots:-
Rolling robots have wheels to move around. These are the type of robots that can quicklyand easily
search move around. However they are only useful in flat areas, rocky terrains give them a hard
time. Flat terrains are their territory.

Figure 2 Rolling robots

Walking Robots – Robots on legs are usually brought in when the terrain is rocky and difficult
to enter with wheels. Robots have a hard time shifting balance and keep them from tumbling.
That’s why most robots with have at least 4 of them, usually they have 6 legs or more. Even when
they lift one or more legs they still keep their balance. Development of legged robots is often
modeled after insects or crawfish.

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Figure 3 Walking Robots
Stationary Robots:-
Robots are not only used to explore areas or imitate a human being. Most robots perform repeating
tasks without ever moving an inch. Most robots are ‘working’ in industry settings. Especially dull
and repeating tasks are suitable for robots. A robot never grows tired, it will perform its duty day
and night without ever complaining. In case the tasks at hand are done, the robots will be
reprogrammed to perform other tasks.

Figure 4 Stationary Robots

Autonomous Robots:-
Autonomous robots are self supporting or in other words self contained. In a way they rely on their
own ‘brains’.
Autonomous robots run a program that give them the opportunity to decide on the action to perform
depending on their surroundings. At times these robots even learn new behavior. They start out

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with a short routine and adapt this routine to be more successful at the task they perform. The most
successful routine will be repeated as such their behavior is shaped.
Autonomous robots can learn to walk or avoid obstacles they find in their way. Think about a six
legged robot, at first the legs move ad random, after a little while the robot adjust its program and
performs a pattern which enables it to move in a direction.

Figure 5 Autonomous robots

Complicated tasks are still best performed by human beings with real brainpower. A person
can guide a robot by remote control. A person can perform difficult and usually dangerous tasks
without being at the spot where the tasks are performed. To detonate a bomb it is safer to send
the robot to the danger area.
2.6 Branch Of Robotics
There are basically 4 branches which robotics use.
1 Biology:-

Robots are often modeled after nature. A lot of BEAM robots look remarkably like insects.
Insects are easy to build in mechanical form. Not just the mechanics are in inspiration also the
limited behavior can easily be programmed in a limited amount of memory and processing
power.

2 Electronics:-

Like all robots they also contain electronics. Without electronic circuits the engines cannot
becontrolled. Lots of Beam Robots also use solar power as their main source of energy.

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3 Aesthetics:-

A BEAM Robot should look nice and attractive. BEAM robots have no printed circuits with
some parts but an appealing and original appearance.

4 Mechanics:-

In contrast with expensive big robots BEAM robots are cheap, simple, built out of recycled
material and running on solar energy.

Chapter 3
3.1 Components Of Robots

• Structure
• Power source
• Actuation
• Sensing
• Manipulation
• Locomotion
3.1.1 Structure:-
The structure of a robot is usually mostly mechanical and can be called a kinematic chain.
The chain is formed of links (its bones), actuators (its muscles), and joints which can allowone
or more degrees of freedom.

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Figure 6 structure
3.1.2 Power Source:-
• Suitable power supply is needed to run the motors and associated circuitry
• Typical power requirement ranges from 3V to 24V DC
• 220V AC supply must be modified to suit the needs of our machine
• Batteries can also be used to run robots
• Robots are driven by different motors :-
o DC Motors
o Stepper Motors
o Servo Motors

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Figure 7 motors
3.1.3 Actuation:-
Actuators are the "muscles" of a robot, the parts which convert stored energy
intomovement.
The most popular actuators are electric motors.

Figure 8 Actuation
3.1.4 Manipulation:-
• Robots which must work in the real world require some way to manipulate objects;
pickup, modify, destroy, or otherwise have an effect. Thus the 'hands' of a robot are
often referred to as end effectors, while the arm is referred to as a manipulator.
• Some manipulators are:
o Mechanical Grippers
o Vacuum Grippers
o General purpose effectors

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Figure 9 Manipulation
3.1.5 Locomotion:-
• It is concerned with the motion of the robot.
• Robot contains different types of drives:-
o
o Car type
o Skid steer drive
o Synchronous drive
o Pivot drive
o Articulated drive
o Pivot drive

Figure 10 Differential drive

Chapter 4
4 .1 ROBOTICS APPLICATION
Rob Surgery

Robots are increasingly being used during certain types of microsurgery. This letssurgeons
perform delicate procedures that would otherwise be too fine for human hands.

The surgeon can control a surgery from a terminal in a room or at times several miles away
from the patient while robots go on with their job. Assisted with tactile/feedback sensors,
thesurgeon can ‘feel’ the tissues underneath the robot instruments.

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 Figure 11 Rob Surgery
Industrial Robots

It was around 1960 when industrial robots were first introduced in the production
process, and until the 1990s industrial robots dominated robotics research. In the
beginning, the automotive industry dictated the specifications industrial robots had
to meet, mainly due to the industry’s market clout and clear technical necessities.

Figure 12 A typical example of an industrial robots

Robots is danger zones

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 Robots form an important part of landmines and bomb detection squads in many
countries.

Besides such land combining operations, the robots go deep down the earth’s crust where
temperatures are unbearable and also search for buried treasures in the deepest of oceans
andsometimes work in nuclear reactors. The very purpose of deploying robots is to shield
humans from hazards.

However, in most of the robots used, the robots operator controls it from a safe distance
andguides the fully armed robot to the danger zone.

AIBO- the robot pup

When one thinks about robots, AIBO is the name that comes across everyone’s mind. AIBO
can express emotions of happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, etc. and definitivelymakes a
wonderful companion.

This robot pup responds to your voice commands with flashing lights and sounds. The newer
versions promise more interaction and far better responses with the sensors corresponding
to the senses of humans and animals.

Figure 13 AIBO- the robot pup

Humanoid robots

When it comes to human resemblance, one can just marvel at Honda’s ASIMOand Sony’s
SDR-3X and now the more advanced SDR-4X. These humanoid robots walk on two feet with

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 amazing grace, replicating the walking movements of humans.
Sony’s SDR-4X has advanced features such as the ability to remember faces and recognize
emotions from facial features in addition to improved voice and speech recognition and
technology.

Figure 14 Humanoid robots

4.2 Advantages:
 You can send them to very dangerous places
 You can make them do you're job for you
 They are more accurate than humans Eg no shaking when in a very important surgery,
puts every screw in fabricating a car etc.
 Can do jobs 24/7
 Can guard without being tired just keep doing the same thing 24/7
 No need of nutrients
 You can programme them to make them do exactly what you want them to do
 They can not harm you unless they are programmed to
 can work with out doubts Eg when you think "what do i do now"?
 They can lift very heavy things

4.3 Limitations:

 You need to get people trained to fix them if anything wrong happens
 Need a very inteligent crew
 They can ruin peoples lives Eg Take their job away from them
 They are very expensive to make

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  You need the right materials to make them, that could be very rare
 If you make a very amazing robot with amazing quality and it brakes, it might be
veryhard to fix
 They can be very hard to programme
 They can reproduce but it could cost money for the materials
 You need highly trained people to make them
 They can not recharge themselves
4.5 Problems With Robotics:
Yes there are problems. As with any machine, robots can even cause disaster. They are
powerful machines that we allow to control certain things. When something goes wrong,
terrible things can happen. Luckily, this is rare because robotic systems are designed with
many safety features that limit the harm they can do.

There's also the problem of evil people using robots for evil purposes. This is true today with
other forms of technology such as weapons, and biological material. Of course, robots could
be used in future wars.

This could be good or bad. If humans perform their aggressive acts by sending machines out
to fight other machines, that would be better than sending humans out to fight other humans.
Teamsof robots could be used to defend a country against attacks while limiting human
casualties.

4.5 The Impact Of Robotics On Society:

Since robots are used mainly in manufacturing, we see their impact in the products we use
every day. Usually this results in a cheaper product. Robots are also used in cases where it
can do a better job than a human such as surgery where high precision is a benefit. And,
robots are used in exploration in dangerous places such as in volcanos which allows us to
learn without endangering ourselves.

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 Conclusion

Today we find most robots working for people in industries, factories, warehouses,
andlaboratories. Robots are useful in many ways. For instance, it boosts economy
because businesses need to be efficient to keep up with the industry competition.
Therefore, having robots helps business owners to be competitive, because robots can
do jobs better and faster than humans can, e.g. robot can built, assemble a car. Yet
robots cannot perform every job; today robots roles include assisting research and
industry. Finally, as the technology improves, there will be new ways to use robots
which will bring newhopes and new potentials.

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Reference

1 www.studymafia.org

2 www.wikipedia.com

.3 www.google.cKHUHJFFDSGGGHUILom

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