Lesson Exemplar for TLE Grade 8

Quarter 2: Lesson 4 (Week 4)

SY/TP 2025-2026

​ This material is intended exclusively for the use of teachers participating in the pilot implementation of the MATATAG K to 10 Curriculum during the School Year
2025-2026. It aims to assist in delivering the curriculum content, standards, and lesson competencies. Any unauthorized reproduction, distribution, modification, or utilization
of this material beyond the designated scope is strictly prohibited and may result in appropriate legal actions and disciplinary measures.

​ Borrowed content included in this material are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been made to locate and obtain permission to use these
materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and development team do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Every care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the information provided in this material. For inquiries or feedback, please write or call the Office of the Director
of the Bureau of Learning Resources via telephone numbers (02) 8634-1072 and 8631-6922 or by email at [email protected]
 TLE /QUARTER 2 / GRADE 8
I.​ CURRICULUM CONTENT, STANDARDS, AND LESSON COMPETENCIES​ ​ ​ ​ ​

A.​ Content The learners demonstrate an understanding of the concepts and skills in fisheries.
Standards
B.​ Performance The learners perform the skills in fisheries following safety precautions.
Standards
C.​ Learning Learning Competency
Competencies ●​Discuss Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) hazards in fisheries.
and Objectives ●​Discuss advantages and disadvantages of organic aquaculture.
​ ●​Identify different aquaculture methods and selected practices.
●​Determine the area and depth requirement of aquaculture facilities.

D.​ Content Occupational Hazards in Fisheries

Advantages and Disadvantages of Organic Aquaculture
Aquaculture Methods and Practices

E.​ Integration SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

SDG 14: Life Below Water
●​ Environmental impact assessment strategies associated with aquaculture operations

II. LEARNING RESOURCES

Agrifarming 2024, Organic Aquaculture in India, Organic Fish Farming. Organic Aquaculture in India, Organic Fish Farming | Agri Farming
Aquaculture and fish farming: raising aquatic organisms. (2024). 1h2o3. https://www.1h2o3.com/en/learn/aquaculture/aquaculture-and-fish-farming/
Comcare, 2022. Safe & healthy work.https://www.comcare.gov.au/safe-healthy-work/prevent-harm/physical-hazards
Course Hero, a Learneo, Inc. 2024 Introduction to Occupational Health and Safety.
https://www.coursehero.com/file/101199228/Module-I-Introduction-to-Occupational-Health-and-Safetypdf/
FAO, 2024 https://www.fao.org/3/t8598e/t8598e00.htm
Hilakari, H. 2015, Biological Agents. https://www.ohsrep.org.au/biological_agents
HSS Philippines, 2023. Most Common Occupational Safety and Health Hazards Many Filipino Workers are Facing in the Philippines
https://hssphilippines.com/blog/safety-and-health-tips/occupational-safety-and-health-hazards-many-filipinos-are-facing
Mahapatra, S. 2019 Natural and Manmade Hazard in Fisheries and Aquaculture.
1
https://www.slideshare.net/SaileshMagapatra/natural-and-man-made-hazard-in-fisheries-and-aquaculture
National University of Science and Technology Islamabad, 2022. Pen Culture. https://www.slideshare.net/NrFatima/penculturepptx
Nutriewind, 2022 What is Organic Farming? – Definition, Benefits, Types, Advantages & Disadvantages
Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion, 2021. Environmental and Occupational Health
https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Health-Topics/Environmental-Occupational-Health/Health-Hazards/Biological
Occupational hazards | Fishing Safety | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2024). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations. https://www.fao.org/fishing-safety/risk-management/occupational-hazards/en/
Occupational hazards | Fishing Safety | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2024). Www.fao.org.
https://www.fao.org/fishing-safety/risk-management/occupational-hazards/en/
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2018). Identifying and Addressing Ergonomic Hazards Workbook Midwest Worker Center Ergonomic
Training Project. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/2018-12/fy15_sh-27643-sh5_ErgonomicsWorkbook.pdf
Ramarao, K. 2020 Types of Aquaculture Practices.
https://www.slideshare.net/KarriRamarao/aquaculture-practices
Shubham Patidar Fisheries ADDAA, 2018. Cage Culture. https://www.slideshare.net/sbmptdr/cage-culture-107322690
What is Organic Farming? – Definition, Benefits, Types, Advantages & Disadvantages - Nutriewind. (2022, September 20). Nutriewind.
https://nutriewind.com/what-is-organic-farming-definition-benefits-types-advantages-disadvantages/

III. TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCEDURE NOTES TO TEACHERS

A.​ Activating DAY 1 – DAY 2 Answers:
Prior 1.​ Short Review 1. Fact
Knowledge Fact or Bluff 2. Bluff (Fisheries)
Directions: Determine whether the statement is Fact (True) or Bluff (False). 3. Fact
1.​ Aquatic pollution, as defined in the Republic Act No. 10654 Section 107, shall be unlawful. 4. Fact
2.​ Republic Act No. 10654 is an amendment to the Philippine Agriculture Code of 1998. 5. Bluff (Aquatic)
3.​ All aquatic and fishery resources, whether inland, coastal, or offshore, including fishponds, fish
pens/cages.
4.​ One of the Technical Committee of Rule 107.2 shall be composed of representative from the
Environmental Management Bureau of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).
5.​ Fish capture technology encompasses the process of catching any land animal.
2.​ Feedback (Optional)

2
B.​ Establishing 1.​ Lesson Purpose
Lesson The teacher will explain the purpose of Occupational safety and health hazards. That the primarily focus
Purpose is to protect the people from any accidents, injuries, and exposure to harmful substances.
2.​ Unlocking Content Vocabulary
●​ Biological Health - Biological hazards, also known as biohazards, are organic substances that pose a
threat to the health of living organisms, primarily humans.
●​ Brackish water Culture - It is rich in oxygen and plankton. Brackish water organisms can be
cultured in various ways such as in tidal ponds, pens, cages or by rack, raft, or rope culture.
●​ Chemical hazards - mean any organic or inorganic substance of a particular identity, any element or
uncombined chemical and any combination of such substances, or any mixture or two or more
chemical substances.
●​ Ergonomic Health - It is the science of fitting jobs to workers instead of trying to get the worker to fit
the job. It focuses on designing workstations, tools & work tasks for safety, efficiency, and comfort.
●​ Manmade Hazard - Anthropological hazards are those hazards caused directly or indirectly by human
action or inaction. They can be contrasted with natural hazards.
●​ Mariculture - For the culture of fish, prawns, and lobster floating cages are used.
●​ Natural Hazard - It is a natural phenomenon that might have a negative effect on people or the
environment. Natural hazard events can be grouped into four broad categories.
●​ Physical Health - Refer to the potential risks that can cause physical harm or injury to workers due
to physical agents, factors or conditions present in the workplace.
●​ Psychosocial Hazard - refer to the stressors and factors in the workplace or environment that can
cause emotional distress or mental health issues in individuals.
SUB-TOPIC 1: Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) hazards in Fisheries
1.​ Explicitation
Whether working on-board a fishing vessel or in port, fishers are often exposed to occupational hazards.
Fishing requires working for long hours at sea, often at night and in rough weather. The work involves
transporting and operating heavy equipment and gears and handling of sometimes dangerous catches. The
work in commercial fisheries can therefore have severe health consequences, cause accidents, injuries, and
fatalities.
Health and safety in fisheries are a complex issue with multiple aspects. Fishing is performed under
unpredictable and rapidly changing weather and sea conditions, yet many fishing vessel crew are lacking any
form of protection. Many fishing crews, particularly in small-scale fisheries, have only informal and
self-employed work arrangements, lack proper employment contracts and have limited or no access to social
security, including pensions, disability, and health insurance. A large majority of fishing crews worldwide
have not received basic safety training nor have access to safety gear and protective clothing while working on
3
board, which contributes to their exposure to occupational hazards. In addition, cultural norms and views
around masculinity tend to influence the perception of risks and behavior of fishers. Occupational health
issues commonly encountered in commercial fisheries include:
●​Cancers and allergies, such as skin cancers, from lengthy and unprotected exposure to ultraviolet (UV)
rays from the sun.
●​Eye disorders, such as sunburned eyes and blurred vision, from overexposure to UV rays from the sun.
●​Injuries, from sharp objects on deck, gears or fish handling.
●​Hearing disorders, from working in noisy engine rooms.
●​Musculoskeletal disorders, from falls on slippery wet surfaces, getting caught in winches or other
machinery or from lifting heavy loads.
●​Suicides, from lengthy periods of stress and fatigue.
●​Drug and alcohol addictions.

4
C.Developing Precationary measures in the fisheries workplace: As there are many
and Deepening contents in this lesson.
Understanding The teacher may opt to
●​ Do not get caught in ●​ Wear gloves when handling ●​ Limit alcohol consumption choose
Not all
necessary points.
lessons can be
winches or machinery. catch. on board. covered. This is lesson
●​ Be careful with deck ●​ Wear protective clothing. ●​ Check ladders before use. menu for the teachers.
openings and hatches.
3.​ Worked Example
A hazard is a situation that poses a level of threat to life, health property, and environment. Hazards can be
dormant or potential, with only a theoretical risk of harm; however, once a hazard becomes “active”, it can
create an emergency. A hazard that has come to pass is called incident. Hazard and possibility interact
together to create risk.
Types of Hazards:
Natural Hazard - It is a natural phenomenon that might have a negative effect on people or the environment.
Natural hazard events can be grouped into four broad categories.
●​Geophysical hazards – these hazards are driven by geological (i.e., Earth) processes, in particular, plate
tectonics. This includes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
●​Meteorological hazards – these hazards driven by meteorological (i.e., weather) processes, in particular
those related to temperature and wind. This includes heat wave, cold waves, cyclones, hurricanes, and
freezing rain.
●​Hydrological hazards – hazards driven by hydrological (i.e., water) processes. This includes floods,
droughts, mudslides, and tsunamis.
●​Biological hazards – can refer to a diverse array of disease and infestation.
Manmade Hazard - Anthropological hazards are those hazards caused directly or indirectly by human action
or inaction. They can be contrasted with natural hazards.
●​These are the result of carelessness or human errors during technological and industrial use.
●​Disasters are in the form of accidents, which occur all of a sudden and take a huge toll on life and
property. Mostly such disasters cause injuries, disease, and casualties where they occur.
●​Anthropogenic hazards may adversely affect human, other organisms and biomes and eco-systems.
Types of Natural and Manmade Hazard in Fisheries
CYCLONE
●​Cyclone is a large scale of air mass that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric pressure.

5
 ●​In the northern hemisphere, cyclones are called hurricanes or typhoons, and their winds blow in an
anti-clockwise circle. In the southern hemisphere, these tropical storms are known as cyclones, whose
winds blow in a clockwise circle.
●​In common terms, cyclone can be described as a giant circular storm system whose wind speed must be
more than 119km/hr.
FLOODS
●​Floods refer to the inundation of large parts of land which otherwise remain dry by water for some
duration of time.
●​Floods are two types: Natural floods and catastrophic floods.
●​The floods in the mountainous regions due to cloudbursts or damming of streams are referred to as
flashfloods. In flashfloods, the water drains away quickly but only after causing extensive damage.
●​Floods are also caused by heavy snow melting.

DROUGHT
●​It is a condition of abnormally dry weather within a geographic region. It is the lack or insufficiency of
rain for an extended period of time in a specific region.
●​During droughts, rainfall is less than normal causing a water imbalance and resultant water shortage. It
occurs when the rate of evaporation and transpiration exceeds precipitation for a considerable period.
●​Droughts usually occur in hot dry areas of land. It most cases the area is dry because there is very
minimal rainfall. The rain that does fall will be quickly absorbed into the ground or blown away by the
dry air flow that moves along the ground. Therefore, the land is very dry and not many things can live
there.
TSUNAMI
●​Tsunami is a Japanese word with the English translation, “harbor wave.” Also known as seismic sea
wave.
●​it is a series of waves in a water body cause by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in
an ocean or a large lake.
●​Tsunami may reach a maximum vertical height onshore above sea level, often called a run-up height, of
10, 20 and even 30 meters.
EL-NINO
●​It is defined by prolonged differences in Pacific Ocean surface temperature when compared with the
average value. The accepted definition is a warming or cooling of at least 0.5-degree Celsius average over
the east-central tropical Pacific Ocean.

6
 ●​It affects the global climate and disrupts normal weather patterns, which as a result can led to intense
storms in some places and droughts in others. It also affects the Indian climate by altering rainfall,
floods, marine habitat, and storm patterns.
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Hazards
OSH is a risk associated with working in specific occupations. The Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) describes five categories of occupational hazards: ergonomic health, physical health,
biological, psychological health, environmental and chemical risk factors.
Ergonomic Health - It is the science of fitting jobs to workers instead of trying to get the worker to fit the job.
It focuses on designing workstations, tools & work tasks for safety, efficiency, and comfort. Ergonomics seeks
to decrease fatigue and injuries, along with increasing comfort, productivity, job satisfaction and safety,
because work injuries are not inevitable, and a well-designed job should not hurt you. Ergonomics is
important because when you’re doing a job, and your body is stressed by an awkward posture, extreme
temperature, or repeated movement your musculoskeletal system is affected. Your body may begin to have
symptoms such as fatigue, discomfort, and pain, which can be the first signs of a musculoskeletal disorder.
What are Musculoskeletal Disorders or MSDs?
Musculoskeletal disorders or MSDs are cumulative and chronic injuries of the soft tissue-muscles, tendons,
ligaments, nerves, joints, and blood vessels. The body has limits and can fail or wear out when abused or
misused. MSDs are defined as injuries to muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, nerves, and discs that are
caused or aggravated by our actions and/or environment that does not follow safe and healthy work
practices.
A well-known MSD is carpal tunnel syndrome which occurs when the nerve, which runs from the forearm
into the palm of the hand, becomes pressed or squeezed at the wrist. The carpal tunnel - a narrow, rigid
passageway of ligament and bones at the base of the hand - houses the 5 median nerves and tendons.
Sometimes, thickening from irritated tendons or other swelling narrows the tunnel and causes the median
nerve to be compressed resulting in pain, weakness, loss of grip or numbness in the hand and wrist, radiating
up the arm.
Symptoms of MSDs ●​ Burning sensation Ergonomic Risk ●​ Awkward or
●​ Pain ●​ Tingling Factors prolonged
●​ Weakness ●​ Drowsiness ●​ Force ●​ postures
●​ Stiffness ●​ Difficulty moving ●​ Heaving lifting ●​ Repetitive activities
●​ Sensitivity ●​ Clumsiness ●​ Push or pull ●​ Overhead work
●​ Swelling ●​ Carrying ●​ Contact stress
●​ Gripping ●​ Vibration

7
Some Ways to Reduce Ergonomic Risks
Engineering Improvements. Engineering improvements include rearranging modifying, redesigning, or
replacing tools, equipment, workstations, packaging parts, or products. These improvements can be very
effective because they may reduce or eliminate contributing factors. (For example, if your job requires sitting
for long periods of time, having an adjustable seat or foot stool so that your knees are higher than your hips
help protect your lower back.)
Administrative Improvements. Administrative improvements include changing work practices, or the way
work is organized.
●​ Providing variety in jobs
●​ Adjusting work schedules and work pace
●​ Providing recovery time (i.e., muscle relaxation time)
●​ Modifying work practices
●​ Ensuring regular housekeeping and maintenance of workspaces, tools, and equipment
●​ Encouraging exercise
Personal Protective Equipment. Safety gear, or personal protective equipment (PPE), includes gloves, knee
and elbow pads, footwear, and other items that employees wear.
Physical Health - Refer to the potential risks that can cause physical harm or injury to workers due to
physical agents, factors or conditions present in the workplace.
Types of Physical Hazards
The main factors and conditions associated with physical hazards include:
Body Stressing - Body stress is a collective term covering a broad range of health problems associated with
repetitive and strenuous work.
Factors Influencing Body Stress
Body stressing injuries, or musculoskeletal disorders (MSD), often develop from ergonomic hazards or
carrying out hazardous manual tasks. Body stressing injuries at work can result from a variety of factors:
●​ Psychosocial aspects of work – factors such as job demands, control, support and satisfaction,
imbalance between effort and reward and monotony of tasks. Financial concerns or relationship issues
may also contribute.
●​ Biomechanical - soft tissue damage which may occur through:
o​ direct exposure (blunt trauma or sudden overload), leading to a muscle tear or sprain, or
o​ indirect exposure (repeated light loading), leading to symptoms that may accumulate to cause
further degeneration and injury.
●​ Individual worker characteristics – factors including health problems or out of hours demands.

8
Electricity - Electric shock through poor electrical installation and faulty appliances can cause serious injury
and even death. It can result in:
●​ death from electrocution
●​ burn injuries to skin and internal tissue as well as damage to the heart
●​ other injuries, such as falling from ladders and heights, muscle spasms, palpitations, and
unconsciousness.
Heat - Heat strain can result from working in hot temperatures and being exposed to high levels of humidity
or thermal radiation, such as in foundries, commercial kitchens and laundries.
-​ When working in extreme heat conditions, you must be able to carry out work without a risk to your
health and safety, so far as is reasonably practicable.
Heights - Working at heights is a high-risk activity and a leading cause of death and serious injury.
Noise - Noise in the workplace is considered excessive when you need to raise your voice to be heard by
someone a meter away.
-​ Excessive noise can lead to temporary or permanent hearing loss or tinnitus (ringing in the ears). It
can also affect psychological health including anxiety, depression, fatigue, sleeplessness, memory, and
decision making.
Vibration - There are risks connected to working with vibrating equipment and plant which need to be
assessed and managed.
-​ Evidence also shows that people who experience vibration and noise at the same time are more likely
to suffer hearing loss and musculoskeletal problems, than people exposed to noise or vibration alone.
Biological Health - Biological hazards, also known as biohazards, are organic substances that pose a threat
to the health of living organisms, primarily humans. This category includes pathogens such as viruses,
bacteria, fungi, parasites, and other microorganisms that can cause infections. They also include biological
toxins, allergens, and biological vectors that can carry diseases across different species.
Biological hazards can affect the human body in several ways, depending on the nature of the hazard and the
route of exposure. The primary routes of entry into the body are:
Examples of Biological Hazards
●​ Inhalation: Breathing in airborne pathogens or toxins can lead to respiratory infections or conditions.
Examples include tuberculosis bacteria or the spores of fungi.
●​ Skin Contact: Some biohazards can enter through cuts or abrasions in the skin or can cause
infections or allergic reactions upon contact. For instance. bloodborne pathogens like HIV and
hepatitis B virus can enter through open wounds.
●​ Ingestion: Consuming contaminated food or water can result in gastrointestinal illnesses. E. coli or
Salmonella bacteria are common causes of foodborne diseases.

9
 ●​ Inoculation: This occurs when a pathogen is introduced into the body through a puncture, needlestick
injury, or a bite from an infected vector, like a mosquito carrying the dengue virus.
●​ Mucous Membrane Exposure: Pathogens can enter the body through the eyes, nose, or mouth. For
example, conjunctivitis can be caused by certain viruses or bacteria entering the eye.
The measures which need to be taken to eliminate or reduce the risks to workers will depend on the
biohazard, but there are a number of common actions that can be implemented:
●​ Many biological agents are communicated via air, such as exhaled bacteria or toxins of moldy grains.
The production of aerosols and dust should be avoided in the manufacturing process, during cleaning
and/or maintenance.
●​ Good housekeeping, hygienic working procedures and the use of relevant warning signs are key
elements of safe and healthy working conditions.
●​ Many microorganisms have developed mechanisms to survive or resist heat, dehydration, or radiation,
for example by producing spores. The workplace must develop decontamination measures for waste,
equipment and clothing, and appropriate hygienic measures for workers, as well as proper
instructions for safe disposal of waste, emergency procedures, and first aid.
Psychosocial Health - Psychosocial hazards refer to the stressors and factors in the workplace or
environment that can cause emotional distress or mental health issues in individuals. They are increasingly
recognized as major challenges to occupational health and safety. Psychosocial hazards are aspects of work
design, organization, and management, as well as social and environmental factors, that have the potential to
cause psychological or physical harm.
Examples of Psychosocial Hazards
●​ Work Stress: This can be caused by a variety of factors such as high workloads, tight deadlines, lack
of control over work, and poor organizational support. Chronic work stress can lead to burnout,
which is characterized by exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced professional efficacy.
●​ Workplace Violence: This includes bullying, harassment, and physical violence from colleagues,
managers, or members of the public. It can lead to physical injury as well as psychological trauma.
●​ Work-life Balance: Poor work-life balance due to long hours or shift work can lead to stress and
conflict between work and family or personal life.
●​ Job Insecurity: Uncertainty about the future of one’s job can be a significant source of stress and
anxiety.
●​ Poor Organizational Culture: A workplace that lacks policies for promoting respect and fair treatment
may lead to a toxic work environment.
●​ Lack of Participation and Control: Having little influence over one’s job or working conditions can lead
to dissatisfaction, stress, and a feeling of lack of control.
Environmental - Environmental health is a field that focuses on how the natural and human-built
surroundings as well as behaviors affect human well-being. The field is concerned with preventing disease,
10
death, and disability by reducing exposure to environmental hazards and promoting behavioral change.
Environmental hazards are threats to human health and well-being.
The importance of workplace health
o​ The world of work is evolving rapidly, and employee health has become a major concern. The Covid-19
pandemic has heightened this awareness, emphasizing the importance of a healthy work environment.
o​ Studies indicate that companies implementing a proactive approach to prevention and occupational
health and safety standards (OHS) have employees who are healthy, safe, and perform well.
o​ Employee health stands as a fundamental pillar within a company’s overall framework. Healthy
employees are more engaged, productive, and less prone to extended absences or workplace accidents.

The role of Occupational Health Prevention Services in environmental monitoring

o​ The Occupational Health and Prevention Services (OHPS) play a crucial role in environmental
monitoring within companies.
o​ Their primary mission is to ensure the protection and promotion of workers’ health by assessing
occupational risks, including those related to the work environment. As part of workplace
environmental monitoring, these services analyze working conditions, potential exposure to
environmental pollutants such as chemical, physical, or biological agents, as well as other
environmental factors that could impact employee health.
o​ These identifications and risk assessments by the Occupational Health and Prevention Services
contribute to the implementation of preventive measures and action plans, aiming to reduce
occupational accidents and work-related illnesses, which result in economic losses equivalent to 4-6%
of GDP in most countries (WHO).
o​ Promoting a healthy and safe work environment not only helps meet regulatory standards but also
enhances the quality of work life, fosters employee well-being, and improves productivity.
Potential environmental risk hazards and effects on employee health
The environmental risks to which employees are exposed can vary depending on the industry, type of work
performed, and geographical location. Here are some of the environmental risks commonly encountered by
workers:
●​ Air Pollution - Possibility of exposure to various pollutants and chemicals. In the service sector,
pollutants such as fine particles, carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), or volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) or light (VOLCs) are found.
●​ Noise Pollution - Exposure to high levels of noise from machinery, equipment, or industrial processes.
According to the INRS (National Institute for Research and Safety), noise represents a significant
nuisance in the workplace.
●​ Thermal Comfort

11
 o​ High temperature: Can lead to heat strokes, dehydration, and discomfort, with potentially
serious health consequences.
o​ Low temperature: Exposing workers to cold conditions can result in frostbite, hypothermia,
and circulatory problems.
The benefits of environmental monitoring
Environmental monitoring emerges as an essential tool to ensure workplace health and prevent risks. By
conducting an assessment of occupational hazards, proactive preventive measures can be taken to promote
well-being, health, and enhance working conditions.
●​ Detection of Health Risks - Environmental monitoring allows for quickly identifying potential exposures
to harmful substances or hazardous working conditions. This facilitates the implementation of
preventive measures before health issues manifest among workers.
●​ Prevention of Occupational Diseases - By monitoring work-related environmental factors, health
prevention services can help prevent the development of occupational diseases. This includes early
detection of risks associated with inhaling chemicals, exposure to carcinogenic agents, etc.
●​ Regulatory Compliance - By monitoring environmental parameters, health prevention services can
ensure that the company complies with health and safety regulations in the workplace (OHS). This
reduces the risk of legal sanctions and enhances the company’s reputation.
●​ Improvement of Productivity - Healthy and safe working conditions contribute to a more productive
workforce. By monitoring environmental aspects, companies can minimize absences due to health
reasons, reduce costs associated with sick leave, and increase overall productivity.
●​ Employee Education and Awareness - Environmental monitoring provides a solid foundation for
employee education and awareness. Informed workers about potential risks are more likely to adopt
safe behaviors and correctly use personal protective equipment.
●​ Tracking Trends and Evaluating Interventions - By collecting data over an extended period, health
prevention services can assess the effectiveness of implemented preventive measures. This allows for
adjusting prevention strategies based on observed trends.
Chemical - Chemical hazards mean any organic or inorganic substance of a particular identity, any element
or uncombined chemical and any combination of such substances, or any mixture or two or more chemical
substances. Inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, or contact with harmful substances can pose risks. In
various industries, these substances can be present in the form of liquids, solids, gases, mist, dusts, fumes,
and vapors.
Examples of Chemical Hazards
●​ Toxic Substances: These can cause various health effects, ranging from mild irritation to severe health
conditions, including organ damage and cancer. Toxicity can depend on the dose, duration of
exposure, and the nature of the chemical.
●​ Corrosives: Chemicals like acids and bases can cause burns on contact with skin or eyes. They can
also damage respiratory tissues if inhaled and can corrode metal equipment.

12
 ●​ Irritants: These substances may not cause immediate damage but can lead to inflammation or
irritation of the skin, eyes, nose, or throat with exposure.
●​ Sensitizers: Sensitizers can lead to allergic reactions upon exposure. Repeated exposure can increase
sensitivity and lead to sever reactions like dermatitis or respiratory issues.
●​ Carcinogens: These are substances that are known or suspected to cause cancer. Regular exposure,
even at low levels, can be dangerous over time.
●​ Mutagens: Mutagenic chemicals can cause changes in the DNA of exposed individuals, leading to
genetic mutations.
●​ Reproductive Toxins: These chemicals affect reproductive capabilities, including fertility issues,
developmental disorders, and birth defects.
●​ Asphyxiants: These chemicals either consume or displace oxygen in the air or interfere with the body’s
ability to transport or utilize oxygen, leading to suffocation. Carbon monoxide is a well-known
example.
●​ Neurotoxins: Substances that have harmful effects on the nervous system, leading to symptoms such
as dizziness, tremors, and, in severe cases, brain damage.
●​ Systemic Toxins: These affect entire body systems or multiple organs, such as the liver, kidneys, or the
central nervous system.
4.​ Lesson Activity
Spot the Hazard: How observant
are you? Do you know what it
takes to spot the hazards in these
photos?
DAY 2
SUB-TOPIC 2: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ORGANIC AQUACULTURE
1.​ Explicitation
Aquaculture is the cultivation of aquatic organisms such as fish,
shellfish and even plants. This term refers to the cultivation of
marine and freshwater species and can range from land-based
to deep-sea production.
Present for several millennia, aquaculture has been improving
with time. Today, the ponds are located in ponds, enclosures.
Fish swim freely in large net structures in the protected coastal
areas. This means they have continuous access to clean water
and exercise, so the fish are healthy, lean, and firm.
2.​ Worked Example
13
 Organic fish farming is a newly developed concept and is still in the early stages of development and
strives to re-establish a proper balance in aquaculture systems, for the benefit of the fish, the environment,
and consumers.
The feed, mainly consisting of fish meal, oil, cereal-based products, vitamins, and minerals, etc. should be
organically produced. And it is not an easy task to bring down and remove the level of organochlorine
pollutants in the marine fish that are used for conversion into fishmeal. Fish fed with natural ingredients
from certified organic agriculture and sustainable fisheries-feeds
are particularly formulated to match exactly what the fish would
eat in the wild.
3.​ Lesson Activity
To assess the learner’s current understanding of the lesson that
is integrated with Philippine contemporary context. The teacher
asks this simple question to the students: “As a Grade 8
students, in what way can you contribute to protecting these
advantages and disadvantages?”
DAY 3 - DAY 4
SUB-TOPIC 3: AQUACULTURE METHODS AND PRACTICES
1.​ Explicitation
Aquaculture has a tradition of about 4 000 years. It began
in China, possibly due to the desires of an emperor to have a
constant supply of fish. It is speculated that the techniques for
keeping fish in ponds originated in China with fishermen who
kept their surplus catch alive temporarily in baskets submerged in rivers or small bodies of water created by
damming one side of a riverbed. Another possibility is that aquaculture developed from ancient practices for
trapping fish, with the operations steadily improving from trapping-holding to trapping-holding-growing, and
finally into complete husbandry practices (Ling, 1977).
2.​ Worked Example
Overview of Aquaculture Methods and Practice
A number of aquaculture practices are used world-wide in three types of environments (freshwater, brackish
water, and marine) for a great variety of culture organisms. Freshwater aquaculture is carried out either in
fishponds, fish pens, fish cages or, on a limited scale, in rice paddies. Brackish water aquaculture is done
mainly in fishponds located in coastal areas. Marine culture employs either fish cages or substrates for
mollusks and seaweed such as stakes, ropes, and rafts.
These practices include:
14
 1.​ Mariculture
2.​ Metahaline culture
3.​ Brackish water culture
4.​ Freshwater Culture
Mariculture
For the culture of fish, prawns, and lobster floating cages are used.
Racks, rafts, rope, pole, and long lines are used for the culture of
mussels, particularly pearl oyster. Seaweed also is widely cultured
with the help of nets or webbings.
Cage culture – it is an aquaculture production system made of a
floating
frame, net materials, and mooring system (with rope, buoy, anchor
etc.) with a
round or square shape floating net to hold and culture large number
of fishes and can be installed in reservoir, river, lake, or sea. Cage culture involves the growing of fish in
existing water resources. A Catwalk and handrail is built around a battery of floating cages. There are four (4)
types of fish-rearing cages namely: (a) fixed cages, (b) floating cages, (c) submerged cages, and (d) moveable
cages.
Raft culture – is one of the commercially important methods of intensive
aquaculture. These are the rectangular wooden frames floating on the water.
They are made of bamboo and made to flows by empty dumps. The basic raft
unit consists of a long floating rope buoyed with numerous floats and
anchored with fixed wooden.
●​ Single Floating Rope Raft – it is independently positioned raft units, i.e.
they are not joined to other floating raft ropes but are anchored
separately.
●​ Block of Floating Rafts – is composed of between 10-40 floating kelp rope
rafts joined together. Floating raft ropes in parallel series are positioned
3-5m apart so that water circulation is not impeded and so that kelp
plants at maturity do not tangle.
Rack culture is an improvement of intertidal culture methods over the
traditional beach culture method. Using steel racks placed into the sand or
mud bottom, plastic mesh bags filled with small culture organisms are laid
across the tops of the racks where they are surrounded with water when the
tides come in.

15
Pole culture is mainly undertaken in France. This is also called the “Bouchot” or stake culture. The poles
used are big branches or trunks of oak tree, 4-6m in length, which are staked in rows, 0.7m apart on soft
and muddy bottoms of the intertidal zone during low tide.
Long-line culture is an alternative to raft culture in areas less protected from
wave action. A long line supported by a series of small floats joined by a cable or
chain and anchored at the bottom on both
end is employed. Collected mussel spats
on ropes or strings are suspended on the
line.
Bottom culture is used on oysters,
traditionally been cultured on the bottom
just like a wild oyster. Bottom culture is
pacing the oyster on the bottom of the
oyster lease or placing oyster shells on the
bottom of the lease to catch wild oyster.
Artificial reef culture – are intentionally placed benthic structures built of natural or man-made materials,
which are designed to protect, enhance, or restore components of marine ecosystem.
Freshwater culture refers to raising and breeding aquatic animals (fish,
shrimp, crab, shellfish, etc.) and plants for economic purposes by the use of
ponds, reservoirs, lakes, rivers, and other inland waterways (including
brackish water), which play an important role in the aquaculture industry.
●​ Composite fish culture – it is a system in which five or six different
species of fish are grown together in a single fishpond. Fish with
different food habitats are chosen so that they do not compete for
food among themselves. This ensures complete utilization of food
resources in the pond.
●​ Monosex culture – refers to the culture of either all male or all female populations, a sought-after
approach in aquaculture. The advantages of monosex population culture and details the
mechanisms to achieve it based on different modes of sex determination and sexual differentiation.
●​ Monospecies culture – this is concerned with the culturing of individual species of fish.
●​ Air breathing fish culture – shallow water bodies with poor oxygen content is used for culturing air
breathing fish species such as Channa, Clarias, Heteropneustes, etc.
●​ Predator-Prey culture (murrel-tilapia) – is also undertaken in shallow waters and in swampy areas.
Here, predator fish like murrels are cultured along with their prey-fish, tilapia.
Open Water System

16
 The farming of mollusks and seaweeds in open marine waters has become increasingly popular in a number
of countries, especially in the Third World where it is seen as a viable alternative to municipal or artisanal
fisheries or as a means of supplementary income for small-scale fishermen. Because sea farming is generally
low-cost and labor-intensive and could thus involve entire coastal communities, it is particularly appropriate
in areas where production from municipal fisheries has substantially declined and where, as a result,
subsistence fishermen have little or no means of livelihood.
A. Mollusk Culture
Bivalves are widely cultured in a number of countries world-wide. In Asia and the Pacific, they represent a
high-quality food resource with annual production higher than from crustacean culture on a per hectare
basis (Sitoy, 1988). In 1984, mollusks accounted for approximately 35% of the total production of coastal
aquaculture in terms of gross weight in the region (Shang, 1986).
The most important species for culture in Southeast Asia are the oysters (mainly Crassostrea spp.), mussels
(mainly Perna spp.), clams, cockles, and scallops (Pagcatipunan, 1987; Sitoy, 1988; Cheong, 1988; Liong et
al., 1988). In Japan, the most commonly cultured species include Crassostrea gigas, C. rivularis, C. nippona,
C. echinata, and Ostrea denseramellosa, with C. gigas as the predominant species (Honma, 1980). In Africa,
the culture of Venerupis is reported in Tunisia and Pinctada spp. in Sudan (Shehedah, 1975). In Mexico, the
culture of the large oyster Crassostrea spp. is carried out by cooperative societies and of the mussel Mytilus
edulis on floating rafts by private investors.
Oysters are widely distributed in estuaries and bays which receive some run-off from land and have
somewhat lower salinity than the open sea. As they filter their food from the water, they grow best in areas
with moderate to high concentrations of phytoplankton (SCSP, 1982c). Oysters grow best in intertidal areas
where they are exposed for some minutes or a few hours during low tide (Pagcatipunan, 1987). Mussels, on
the other hand, cannot tolerate tidal exposure even during low tide.
The best sites for culturing mollusks are therefore those that meet their biological requirements, including the
following:
(i)​ Seawater salinity range of 15-35 ppt.
(ii)​ Water depth of 1-10 m, and
(iii)​ Muddy bottom for mussels and hard rocky or coralline substrates for oysters.

In addition, the area for mollusk culture should be protected from strong water currents reaching three knots
and should be accessible to source of seed, transport, and markets. Furthermore, the presence of local
available stock in an area is a good indicator of its suitability for mollusk culture.

17
Countries which have successfully cultured bivalve mollusks have developed their own systems of culture
which depend entirely on natural seed stock, which are either gathered from natural seed beds or collected
using suitable materials for collecting seed from natural grounds (Sitoy, 1988).
In the Philippines, both natural and synthetic ropes have been used for spat collection. However, since
natural ropes, which have been found to attract more larvae than synthetic polyethylene or polypropylene
ropes, do not last long, natural fibrous materials like coconut coir are sometimes interwoven with synthetic
nylon ropes to make them more attractive to the larvae (Yap et al., 1979; Sitoy et al., 1983).
The string seed collectors are submerged in the sea water for seed collection at the right time. They are hung
on a collector rack, normally 12 strings along a distance of 1.8 m to hold about 1 000 shells. Sometimes,
strings are hung separately from each other at regular intervals; at others, three or four strings are put
together for hanging to prevent branches from attaching to strings when they occur in large quantities (Fig.
21) (Honma, 1980).
B. Seaweed Farming
Seaweed, aside from being used as food, are important sources of colloids or gels, such as agar, as well as
minerals of medicinal importance such as iodine. Eucheuma, ared algae, is a valuable source of carrageenan,
an important industrial compound used in stabilizing and improving the quality of a great number of
products. Caulerpa lentillifera, a green alga, is economically important because it is a favorite and nutritious
salad dish containing essential trace minerals such as calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, copper, iron
and zinc. It is also known for its medicinal properties, being used as an anti-fungal agent and as a natural
means for lowering blood pressure. Gracilaria, another red alga, is economically important in Taiwan (PC) for
its agar extracts.
The culture of the seaweed Porphyra is believed to have started as early as between 1596 and 1614 in
Hiroshima Bay utilizing pole and net devices originally installed to catch fish. At present, commercial seaweed
culture is limited to five countries in East Asia, viz., Japan and Korea (which both grow mainly Porphyra,
Undaria and Laminaria), China (Porphyra and Laminaria), Taiwan (PC) (Gracilaria and Porphyra), and the
Philippines (Eucheuma spinosium, E. cottonii and Caulerpa lentillifera). Thirty-one species belonging to 18
genera and three divisions are presently cultured in these five countries, of which only three out of the 31
species are green algae (Table 13) (Trono, 1986).
In 1988, the estimated world seaweed production for use in the manufacture of carrageenan was nearly 68
000 t of dried seaweeds, of which nearly 66% was supplied by the Philippines and the rest by Indonesia, Chile
and Canada. The bulk of the Philippine seaweed production consists of Eucheuma produced mainly in the
southern part of the country in reef-protected coastal areas. Caulerpa is also successfully farmed in seawater
ponds in Mactan, Cebu (Trono, 1986).
Fishpond, Cage, and Pen System
18
Fishpond Culture
Pond culture, or the breeding and rearing of fish in natural or artificial basins, is the earliest form of
aquaculture with its origins dating back to the era of the Yin Dynasty (1400-1137 B.C.). Over the years, the
practice has spread to almost all parts of the world and is used for a wide variety of culture organisms in
freshwater, brackish water, and marine environments. It is carried out mostly using stagnant waters but can
also be used in running waters especially in highland sites with flowing water.
1.​ Culture species
Commonly raised species in freshwater ponds are the carps, tilapia, catfish, snakehead, eel, trout, goldfish,
gourami, trout, pike, Tench, salmonids, palaemonids, and the giant freshwater prawn Macro brachium. In
brackish water ponds, common species include milkfish (Chanos chanos), mullet (Mugil sp.) and the different
penaeid shrimps (Penaeus monodon, P. orientalis, P. merguiensis, P. penicillatus, P. semisulcatus, P.
japonicus, and M. ensis). The more popular species for culture in marine ponds are the sea bass, grouper,
red sea bream, yellowtail, rabbitfish, and marine shrimps.
In Asia, where the bulk of world production from aquaculture emanates, fishponds are mostly freshwater or
brackish water, and rarely marine. In China and most of the Indian sub-continent, pond culture is
traditionally dominated by freshwater species, mainly the carps, usually in polyculture and/or integrated
with animal husbandry. In Southeast Asia, fishponds are predominantly brackish water, with milkfish and
penaeid shrimps grown either in polyculture or in monoculture.
2.​ Site Selection
Proper site selection is recognized as the first step guaranteeing the eventual success of any aquaculture
project and forms the basis for the design, layout, and management of the project (SCSP, 1982a). For
fishponds, especially those to be used for coastal/brackishwater aquaculture of high-value species like
shrimps, site selection is critical and should be given utmost attention. Adisukresno (1982), Hechanova
(1982), and Jamandre and Rabanal (1975) listed the following guidelines for the selection of a suitable site for
coastal fishponds:
(i)​ Soil Quality: preferably, clay-loam, or sandy-clay for water retention and suitability for diking; alkaline
pH (7 and above) to prevent problems that result from acid-sulphate soils (e.g., poor fertilizer response;
low natural food production and slow growth of culture species; probable fish kills).
(ii)​ Land elevation and tidal characteristics; preferably with average elevation that can be watered by
ordinary high tides and drained by ordinary low tides; tidal fluctuation preferably moderate at 2-3 m.
(Sites where tidal fluctuation is large, say 4 m, are not suitable because they would require very large,
expensive dikes to prevent flooding during high tide. On the other hand, areas with slight tidal
fluctuation, say 1 m or less, could not be drained or filled properly.)
(iii)​ Vegetation: preferably without big tree stumps and thick vegetation which entails large expense for
clearing; areas near riverbanks and those at coastal shores exposed to wave action require a buffer

19
 zone with substantial growths of mangrove. (The presence of Avicennia indicates productive soil; nipa
and trees with high tannin content indicate low pH.)
(iv)​ Water supply and quality: with a steady supply of both fresh and brackish water in adequate
quantities throughout the year, the water supply should be pollution-free and with a pH of 7.8-8.5.
(v)​ Accessibility: preferably readily accessible by land/water transport; close to sources of inputs such as
fry, feeds, fertilizers, and markets, fish ports, processing plants, and ice plants; and linked by
communication facilities to major centers.
(vi)​ Availability of manpower for construction and operation.
3.​ Pond Layout
The layout of the pond system depends on the species for culture and on the size and shape of the area,
which in turn determines the number and sizes of ponds and the position of the water canals and gates. A
fish farm is considered properly planned if all the water control structures, canals, and the different pond
compartments mutually complement each other (SCSP, 1982a). A complete fish farm has nursery and
grow-out ponds and, in some instances, transition ponds for intermediate-sized fish/shrimp, all of which are
properly proportioned and positioned within.
Milkfish culture in brackish water ponds in the Philippines follows the traditional practice of providing for
nursery, transition, and rearing operations. In some cases, formation ponds are used for additional growth or
stunting of fingerlings prior to stocking in rearing ponds (Fig. 2). The nursery ponds comprise about 1-4% of
the total production area while the transition and formation ponds constitute about 6-9% of total area
(Camacho and Lagua, 1988).
It has been suggested that a similar progressive culture scheme be adopted for shrimp pond culture when no
supplementary feeding is practiced. For growing to a medium size, a two-stage progression composed of a
nursery pond (NP) and a rearing pond (RP) is adequate (Fig. 3); for growing to larger sizes, a three-stage
progression composed of nursery, transition, and rearing ponds is recommended (Fig. 4) (ASEAN/SCSP,
1978).
Cage Culture
The culture of fish in meshed boxes placed in water is called cage culture. It is an intensive method of
aquaculture and practiced un areas where there is sufficient water movement. It is done in rivers, estuaries,
and seas. It is originated in kampuchia about 200 years ago and originally cages were used to transport fishes
alive from capture area to the market area.
Types of Culture: Cage
Cages in Lake Fish Pen Cages in the Ocean

20
mage from Philippine News Agency Cage fish farming in lake by Ankur P, Sunset in a fish pen in Obando, Bulacan by Sustainable fish farming by M.C. Deblois,
from Wikimedia Commons Marcopolo, from Wikimedia Commons from Wikimedia Commons

Construction:
Components of a fish cage
●​Frame - It can be made of wood, plastic, or
●​steel. Generally, plastic is used.
●​Floats – They are made up of empty barrels or polythene balls.
●​Sinkers – They are made of stone concrete or metal.
●​Net – Three types of nets are present inner net, outer net, and
cover net. It is made up of nylon, welded mesh or woven split
bamboo.
Structure of a cage
●​The cage may be square, rectangular, circular, six sided or eight
sided.
●​Generally, square and rectangular cages are preferred for culture.
●​The normal size of the cage is a 20-to-60-meter cube.

Types of cages
Fixed cages – installed in running Floating cages – lakes, rivers and Submerged and movable cage
water offshore water. – areas affected by cyclone.

Aquaculture by WorldFish Center, from Flickr Image from Fish Farming Expert
Image from FAO

21
Feeding
●​ The water movement brings in nutrients and natural feed.
●​ In addition, artificial feed is also given. Examples: rice bran, fish meal, and soyabean cake.
Advantages and limitations of cage culture
Pen Culture
Cage culture and pen culture both terms are often used interchangeably, particularly in N. America, where
sea pens and sea cages describe the same method of culture. Generally, “enclosure culture” is used to
describe what more precisely could be defined as cage or pen culture. Both cage and pen culture are types of
enclosure, i.e. holding culturable aquatic organisms in captivity within an enclosed space whilst maintaining
a free exchange of water. The two methods (cage and pen culture), however, are distinct from one another. A
cage is totally enclosed on all sides by mesh or netting, whereas in pen culture the bottom of the enclosure is
formed by the lake or sea bottom.
History of Pen Culture
The origin of pen culture is more obscure, but it also seems to have begun in Asia. According to Alfarez
(1977) and others, pen culture originated in the inland sea area of Japan in the early 10920’s. It was adopted
by the People’s Republic of China in the early 1950’s for rearing carps in freshwater lakes. Later, introduced
to Laguna de Bay and San Pablo Lakes in Philippines by the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
(BFAR) and Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) between 1968 and 1970 in order to rear milk fish
(Chanos chanos). Pens are still constructed at old pattern except that nylon or polyethylene mesh nets have
replaced the traditional split bamboo fences. The nets are attached to ports set every few meters, and the
bottom of the net is pinned to the substrate with long wooden pegs. Buttressing may be used to strengthen
the structures in exposed areas.
Where are Pens built?
●​ Pens are usually built in shallow (<10 m) waters, are 3-5 deep, and 2-7 ha in size. Although there are
much larger enclosures in N. America measuring up to 50 ha and up to 120 ha or more in Japan.
●​ The areas with too much silt and decomposing organic matter should be avoided.
●​ The bottom soil should be muddy, clayey, clay loam, or sandy mud with detritus.
●​ The flow of water should be 0.2-0.5 m/sec. soft substrates are preferable.
●​ Pens are formed by damming a bay, an arm of river, lake or reservoir, estuary or sea.
Barriers in Pen Culture
●​ There may be one or one series of barriers when the blind end of the aquatic body is to be enclosed.
●​ In the enclosures, where continuous flow of water takes place, there may be two series of barriers –
one being upstream and another being downstream.

22
Types of Barriers
The barriers may be of the following types:
1.​ Site Material-Dependent Barriers – the barriers or dams may be built with concrete or stones, sand or
soil depending upon the availability of the materials at the sites.
●​ Such type of barriers is generally equipped with screens which are made of vertical aluminum or
galvanized metal bars with little spacing.
●​ Screens function to check the escape of the fish stock.
Wire-Mesh Barriers – it is an uncommon type of barrier and includes galvanized wire mesh or chain links.
●​ At the bottom of the poles or pilings under water, such net barrier is fixed through a rope along the
seabed for approximately 1m, until it terminates in a lead line
●​ Generally, the net is embedded in the silt or sand of the bottom, sealing it properly, so that the entry
predators and escape of aquatic culturable organisms is checked.
2.​ Nylon-Net Barriers – it is an enclosure system used to partition of areas of an open aquatic body, e.g.
intertidal of the sea or foreshore areas of large lakes and reservoirs.
●​ Normally, the enclosure is framed on one side by the shore and the rest three sides by a wall of nylon
netting hung from stone on concrete walls of approximately 3 m wide core constructed.
●​ Net barriers may be hung from steel cables tied between walls. The latter are anchored to large anchor
blocks by steel cables, to check any lateral oscillation of the piles.
Types of Enclosures used in Pen Culture
The enclosures used in pen culture may be of following types:
1.​ Bamboo Scaffolding-Enclosure – it is generally used in Bays of Philippines and Lakes of China. These
enclosures are of various sizes (about 2.5 m high and 5-10 cm wide). A gap or interspace of
approximately 1.0-1.5 cm is essential between two bamboo splits for free exchange of water in pens.
2.​ Floating-Net Enclosure – it is a type of improved net enclosure. The enclosure is held in place by
concrete block sinkers with a series of small weights on the foot rope which is secured to a chain link
between the sinkers. The net is kept floating by floats attached to the headrope. To prevent fishes from
jumping, a horizontal net is stretched at the top of the enclosure. This type of enclosure has been
proved useful for the culture of tilapia and milk fish in the lakes
3.​ Single layered pens of nylon webbing – in this type of enclosures, Palmyra (a tropical Asian Fan
palm) poles are used for support which are pointed at one end. The size of the poles is 3m length,
15cm wide and 5cm thick. The poles are driven into the mud at about 50cm and are 1.5 m part. A
20-25mm thick polythene rope serves as a head rope and foot rope. Head rope is connected to a nail
driven at the top of the poles so that webbing is firmly held to the poles. The laterite stones are

23
 attached to the foot rope at an interval of about 1.5m. The stones along with foot rope and webbing are
anchored roughly 40-45cm in the mud.
The mesh size of knotless nylon webbing is about 10-20mm, and the approximate area enclosed by such nets
is up to 1.0 hectare. A scare-line composed of tender leaves of Palmyra is attached to a polyethylene twine at
an interval of about 1.0m inside the enclosure about 40-50cm above the bed of the pen. It is because the
fingerlings and juveniles may not dash against the webbing and get themselves injured. These are suitably
applied as nurseries for fish or prawn seeds.
Aquatic Species Suitable for pens
●​ The market demand and the availability of seed greatly influence the selection of candidate species for
pen culture.
●​ The main desirable characteristics for enclosure are faster growth rate, high survivability, capacity to
withstand overcrowding, acceptance of artificial feeds, high FCR, and resistance to diseases.
●​ Air-breathing catfishes, Tilapia, Murrells and prawns can be cultured in the pens.
●​ The principal fish species cultured in south eat Asian countries like Philippines and China are milk
fish and carps viz., grass carp, silver carp, big head carp.
●​ Some experimental culture of carps has been carried out in pens in oxbow lakes in Hungary and other
countries such as Bangladesh and Egypt have expressed interest in their use.
●​ The production of tilapias in net pens is also being evaluated in Philippines. Generally, the fish species
which are herbivores or detritovores, fast growing and tolerant to salinity changes in coastal areas are
preferred the most.
●​ Apart from fish, certain species of prawns and edible clams may also be cultured in pens.
Merits of Pen Culture Answers:
●​ More than arranged, production is assured in a limited space with rich food and oxygen supply.
●​ It is a nonstop process because of the continuous water supply.
1.Cage Culture
●​ Maximum growth is possible in pens as energy is saved towards locomotion and feeding. 2.Raft Culture
●​ No danger for mass mortality of fish, since toxic wastes like ammonia are flushed regularly. 3.Pen Culture
●​ It generates employment opportunities for the coastal fisher-folk. 4.Culture
●​ It reduces over-exploitation of the fry. 5.Running
●​ It requires comparatively low capital outlay. 6.Barriers
●​ It requires simple technology of operation. 7.Monosex
Demerits of Pen Culture 8.Freshwater
●​ Nylon-webbing enclosures may be cut or damaged by some species of crabs.
9.Tidal Ponds
●​ Predator fishes, if not eradicated periodically, may cause considerable damage to cultured individuals viz.,
10.Saltwater
fry, fishes and prawns.
●​ The abundance of weeds in the surroundings of pens may disturb the environment by lowering the oxygen
level through release of H2S upon death and decay.

24
●​ Few barnacles and algae like Ectocarpus when adhered to the bamboo poles, nets or other material of the
pens may cause biofouling.
●​ Terrestrial insects also take shelter in exposed portions of pens and may cause damage.
●​ Unfavorable climatic conditions may damage the pen.
●​ Pen culture may be adversely affected with the occasional abundance of red tide causing organisms such
as dinoflagellates, especially during summer or southwest monsoon.
●​ Pen culture may not be suitable for all fish species.
●​ Fishes culture in pens are bound to bear toxic industrial pollution, if happens.
●​ Pens are largely restricted to lentic water bodies.
Lesson Activity
Complete Me!
Directions: Write the missing word/words in the blank.

1. ______________ is an aquaculture production system made of a floating frame, net materials, and mooring
system.
2. _______________ is one of the commercially important methods of intensive aquaculture. These are the
rectangular wooden frames floating on the water.
3. ________________ refers to small enclosures used for confinement or safe keeping of domestic animals.
4. The ____________ of fish in meshed boxes placed in water is called cage culture.
5. Fixed cages are installed in ______________ water.
6. Nylon-Net _______________ is an enclosure system used to partition of areas of an open aquatic body.
7. _________________ culture refers to the culture of either all male or all female populations, a sought-after
approach in aquaculture.
8. __________________ culture refers to raising and breeding aquatic animals (fish, shrimp, crab, shellfish,
etc.).
9. ____________________ are a shallow coastal inlet or bay that fills and empties with water as the tide rises
and falls, often characterized by tidal flats and marshes.
10. ___________________ ponds can also be called marine ponds, as they are filled with saltwater like the sea,
and contain some of the same species.

25
C.​Making 1.​ Learners’ Takeaways
Generaliza-
tions Complete the following statements based on what you have learned in the lesson.
I have learned that ____________________________________________________
I have realized that ___________________________________________________
I will apply ___________________________________________________________
2.​ Reflection on Learning
The learners will elaborate their answer and the teacher can give a follow up question.

IV. EVALUATING LEARNING: FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT AND TEACHER’S REFLECTION NOTES TO TEACHERS
A.​ Evaluating 1.​ Formative Assessment The formative
Learning a.​ Give the different types of Hazards. assessment questions
b.​ Enumerate the six Occupational Safety and Health Hazards and give a short description. could be answered on
paper or in the learners'
2.​ Homework (Optional) notebooks. The best
answers could be shared
3. Slogan Making (Individual) after the teacher checked
the learners' answers.
a.​ Make slogan on how important Occupational Health and Safety procedure.
b.​ Use Oslo paper, appropriate color medium and drawing tools.
c.​ Submit your output to your teacher for proper evaluation.

B. Teacher’s Note observations on any of the following The teacher may take
Remarks areas: Effective Practices Problems Encountered note of some
observations related to
strategies explored the effective practices
and problems
materials used encountered after
learner engagement/ interaction utilizing the different
strategies, materials
others used, the earner
engagement and other
related stuff.

26
 Teachers may also
suggest ways to improve
the different activities
explored.
C. Teacher’s Reflection guide or prompt can be on: Teacher’s reflection in
Reflection ▪​ principles behind the teaching every lesson
What principles and beliefs informed my lesson? conducted/facilitated is
Why did I teach the lesson the way I did? essential and necessary
to improve practice. You
▪​ students may also
What roles did my students play in my lesson? consider this as an input
What did my students learn? How did they learn? for the LAC/Collab
▪​ ways forward sessions.
What could I have done differently?
What can I explore in the next lesson?

27