GENERAL LABORATORY

INSTRUCTIONS

LABORATORY MANUALS

This manual has been prepared to present the standardized test procedures for checking materials in
conformance with the American Society for Testing Materials. This manual describes the test procedures
that are currently in use in the Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory. Please read the appropriate
materials in the laboratory manuals carefully before attending the Laboratory. Data sheet are in the appendix
of this document or will be provided during Laboratory class.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this manual is to acquaint the student with some physical and mechanical properties of
selected construction materials and standard methods to be used to evaluate these properties selected
construction materials and standard methods to be used to evaluate these properties. A secondary objective
is to develop the students' proficiency in preparing an engineering report. The report is to resemble
professional engineering reports as much as possible. Grammar, efficient communication, and result will
weigh heavily in the final grade.

FIELD TRIPS

Field trips are considered as an inspection visit. The observations of the field trip will be included in the
appendix of the report. They should observe the general operation, quality control and other factors that may
affect the facility's ability to meet the requirements of the construction contract.
THE REPORT

All reports are to be written in the third person; for example, "the test was conducted," "not we
conducted the test". Each student is expected to come up with fictitious company name and logo. Reports
are to apply to the hypothetical project scenario given in this manual. Report must be typed (excluding raw
data sheet), and all figures and tables must be computer generated unless otherwise stated. Bind the material
neatly. NO BULKY NOTEBOOKS! Points will be deducted for multiple and sloppy stapling. You are
encouraged to work together in preparing the reports. However, the report must be your individual effort. If
the grader discovers identical charts, tables and discussion between reports he/she can only assume someone
did not do their own work. Reproducing reports from past electronic files is prohibited. In other words,
zeros will be assigned to reports that give any indication of being duplicated or copied from previous lab
reports or another team's report.

LABORATORY TEST

The construction Materials and testing course provides credit for three hours of lecture and three hours
of laboratory work per week. The laboratory testing has been arranged so that each test may be performed
well within the three-hour period.

Each laboratory will consist of three parts. These are:

I. A short briefing on the test which is to be performed

II. The actual laboratory testing. This will be done in groups of three or four students. In some cases, this
may be a demonstration by the instructor.

III. The reduction of rough data. Once the testing is complete each group has secured its own data, the data
will be reduced and all necessary computations will be made. Each student will secure a copy of all data and
calculations before leaving the laboratory room.
 In general, the laboratory report will be submitted one week after each laboratory is performed. General
notes on the laboratory reports are given on the following page. Specific instruction will be given for each
test.

Most of the experiments require some preparation that must be done before coming to class.
Completing this reading and/or calculation will prevent needless delay, mistakes, and wasted effort during
the laboratory period.

During the laboratory period reasonable care should be exercised to prevent damage to equipment and
personnel. The equipment in the laboratory is for your use and most of it is quite rugged and not easily
damaged; however, if in doubt concerning the operation of the equipment, ask the instructor.

An essential element of good laboratory practice is maintaining a clean and orderly laboratory. It will
be the responsibility of each group to clean its own equipment and area where their laboratory work is
performed. All equipment will be returned to its proper place. One group will be responsible each week for
the over-all clean up. The clean-up group will see to it that all equipment is in its proper place. This group
will check out with instructor each week.

Some of the test will require that someone will check on the test on the day following the laboratory
period. The group may delegate one person to do this. However, each group will be responsible for securing
any data obtained.
 GENERAL INSTRUCTION FOR LABORATORY
REPORT

The report is to be written in the style of a professional engineering report such as to be submitted by a
material-testing laboratory to a construction company or an engineering firm. The report should look like
engineering documents. It is recommended that they be neatly typed.

The instructor and this manual will provide specific instructions for laboratory reports for each test. The
following are the components of formal report:

1.The Title Page/Cover Page

The first page of the report is the title page or a cover page. This page identifies the test to be performed.
It shows course number and the laboratory section number, name of person submitting the report, party
number, name of persons in your party, and date of submission (date actually submitted, not the date due).

2. Table of Contents

The table of contents is used to facilitate the grading of the reports, and will be used to record the points
awarded for each category. The table of contents should include page numbers and the report pages should
include computer generated page numbers. Chart and table titles and numbers should also be shown in the
table of contents.

3. Introduction

Brief statement as to what you are attempting to accomplish by performing the test. State the
significance (usefulness) of the test.
4. Procedure

This section identifies materials, specimen, testing apparatus, and testing procedure.

5. Test Result

This section will contain those facts or answer that you obtained in your experiment, either direct
measurements or calculations based on measurement. The section should also include some text referring to
tables and charts. This section should also include some text referring to tables and charts. This section may
also include a brief statement of the method and materials used to obtain the results. The appropriate
standard or test method should be cited on this section. Each table or graph should be self-explanatory-to
include suitable title, use a legend or data points and curves.

6. Discussion of Results

In this section the writer provides the foundation upon which his/her conclusion will rest. This
acceptance or rejection of the conclusion by the reader will depend largely on discussion of results. Under
this heading the writer will comment upon the validity of the results and make comparison with typical
values for the measures parameters.

Remember "the acceptance and rejection of the conclusions drawn in the report is directly related to the skill
of the reporter in providing an accurate and convincing discussion of the reasoning upon which the
conclusions are based." Give reasons for discrepancies if serious difference appears to exist. Mention
limitation of test.

7. Conclusion and Recommendation

It is a brief statement presenting a personal analysis of the results. Conclusions must be reported by, but
do not include, the actual results. Statement about the reasonableness of the results should be included.
Apply conclusions and recommendations to the fictitious objective given at the beginning of each
experiment or to a project scenario created by the student.
8. Appendices

This section includes laboratory data, calculation and data sheets.

RAW DATA AND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Inspection: This section should describe the findings of the inspection visit and the comment on the
company's quality control and ability to meet the specifications and requirements of the contract.

Data Form: Include the raw data recorded on the forms during the laboratory test. Your laboratory data
usually be taken on the forms provided. Do not erase errors. Line them out. It is neither necessary nor
desirable to copy data on to clean data sheets for the sake of neatness, since the important results have been
provided in the test result section. Also include computer spreadsheets or other information that should not
be in the body of the report.

References: Include a list of all references used, including any software (excluding word processing or
spreadsheets). Include consolation with the laboratory Consultants, Instructor, or Professor. Make sure each
reference is complete. The reference section of this document should be used as a guide. If the reference is
to certain page numbers, include this information. If you referred to a laboratory report prepared in previous
term by another student, this should be the referenced as well. Reference to a previous laboratory report is
acceptable; however, plagiarism and other inappropriate uses of those old reports will be considered a
violation of the Honor of Conduct.

PART I. AGGREGATES

Mineral aggregate comprises the relatively inert filler materials in Portland Cement Concrete and in
asphalt concrete. However, in as much as the aggregate usually occupies about 70 to 80 percent of the
volume of the mass of concrete, its selection and proportioning should be given careful attention in order to
control the quality of the mixtures. The principal qualifications of aggregate for concrete are numerous. In
this manual, the testing methods for determining some of the properties of aggregate that could affect the
mix design some of the properties of aggregate that could affect the mix design for Portland Cement
Concrete will be presented. They are:
 1. Reducing Field Samples of Aggregate to testing Size (ASTM 702-98, C 330-89, D 75, AASHTO
I 248)
2. Sieve Analysis (ASTM C 136, C 136-76, C 139-95a, D 702, AASHTO 27-74)

3. Unit Weight (ASTM C 29/C 29 M-91a, C 29, D 75, AASHTO 19- 74)

4. Specific Gravity and Absorption (ASTM C 127, C 128, AASHTO 85-74)

These four tests will be performed in two laboratory periods. Reducing Field Samples of Aggregate to
Testing Size and Sieve Analysis will be conducted in period and the Unit Weight and Specific Gravity and
Absorption test will be conducted in another period or on discretion of the Instructor.

Aggregate generally occupy 70 to 80 percent of concrete and therefore have significant effect on its
properties. Strength of concrete and mix designs is independent of the composition of aggregate, but
durability may be affected.

Aggregate are classified based on specific gravity as heavyweight, normal-weight and lightweight. The
normal weight of the aggregate make-ups about 90 percent of concrete used in the construction.

Shape and texture affect the workability of fresh concrete. The ideal aggregates would be spherical and
smooth allowing good mixing and decreasing intersection between particles. Natural sands are close to its
shapes.

However, crushed stone is more angular and requires more paste to coat the increased surface area.
Long, flat aggregate should be avoided due to increase intersection with other particles and the tendency
toward aggregate during handling.

Shape and texture of coarse aggregate affect the strength of the concrete mix; increased surface area
provides more opportunity for bonding and increases strength. However, excessive area in aggregate can
lead to internal stress concentration and potential bond failure.
 Grading of aggregate size distribution is a major characteristic in concrete mix design. Cement is the
most expensive material in concrete. Therefore, by minimizing the amount of cement, the cost can be
reduced.

Aggregate can contain, water, internal, based on porosity, and external, based on surface moisture. This
gives the aggregate the ability to absorb water. This effectively reduces the amount of water available for
hydration, or conversely, if the aggregate is very wet, adds excess water to a cement mix.
 Experiment No. 2:

REDUCING FIELD SAMPLE OF AGGREGATE

Discussion:

These procedures involve reducing field samples to a suitable size for testing, using techniques
designed to minimize differences in characteristics between the test samples and the original field sample.

Objective:

Aggregate specifications typically require a portion of the material to be sampled for testing. Generally,
when other conditions are consistent, larger samples provide a better representation of the overall material
source.

These methods are used to reduce the large field sample to a more manageable size, making it easier to
perform various tests that assess the material’s characteristics and quality. The goal is to ensure the smaller
sample accurately represents the original field sample and the entire material supply. Each test method also
outlines the minimum sample weight required for testing.

To learn and understand the correct method of obtaining sample aggregate for mechanical analysis.

Referenced Documents: ASTM (C 70298, C 33, D 75, C 330-89) AASHTO T 248

Selection of Method:

1. Fine Filed sample of fine aggregate that are drier than the saturated surface dry condition shall be reduced
in size by a mechanical splitter according to

Method A. Field sample having free moisture on the particle surface may be reduced in sizes by
quartering method according to Method B.

1.1 If the use of Method B is desired and the field sample does not have free moisture on the particle
surfaces, the sample may be moistened to achieve this condition, thoroughly mixed and then the sample
reduction performed.

1.2 If the use of Method A is desired and the field sample has free moisture on the particle surfaces, the
entire field sample may be dried to at least surface-dry condition using the temperature that do not those
specified any of the test contemplated and then the sample reduction performed.
2.Coarse Aggregates and Mixture of Coarse and Fine Aggregates - Reduce the sample using a mechanical
splitter in accordance with Method A (preferred method) or by a quartering method in accordance with
Method B.

Apparatus and Materials:

1. Representative sample of aggregate

2. Spade

3. Container

4. Sample Splitter

Procedure:

Method A-Mechanical Splitter

1. Check moisture condition of aggregate If the sample has free moisture on the particle surface the entire
sample must be dried to at least the SSD condition prior to reduction by splitter.

2. Check sample splitter chute opening. (Their number and width relative to maximum size of aggregate)

3. Place the sample in the hopper or pan and uniformly distribute it from edge to edge, so that when it is
introduced into the chutes, approximate and equal amounts will flow through each chute.

4. The rate of which the sample is introduced shall be of such as allow free flowing through the chutes into
the receptacle below.

5. Reintroduce the portion of the sample in one of the receptacles as many times as necessary to reduce to
specified size for the intended test.

6. The portion of the material collected in the other receptacle may be reserved for reduction in size for
another test.

Method B-Quartering

1.Place the sample on a hard, clean, level surface where there will neither loss of material nor the accidental
addition of foreign material.
2.Mix the material thoroughly by turning the entire sample over three times. With the last turning, shovel the
entire sample into a conical pile by depositing each shovel on top of the preceding one.

3. Carefully flatten the conical pile to a uniform thickness and diameter, by pressing down the apex with a
shovel or other device so that each quarter sector of the resulting pile will contain the material originally in
it. The diameter should be approximately four to eight times the thickness.

4.Divide the flattened mass approximately into four equal part quarters with a shovel, trowel or other
suitable device and remove to diagonally opposite quarters, including all fine materials and brush the
cleared spaces clean.

5.Successively mix and quarter the remaining material until the sample is reduced to the desired size.
FINE AGGREGATES:

Weighing if 1kg fine aggregates

Making Approximate circle form of fine aggregates
 Quartering the Specimen

Selecting two parts of specimen to be used in next experiment

Separating the used and unused specimen
COARSE AGGREGATES:

Weighing for 1k Coarse Aggregate

Making Approximate circle form of coarse aggregates

 Quartering the specimen

Separating the used and unused specimen

DOCUMENTATION
Conclusion:

This experiment was conducted to reduce a field sample to a smaller size suitable for testing. We were
divided into six groups, each assigned to test two sample reduction methods specifically designed for fine
and coarse aggregates. The process of reducing sand involved a particular technique: we had to turn the
sample over three times, forming a new mound with each scoop placed on top of the last one to ensure
uniform distribution.

In this experiment, it was essential to reduce field samples to appropriate testing sizes while minimizing
any variability during handling. One such method, quartering, is typically used when other methods are not
available. According to AASHTO (2014), quartering is time-consuming but helps maintain the
representativeness of the field sample. Proper execution of this method requires care and precision to avoid
obtaining a non-representative sample, which could lead to inaccurate test results and possible failure of the
aggregate in its intended application.

Although quartering can be used as an alternative, it does not divide the sample perfectly evenly. If a
mechanical splitter is available, it is the preferred method due to its accuracy and efficiency. Performing the
quartering method demands both time and patience to ensure that the reduced sample remains representative
of the original material.
 Experiment no. 3

SIEVE ANALYSIS FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATE

Discussion:

The gradation or particle size distribution of an aggregate is ascertained through sieve analysis. It is
preferable to have an appropriate aggregate gradation in a concrete mix to ensure workability and cement
economy. Appropriate gradation for asphalt concrete will have a considerable impact on strength and other
crucial characteristics in addition to the mixture's workability and cost-effectiveness.

An aggregate is subjected to "sifting" via a sequence of nested sieves with the smallest aperture at the
bottom in order to perform a sieve analysis. These sieves are typically made of wire mesh and feature square
apertures. A set of sieves is typically used to test concrete aggregates, and each sieve in the series has twice
the clear opening of the next smaller size in the series. Below are the U.S. Standard Sieve Series and the
sieve's transparent opening:

U.S Standard Sieve Size Clear Opening (in.)

No. 100 0.0059

No. 50 0.0117

No. 30 0.0232

No. 16 0.0469

No. 8 0.0937

No. 4 0.187

3/8” 0.375

½” (half size) 0.500

¾” 0.750

1 in. (half size) 1.000

1 ½ in. 1.500

Sometimes closer sizing than is given by the standard series is desired, in which case "half size or odd"
sizes are employed; the ½ in. and 1 in. shown are half size.

Coarse aggregate is usually considered to be larger and fine aggregates smaller than #4 sieve. Thus, all
series need to be used physically in the nest but are still considered in the analysis. For example, sieve larger
than 3/8 in. is not used for the sand and sieve smaller than No. 8 are seldom used for gravel.
 The fineness modulus is an index number, which is roughly proportional to the average size of the
particles in each aggregate. It is computed by adding the cumulative percentages coarser than each of certain
sieves and dividing by 100. (Note: Even though some material may be retained on the pan, it is not
considered a sieve and does not enter into computations for fineness modulus. In addition, if sieves other
than those standard sieves listed above are used, they are not used, they are not used directly in the
computations and any material retained on such sieves should be considered as being retained on the next
smaller sieve of the series used in the computations e.g., any material retained on a 1 in. sieve would be
added to the in. sieve for purposes of fineness modulus computation. However, the amount and percentage
of the 1 in. material would appear in the tabular listing in the sieve analysis.

The following illustration shows the calculations of the fineness modulus:

Sieve No. Weight Retained Cumulative % Cumulative

Retained Weight Retained

4 30 30 9.7

8 40 70 22.6

10 30 100 __*

16 30 130 42.0

30 35 165 53.3

50 45 210 67.8

80 40 250 __*

100 50 300 96.8

Pan 10 310 100

Fineness modulus of sand = 9.7 + 22.6 + 42.0 + 53.3 + 67.8 + 96.8 = 2.92

"odd" sieves not used directly in fineness modulus calculations.

An interpretation of the fitness modulus might be that it represents the (weighted) average of the group
upon which the material is retained, NO. 100 being the first, NO. 50 second, etc. thus for the sand with FM
of 3.00, sieve NO.30 (the third sieve) would be the average sieve size upon which the aggregate is retained.

Objective: to determine the particle size distribution of fine and coarse aggregate by sieving.
 Referenced Documents: ASTM (139-96a, C 702, e 11, D75)

AASHTO (T 27-91, T 11-65)

Apparatus:

1. Balance, accurate to 0.1 g

2. Set of sieves with pan and cover

3. Mechanical sieve shaker (optional)

4. Brush

5. Oven

Procedure:

1. Obtain the representative sample by quartering or using sample splitter. The sample to the tested
should be the approximate of fine aggregate and about 10-12 kilograms of coarse aggregate.

2. Dry the sample to constant temperature in the oven at a temperature 110 ± 5 ˚C (230 ± 41 ˚ F)

3. Assemble the sieves in order of decreasing size of opening from top to bottom and place sample on
the top of the sieve and cover it with the lid.

a. For coarse aggregate: 1", 3/4”, ½”, 3/8”, #4, #8, pan

b. For fine aggregate: 3/8”, #4, #8, #30, #50, #100, pan

4. Agitate the sieve by hand or by mechanical shaker for five minutes or for a sufficient period.

5. Limit the quantity of material on a given sieve so that all the particles have opportunity to reach sieve
openings several times during the sieving operations. For the sieve with openings smaller than No. 4 (4.75
mm), the weight retained on any sieve at the completion of the sieving operation shall not exceed 6k / (m ^
2) of sieving surface. For the sieve with openings No. 4 (4.75 mm) and larger, the weight in kg / (m ^ 2) of
the sieving surface shall not exceed the product of 2.5 x (sieve opening in mm). In no case shall the weight
be so great as to cause permanent deformation of the sieve cloth.
 6. Continue sieving for sufficient period in such a manner that, after completion, not more than 0.5
percent by weight of the total sample passes any sieve during one (1) minute of continuous hand sieving.

7. Weigh the material that is retained on each sieve, including the weight retained in the pan, and record
in the data sheet. The total weight of the material after sieving should check closely with original sample
placed on the sieve. Of the sum of these weights is not within 1 percent (0.3 for ASTM requirement) of the
original sample, the procedure should be repeated.

8. Compute the cumulative percent retained on, and percent passing each sieve.

9. Plot the gradation curves for the coarse and the fine aggregates from the experiment on the graph
provided. Plot the specified gradation curves for coarse and fine aggregates (to be specified by the
laboratory instructor). Plot the combine-grading curve using the 40% aggregate and 60% fine aggregate.

10. Compute the Fineness Modulus for fine and coarse aggregate.

Weighing of Sieving Pan

 Weighing of Fine and Coarse aggregates

Shake the Specimen inside the sieving within 10 minutes & record the weight of each retaining
specimen to specify number of Pans
 FINE AGGREGATES

Number of Sieve Weight of sieve Weight of fine

Sieves Weight containing fine aggregates

aggregates

200 397g 397g 0g

100 409g 409g 0g

50 15g

20 425g 1297g 872g

No.4 14g

COARSE AGGREGATES

Number of Sieve Weight of sieve Weight of fine

Sieves Weight containing fine aggregates

aggregates

1 0g

3/4 208g

3/8 764g

4 198g

20 142g
Documentation:
 Conclusion:

We concluded from the "Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates" lab experiment that we need to
separate the gravel and sand by size and quantify them from coarse to fine particles in order to ascertain
whether they are appropriate for use in building construction. In order to make our construction stronger
and better constructed, we will next determine whether the sieved aggregates are evenly distributed. Our
graphs showing the proportion of each sieve size will show which aggregate contains more and fewer
particles. Construction aggregates need to be available in a range of sizes.

Therefore, we conclude that we have successfully met the objectives of this experiment. We learned
how to use and separate different sizes of aggregate through sieving, and we learned how to graph them to
see if the percentage of different sizes is related and appropriate for use in building different structures. This
knowledge can be useful in our line of work, especially when building roads, bridges, buildings, dams,
tunnels, and other structures.
 Experiment No. 4:

SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION

Discussion:

Specific gravity measures the ratio of a material's weight to the weight of an equal volume of water.
However, the method varies depending on the material and its intended use. In concrete, it typically refers to
the density of individual particles, not the entire mass. The most common method uses the bulk volume of
the aggregate in a saturated surface-dry state (SSD). Both bulk (oven-dry) and apparent specific gravity are
also used, though less frequently. The unit weight in pounds per cubic foot (pcf) is usually calculated by
multiplying the specific gravity by 62.4 pcf.

The Absorption capacity is determined by comparing the weight of an aggregate in SSD and oven-dry
conditions. The difference, expressed as a percentage of the oven-dry weight, represents the absorption
capacity. Coarse aggregate is considered saturated surface-dry when surface moisture is removed by wiping
after a prolonged soaking (over 24 hours). For fine aggregate, the saturated dry state is reached when a
previously wet sample becomes free-flowing.

Objective:

is to determine the specific gravity and absorption of both coarse and fine aggregates.

Reference documents: ASTM (C 127, C 136, C 70, C 702) AASHTO T 85.

Apparatus:

For Coarse Aggregate:

1. Balance, sensitive to 0.01 Ib or gram

2. Wire mesh basket

3. Drying oven

4. 3/6% sieve

5. Water tank
For Fine Aggregate:

1. Balance, sensitive to 0.01 lb or gram

2. 500 ml Chapman Flask

3. Dryer

4. Drying Oven

Preparation of Sample (for Coarse Aggregate)

1. Thoroughly mixed the sample aggregate and reduce it to the approximate quantity needed using
quartering or mechanical shaker method

2. Reject all materials passing at 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve sieving and thoroughly washing to remove dust or
other coatings from the surface.

3. The minimum weight of test sample to be used is given below:

Nominal maximum size Mm(in.) Maximum weight of Test Sample Kg(lb.)

12.5(1/2) or less 2(4.4)

19.0 (3/4) 3(6.6)

25.0(1) 4(8.8)

37.5(1 ½) 5(11)

50(2) 8(18)

63(2 ½) 12(26)

75(3) 18(40)

90(3 ½) 25(55)

100(4) 40(22)

112(4 ½) 50(110)

125(5) 75(165)

150(6) 125(276)
Procedure:

For Coarse Aggregate

1. Dry the test sample to constant weight at a temperature of 110 + 5°C

(230 $9°F).

2. Cool in air at room temperature 1 to 3 hours, or until the aggregate has cooled to a temperature that is
comfortable to handle (approximately 50°C) and weigh.

3. Soak aggregate under water for 24 $ 4 hours.

4. Obtain approximately 5 kg of saturated coarse aggregate (retained on

3/8" sieve preferably.

5. Towel the aggregate to a saturated surface-dry condition (SSD). A moving steam may be used to assist
drying operation. Take care to avoid evaporation of water from aggregate pores during the surface-drying
operation.

6. Measure SSD weight (B) of aggregate in air to the nearest 1 gm. Do this quickly to prevent evaporation.

7. Place the sample in the wire mesh basket, and determine its weight in water (C) at 23 ‡ 1.7°C (73.4 #
3°F). Take care to remove all entrapped air before weighing by shaking the container while immersed. Be
sure to subtract the submerged weight of the basket from the total.

8. Place wet aggregate in oven, and dry to constant weight at temperature of 110 + 5°C (230 + 9°F) (leave
the aggregate in oven overnight). Cool the aggregate in air at room temperature 1 to 3 hours, or until the
aggregate has cooled to a temperature that is comfortable to handle (approximately 50°C) and weigh (A).

9. From the above data (i.e., A, B, and C) calculate the three types of specific gravity and absorption as
defined below:

(1) Bulk Specific Gravity (Dry) = _ A

B-C
(2) Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD) - B

B-C

(3) Apparent Specific Gravity = A

A-C

(a) Absorption = B – A x 100

A = weight of oven-dry test sample, gm

B = weight of saturated surface-dry sample in air, gm

C = weight of test sample in water, gm

For Fine Aggregate

1. Obtain approximately 4 kg air-dry fine aggregate (all groups working together).

2. Bring fine aggregate to SSD condition as explained by the instructor.

3. Each group takes approximately 500 gm of the SSD aggregate.

Record exact weight of SSD sample (D).

4. Fill Chapman Flask to 450 ml marks and record weight of water and flask in grams (B).

The water temperature should be about 23 + 1.5°C (73 # 3°C).

5. Empty water in flask to about 200 ml marks and adds SSD aggregate to flask. Fill flask to almost 450-ml
mark with additional water.

6. "Roll" flask on top surface to eliminate air bubbles. Then fill the flask with water up to 450-ml. record
total weight (in gm) of flask plus the water plus aggregate (C).

7. Pour entire contents of flask into pan and place in oven. Additional tap water may be used as necessary
to wash all aggregate out of the flask. Return after 24 hours or as long as it takes for the aggregate to dry
and record weight of oven-dry aggregates (A).

8. From the date above, calculate specific gravities and absorption defined below:

(1) Apparent Specific Gravity - A

B + A- C

(2) Bulk Specific Gravity = A

B+D–C

(3) Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD) = D

B+D-C

(4) Absorption = D – A x100%

Procedure:
 Weighing of 1000g of Fine and Coarse aggregate

Cool in air at room temperature 15 mins, or until the aggregate has cooled to a temperature that is
comfortable to handle (approximately 50 C) and weight
 Soak aggregate under water for 15 mins

SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION DATA SHEET

FINE AGGREGATE

ITEM WEIGHT

SSD weight I Air (D) 1000g

Weight of Pyc. + Water (B) 1102g

Oven Dry Weight (A) 967g

COARSE AGGREGATE

ITEM WEIGHT

SSD weight I Air (D) 1000g

Weight In Water (C) 1129g

Oven Dry Weight (A) 1089g

Documentation:
Conclusion:

This experiment concludes in a manner that summarizes that exposure of certain components such as
sand and gravel to water and drying may affect its weight in various manners. Through the experiment of
putting water into sand and gravel, both gained weight. However, the experiment of exposing them to
sunlight to dehydrate resulted in different outcomes. The sand became lighter, and the gravel became
heavier. The explanation in regard to the increase of mass of the gravel is in direct cohort with the
expansion of its molecules, while doing this with the sand is viable.

Surface moisture refers to the water that is present on the surface of the aggregate particles. This
moisture can come from various sources such as rain, dew, or condensation. The amount of surface
moisture present on the aggregate particles can have a significant impact on the properties of the concrete
or asphalt mix.

Fine aggregates, such as sand, tend to have a higher surface area compared to coarse aggregates, such
as gravel. This means that fine aggregates can hold more surface moisture than coarse aggregates. As a
result, fine aggregates are more susceptible to changes in moisture content, which can affect the
workability and strength of the concrete or asphalt mix.

Course aggregates, on the other hand, have a lower surface area and can hold less surface moisture
compared to fine aggregates. This makes them less susceptible to changes in moisture content, which can
result in more consistent properties of the concrete or asphalt mix.

In general, it is important to control the amount of surface moisture present on the aggregate particles
to ensure consistent and predictable properties of the concrete or asphalt mix. This can be done by
properly storing and handling the aggregates, and by using appropriate moisture content testing methods.
 Experiment No. 6

SLUMP TEST OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE

Discussion:

The slump test is made by measuring the settlement of a 12in (307mm)high concrete formed in a mold
that has a slope of the frustum of a cone. This method may be used to determine the slump concrete. This
test method is not considered applicable to plastic and cohesive concrete.

The specimen shall be formed in a mold of metal and readily attached by the cement paste and in the
form of the lateral surface of the frustum of a cone with the base of 8in (205mm) in the diameter, the top is
4in (102mm) in the diameter, and the high 12in (307mm) in the diameter. The base and the top shall be open
and parallel to each other and the right angles to the axis of the cone. The mold may be constructed either
with or without a seam.

The tamping rod shall be round. Straight steel rod 5/8in (16mm)in the diameter and approximately 24in
(615mm) in length, having one end rounded to hemispherical tip the diameter of which is 5/8in.

Objective:

To determine the slump of concrete mixture in the field

Reference Documents:

ASTM (C143-74, C143M-00, C 172-71) AASHTO (T-23, T-119, T-126)

APPARATUS:

1. Slump

2. Spade

3. Container

4. Mixing Box

5. Graduated Cylinder

6. Meter Stick

7. Measuring Scale
Procedure:

Preparing the Materials:

To begin the slump test, we first prepared all the necessary raw materials. These included fine aggregate
(sand), coarse aggregate (gravel or crushed rock), and cement. Using a digital weighing scale, we measured
4000 grams of sand, 8000 grams of rocks, and 2000 grams of cement. It was important to measure the
materials accurately to maintain the correct ratio for the concrete mix.

Dampening and Positioning the Mold

Lightly dampen the inside surface of the slump cone (mold) to prevent the fresh concrete from sticking. Set
the mold vertically on a smooth, flat, and non-absorbent surface such as a steel or plastic baseplate. Two
students should stand on either side using foot pieces to keep the mold stable and prevent it from moving
during filling and compaction.
 Filling the Mold in Three Layers

Fill the slump cone with freshly mixed concrete in three equal layers, each layer being approximately one-
third of the height of the mold. Ensure that the concrete is poured evenly to avoid segregation.

Rodding the First Layer:

Once the first layer is filled, use a tamping rod to rod the concrete 25 times, inserting the rod vertically and
evenly throughout the layer. The purpose of rodding is to remove air pockets and ensure the concrete is
properly compacted.
 Rodding the Second Layer:

Add the second one-third of concrete. Again, rod this layer 25 times, making sure the rod slightly
penetrates into the first layer. This ensures bonding between the layers and eliminates trapped air between
them.

Rodding the Final Layer and Leveling:

 Fill the cone with the final third of the concrete mix. Rod this layer 25 times, ensuring the rod goes
slightly into the second layer for proper consolidation. Heap the concrete slightly above the top of the mold
during this step to compensate for any subsidence caused by rodding. If the surface drops below the mold
rim, add more concrete to maintain the heaped condition throughout the rodding process.

Striking Off the Surface:

After rodding the top layer, use a tamping rod in a rolling and screening motion to level off the excess
concrete. This will make the concrete flush with the top edge of the slump cone and ready for measurement.
 Removing the Mold

Carefully lift the slump cone vertically upwards without twisting or tilting. This should be done steadily and
smoothly within 5 ± 2 seconds to a height of approximately 12 inches (300 mm). The mold must be lifted
straight up to allow the concrete to settle naturally. Ensure that the entire test process—from filling the mold
to removing it—is completed within 2½ minutes without any interruptions.

Measuring the Slump

Immediately after the mold is removed, place a meter stick horizontally across the top of the upturned mold
so that it extends over the slumped concrete. Measure the vertical distance from the bottom of the stick to
the highest point of the slumped concrete at the original center. This distance represents the slump value.

Conclusion:

The slump test is widely used due to its simplicity and ease of application. It serves as a practical method for
assessing the workability of concrete, as changes in slump values during a project can indicate the need for
modifications in the concrete mix, such as adjustments in water content or material composition. The test
helps evaluate how much a concrete sample compacts when shaped into an inverted cone, which reflects its
consistency or moisture level. However, because of certain limitations, slump value alone does not directly
measure workability and may not always be a reliable indicator.

Moreover, the test gives insight into the consistency of concrete and helps analyze variations in its
components. Depending on the concrete mix design and intended application, slump values can range from
very stiff to highly fluid. By observing the shape of the compacted cone, the cohesion of the mix can be
assessed. Higher water content tends to increase workability but can reduce strength. Similarly, more cement
in the mix improves workability. Well-graded and shaped particles (either rounded or cubic) also enhance
workability. Based on our findings, we concluded that the concrete sample tested exhibited high workability.
Conclusion:

The slump test is widely used due to its simplicity and ease of application. It serves as a practical

method for assessing the workability of concrete, as changes in slump values during a project can

indicate the need for modifications in the concrete mix, such as adjustments in water content or

material composition. The test helps evaluate how much a concrete sample compacts when shaped

into an inverted cone, which reflects its consistency or moisture level. However, because of certain

limitations, slump value alone does not directly measure workability and may not always be a

reliable indicator.

Moreover, the test gives insight into the consistency of concrete and helps analyze variations in its

components. Depending on the concrete mix design and intended application, slump values can

range from very stiff to highly fluid. By observing the shape of the compacted cone, the cohesion

of the mix can be assessed. Higher water content tends to increase workability but can reduce

strength. Similarly, more cement in the mix improves workability. Well-graded and shaped

particles (either rounded or cubic) also enhance workability. Based on our findings, we concluded

that the concrete sample tested exhibited high workability.

 Experiment No. 7

Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory

Discussion:

This experiment describes the procedures involved in making and curing concrete test

specimens within a laboratory environment where both the materials and testing conditions

are carefully controlled. The concrete used in this process should be of a type that can be

properly consolidated using either rodding or mechanical vibration. All values presented must

be interpreted independently, as either pound-based units or SI-based units. These two

systems are not directly equivalent; therefore, mixing units from both systems may result in

non-compliance with testing standards.

The procedure sets out standardized requirements for the preparation of materials, mixing of

concrete, and the process of making and curing specimens. When this preparation is

conducted under controlled conditions, the specimens can be used to provide valuable data for

the following purposes:

1. Designing appropriate mixture proportions for a concrete project.

2. Evaluating the performance of different mixtures and materials.

3. Establishing correlations with nondestructive test methods.

4. Supplying specimens for experimental or research studies.

The total number of specimens and test batches required is determined by the nature and scale

of the testing program. As a general guideline, three or more specimens should be made for

each testing age and condition unless otherwise stated.

Objective:

To produce and cure concrete test specimens in a laboratory setting under controlled

conditions using concrete that can be consolidated through either rodding or vibration

methods.

Reference Documents: ASTM: C192, C192M-95, C31M-95, C470-94, C617-94

AASHTO: T126-70, T119-74

Apparatuses:

1. Cylindrical molds

2. Tamping rods with diameters of 5/8 inch and 3/8 inch

3. Trowel or shovel

4. Slump cone device.

5. Mixing and sampling pans

6. Balance for weighing materials.

7. Air content measurement device (optional)

8. Concrete vibrator (optional)

9. Concrete mixer (optional)

Mixing Concrete:

1. Concrete must be mixed in a suitable mixer or by hand in small batches, allowing for

approximately ten percent excess volume to ensure enough material for specimen

molding. Hand mixing should not be applied to air-entrained concrete or mixes

without a measurable slump. Hand mixing is limited to small volumes of a quarter

cubic foot or less.

2. For machine mixing, begin by placing the coarse aggregate, a portion of the mixing

water, and any required admixture solutions into the mixer before starting it. Once the

mixer is rotating, add the fine aggregate, cement, and the remainder of the water. If it

is not possible to add all materials while the mixer is in motion, they may be

introduced to the stopped mixer, followed by a few revolutions. Mix the concrete for

three minutes, allow a three-minute rest period, then proceed with two more minutes

of mixing. To avoid segregation, place the mixed concrete into a clean, damp pan and

remix using a trowel or shovel until a uniform consistency is achieved.

3. When hand mixing, the batch should be prepared in a watertight, clean, and damp

metal pan or bowl. Use a bricklayer’s trowel with a blunted edge for mixing.

4. Initially, combine the cement, any powdered insoluble admixtures, and the fine

aggregate without water until the dry mixture is uniformly blended.

5. Add the coarse aggregate and mix the complete batch again without water until the

coarse material is evenly distributed.

6. Then add the mixing water and any admixture solutions and continue mixing until the

concrete appears uniform and reaches the desired consistency.

7. Samples selected for testing must represent the actual proportions and conditions of

the full concrete batch. If the concrete is not being actively mixed or sampled, it

should be covered to prevent moisture loss. Measure the slump of each batch

immediately after mixing.

8. Specimens should be molded as close as possible to their storage location for the first

24 hours. If it is not practical to mold them directly at the storage site, move the

specimens immediately after leveling their surfaces. All molds should be placed on a

stable surface that is free from vibration and external disturbances. Handle the

specimens gently, avoiding actions such as rough handling, sudden movements, or

any impact that could damage or distort the surface of the concrete.
Procedures:

Weighing of fine and coarse

aggregates
Mixing aggregates
Compacting of Specimen
Drying of samples for 1- 2 days
 Submersion of Specimen

Drying up samples after Submersion

Documentation:
Conclusion:

In this experiment, it was understood that curing plays an important role in developing

the strength and durability of concrete. Curing is the process of keeping concrete in proper

temperature and moisture conditions long enough for hydration to occur and allow the

concrete to reach its desired properties. During the experiment, it was proven that concrete

cylinders can be made using not only the standard materials like cement, sand, and gravel, but

also by using other substitute components. However, based on the results of Experiment

Number Eight, replacing materials had a clear effect on the compressive strength of the

samples.

The results showed that while curing is a key factor, it is not the only basis for achieving

strong and durable concrete. One of the important findings was the effect of using washed

sand. It was observed that unwashed sand may increase the acidity in the mix, which could

lead to a reduction in the sample’s strength. Therefore, the cleanliness and quality of sand
used should be taken into consideration.

We also noticed that the size and strength of the container or mold used had an impact on

the quality of the samples. If the mold is not strong enough or the size is not appropriate, it

can cause the sample to deform during compaction, which might lead to weak or uneven

specimens. Compaction itself is also an important part of the process. Properly compacted

samples are denser, reducing air gaps and increasing overall strength.

To sum it up, this experiment helped us understand that curing is essential, but other

factors such as the type and quality of materials, proper mold use, and correct compaction

also play big roles in the outcome of the concrete. For better and stronger samples, all of these

elements should be carefully controlled throughout the process.

Experiment No. 8:

MAKING AND CURING OF IRREGULAR CONCRETE SPECIMEN

Discussion:

Concrete mixture can be designed to provide a wide range of mechanical and durability

properties to meet the design requirements of the structure. The compressive strength of the

concrete is the most resisting the load and reported in units of pound force per square inch

(psi) in English system or megapascals (mPa) in SI units. Concrete compressive strength can

vary from 2500 psi (17 MPa) for residential concrete to 4000 psi (28 MPa) and higher in
commercial structures. Higher strength up to and exceeding 10,000 psi (70 MPa) are specified

for certain applications.

Compressive strength test results are primarily used to determine that the concrete

mixtures are delivered meets the requirements of the specified strength, fc in the job

specifications.

Design engineers use the specified fc to design structural elements. Their specified

strength is incorporated in the job contact documents. The concrete mixture is designing to

produce an average strength of fc higher than the specified strength such that the risk of not

complying with the strength specifications is minimized. To comply with the strength

requirements of a job specification both the following criteria shall apply:

a) The average of three consecutive tests should equal or exceed the specified strength fc.

b) No single strength tests should fall below fc by more than 500 psi (3.45

MPa), or by more than 0.10f c when fc is more than 5,000 psi (345 MPa).

It is important to understand that an individual testing below fc does not necessarily

constitute failure to meet specifications requirements. When the average of strength test on a

job are to be required, fc the probability that individual strength tests will be less than the

specified strength which is about 10 percent and, this is accounted for the acceptance of

criteria.

When the strength tests results indicate that concrete delivered fails to meet the

requirements of the specifications, it is important to recognize that the failure may be in the

testing, not the concrete.

Objective: To determine the compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens such as

molded concrete cylinder.

Referenced Documents: ASTM (C 39-94,C 39/C 39-01,C31,C617, C873)

Apparatus:

1. Universal testing machine

2. Measuring device

3. Balance, sensitive, to 0.1 gm.

4. Capping device

1. Compression tests on specimens shall be made as soon as practicable after removal from

the moist storage. A 28-day test shall be performed within +-20 hours of the 28*day. Test

specimens shall be kept moist by any convenient method during the period between removals

from moist storage and testing. The y shall be tested in moist condition.

2. All test specimens for a given test age shall be broken within the permissible time tolerance

prescribed below.

3.

TEST AGE PERMISSIBLE TOLERANCE

24 HOURS +-0.5 HOURS OR 2.1%

3 DAYS 2 HOURS OR 2.8%

7 DAYS 6 HOURS OR 3.6%

28 DAYS 20 HOURS OR 3O%

90 DAYS 2 DAYS OR 2.2%

4. With a clean rag or rush clean the bearing faces of the bearing blocks, test the specimens

and exclusion controller (elastomeric cps).

5. Rest the specimen on the lower extrusion controller, place the top extrusion controller on

the specimen on the specimen, and check the spacing between the sides of the specimen and

the extrusion controllers to ensure no contact between the cylinder and the steel. Slide the

specimen and extrusion controller configuration into the center of the concentric circles of the
lower bearing block. Check the alignment with the upper bearing face after lowering it into

position.

6. Apply the load to the specimen. During the first half of the anticipated loading phase, a

higher loading rate shall be permitted. The remainder of the loading shall be 20 to 50

psi/second (0.14 to 0.34 MPA)

Note: For 6 inches (150 mm) diameter specimens, the loading rate shall be 550 to 1400

lbs. /second. For 4-inch (100 mm) diameter specimen, the loading rate shall be 250 to 620 Ibs.

/second.

7. Apply the load until the specimen fails, and record the maximum load supported by the

specimen during the test rounded to the nearest 500lb.

CALCULATION:

Cs= q/rR2

Where:

Cs=compressive strength (psi)

Q-=oad at failure (Ib-force)

R=radius of specimen (in)

For 6-inch (150 mm) diameter specimen =Q/28.274

For 4-inch (100 mm) diameter specimen = Q/12.566

Testing of Specimen:

Sample Diameter: 6 inches

Sampled by: Group 1 and 2

Date Tested: May 14, 2025

(Oyster Shell)

Sample No. Sample Age of Sample Machine

Identified Reading

(Psi) (MPa)

1 Mixed Sample 7 696 4.80

1 Mixed Sample 14 1001 6.90

1 Mixed Sample 21 682 4.70

1 Mixed Sample 28 841 5.80

Sample Diameter: 6 inches

Sampled by: Group 1 and 2

Date Tested: May 14, 2025

Sample No. Sample Age of Sample Machine

Identified Reading

(Psi) (MPa)

1 Mixed Sample 7 696 4.80

1 Mixed Sample 14 1537 10.60

1 Mixed Sample 21 1291 8.90

1 Mixed Sample 28 928 6.40

Procedure:

Mixing our regular and mixed samples

Samples are dampening to compress and make it more solid

After a day we uncover our samples

 Submerged samples

Conclusion:

In conclusion making a cylinder using oyster shell, and corn cob ashes as a substitute for

sand and cement is a practical and sustainable solution for construction. The use of oyster

shell not only reduces waste but also offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional building

materials.

Corn cob and oyster shell are added to the combination for a number of reasons. First of

all, it lessens the need for cement and sand, which are frequently costly and hard to come by.

In addition to saving money, utilizing oyster shell and corn cob ashes instead of sand and

cement helps protect the environment. Furthermore, utilizing the two substitutes to create a

cylinder is a rather easy process that requires little equipment. Because of this, communities

in rural locations or those with low means can use it. Because it uses less energy and

materials than traditional building, it also lowers the construction process' carbon footprint.

All things considered, using oyster shell and corn cob ashes instead of sand and cement

is a useful and sustainable building method. It uses easily accessible resources that would

otherwise be wasted and offers an affordable and environmentally responsible substitute for

conventional building materials. This combination of materials may be essential to the future

of the construction sector as we look for ways to promote sustainable development.