Uninterrupted Wireless Charging of EVs for Expressways

Chapter 1

1. INTRODUCTION

In recent times, the transportation sector has witnessed a notable shift driven by the addition
of electric vehicles (EVs), heralding a transformative period in sustainable mobility. This
transition towards electrification stands as a vital strategy for combating climate change,
mollifying air pollution, and advancing towards a greener future. With the global demand for
EVs on the rise, there is a pressing need to address the challenges essential to their wide
integration, particularly concerning long-distance trips on roadways. Despite their
environmental benefits, the relinquishment of EVs is hindered by practical limitations,
especially their limited range and the vexation of frequent charging stops, especially during
extended peregrinations.

Traditional charging styles, like draw-in stations, complicate these challenges on

roadways, where the need for frequent stops not only inconveniences motorists but also
disrupts business inflow and increases travel times. To overcome these obstacles and
expedite the relinquishment of EVs for long-distance trips, innovative results are imperative.

The design aims to innovate a groundbreaking wireless charging system specifically

designed for throughway surroundings, aiming to revolutionize the way EVs are powered
and charged during lengthy peregrinations. At the design's core lies the development of a
robust and effective wireless charging structure capable of delivering continued power to
EVs covering roadways. Using advanced wireless power transfer technologies, the system
will ensure flawless energy transfer between the throughway structure and EVs, preventing
the need for traditional draw-in stations and minimizing charging dislocations during trips.
Virtually speaking, this means bedding wireless charging coils directly into the windshield,
enabling EVs equipped with compatible receivers to charge continuously as they travel.

By seamlessly integrating wireless charging technology into the overall structure, the
design aims to enhance the convenience and effectiveness of EV trips while simultaneously
reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable transportation results. The
design's counteraccusations extend beyond theoretical invention to practical, real-world

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 Uninterrupted Wireless Charging of EVs for Expressways
impact. A successful implementation of a continued wireless charging system for roadways
would not only grease flawless long-distance trips for EVs but also palliate traffic at
traditional charging stations and reduce reliance on fossil energies. Also, it would signify a
significant step forward in the transition towards a more sustainable and environmentally
friendly transportation ecosystem.

Eventually, the “Wireless Charging of EVs for Expressway" design represents a

palpable and practical result to the challenges hindering the wide relinquishment of EVs for
long-distance trips. By marrying cutting-edge technology with real-world operations, the
design aims to pave the way for a greener, more effective, and more sustainable future in
transportation.

Fig. 1(a) Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging Lane

The aim of this project is to envision, create, and install wireless electric vehicle (EV)
charging stations to transform electric mobility. Our goal is to develop a cutting-edge
infrastructure that will make it simple for electric vehicles to refuel while parked, doing away
with the requirement for traditional plug-in techniques. By thoroughly investigating technical
developments in wireless charging capacities, our goal is to smoothly incorporate these
solutions into city settings. Our study intends to illustrate the transformative potential of
wireless EV charging stations in advancing the uptake and acceptance of electric vehicles by

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 Uninterrupted Wireless Charging of EVs for Expressways
undertaking thorough assessments of sustainability, efficiency, and feasibility.

The creative terminals use cutting-edge electromagnetic principles to improve user

comfort and expedite the method of charging. Adaptive charging stations produce magnetic
fields by carefully placing electromagnetic coils or resonators within the physical structure of
the charging system. Inductive power transfer (IPT) is triggered by receiver coils placed under
the mainframe of electric vehicles that are equipped with these fields. Without the use of
physical connectors, IPT charges the battery in the automobile through electric current
induction within the receiver coils. Furthermore, real-time modifications of magnetic field
characteristics are made possible by the integration of adaptive control algorithms, which
maximize charging efficiency while upholding safety regulations.

Fig. 1(b) A new one mile section of road designed to charge electric cars
while they are moving or at stationary.

The primary coil is the source of the electromagnetic field and is usually placed in the
road infrastructure. Ampere's law states that as an electric current pass through the primary
coil, it creates a magnetic field surrounding it. The surrounding region is also affected by this
magnetic field, including the space above the road where cars with secondary coils that work
with them pass by. However, in electric vehicles, the secondary coil is mounted and functions
as a receiver of the magnetic field produced by the primary coil. A secondary coil exposed to
a fluctuating magnetic field will induce an electromotive force (EMF) in the coil, which will
result in the creation of an electric current, in accordance with Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction. When a car with a secondary coil passes over a main coil buried in
the road, an electromagnetic field shift causes the secondary coils to produce an

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 Uninterrupted Wireless Charging of EVs for Expressways
electromagnetic field (EMF), which charges the vehicle's batteries without requiring physical
connections. This is known as wireless charging highways.

A one mile stretches of road designed to charge electric vehicles (EVs) while they are
traveling, or stationary represents an innovative approach to enhancing electric mobility. This
concept involves integrating wireless charging technology directly into the road infrastructure,
allowing EVs to receive power without the need for cables or physical connectors. When an
EV, equipped with a compatible receiver coil, drives over the road, the electromagnetic field
induces a current in the vehicle's coil, allowing energy transfer to charge its battery.

Roads that wirelessly charge electric vehicles represent a significant breakthrough in

transportation technology, providing a new approach to powering electric vehicles (EVs)
without the need for traditional plug-in charging stations. This innovative technology uses
inductive power transfer to enable electric vehicles to charge while driving or parked,
allowing for continuous and seamless charging. The basic concept involves embedding
transmitting coils into the road infrastructure, which generate a magnetic field when energized
by a high frequency alternating current (AC). As electric vehicles with receiving coils pass
over or park on these roads, the electromagnetic field induces a current in the vehicle's coil,
facilitating wireless power transfer to charge the vehicle's battery.

This technology addresses one of the key challenges in electric vehicle adoption: range
anxiety, the concern about running out of battery during long trips. By enabling continuous
charging along expressways, highways, or dedicated lanes, wireless charging roads can
significantly extend the range of electric vehicles and reduce the need for frequent charging
stops. This, in turn, promotes greater adoption of electric vehicles and contributes to a more
sustainable transportation ecosystem.

In addition to addressing range anxiety, roads that wirelessly charge electric vehicles
can reduce traffic congestion at conventional charging stations and lower the dependency on
fossil fuels, aiding in the transition to greener transportation. However, the implementation of
this technology requires careful planning, adherence to safety standards, and coordination
with existing infrastructure. Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of this technology
in terms of convenience, efficiency, and sustainability make it a compelling solution for the
future of transportation.

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1.1. Objectives

The implementation of wireless charging roadways for electric vehicles (EVs) has several
goals that include social, environmental, and technical aspects. Fundamentally, the main goal
is to completely transform the EV power and charging landscape, which will eventually
enable the mass adoption of electric vehicles and support a more environmentally friendly
transportation system.
Improving EV wireless charging technology's dependability and efficiency is a major
goal from a technical standpoint. To improve power transfer efficiency and minimize energy
losses, wireless charging coils must be strategically placed and designed. Engineers also strive
to create resilient infrastructure that can resist the adversities of regular road use, such as
exposure to adverse weather, traffic, and mechanical strain.

Eliminating the requirement for physical connectors and manual labour would enhance
the ease of use and user experience of EV charging. EVs may be charged effortlessly and
conveniently on wireless charging routes, which enable them to automatically recharge their
batteries while driving or parking. This encourages the incorporation of electric mobility into
regular transportation activities while also decreasing range anxiety and charging downtime
for electric vehicle owners.

Facilitating the transition to electric mobility stands as a crucial step towards

environmental conservation, as it drastically reduces greenhouse gas emissions and curtails air
pollution. With wireless charging highways eliminating the necessity for gasoline and
conventional EV charging stations, they play a pivotal role in advancing renewable energy
utilization for transportation purposes, thereby diminishing reliance on fossil fuels. By
seamlessly integrating into expressways, these innovative roadways ensure the uninterrupted
and sustainable charging of electric vehicles, consequently leading to a significant reduction
in carbon emissions and an enhancement of air quality, particularly in urban settings.

The innovative notion of continuous wireless charging for electric vehicles (EVs) on
freeways seeks to tackle many obstacles in the realm of environmentally friendly
transportation. This concept has a wide range of engineering and technical goals, including
user convenience, technical efficiency, and sustainability goals. These are:

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 Uninterrupted Wireless Charging of EVs for Expressways
● Aims for Sustainability
Encourage the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) for long-distance travel by providing
continuous wireless charging on expressways, thereby reducing carbon emissions, and
supporting environmental conservation efforts.

● User Convenience
Improve the user experience by eliminating the need for physical connectors and manual
labor, making EV charging effortless and convenient for drivers.

● Safety and Technical Efficiency

Develop a reliable and efficient wireless charging system that ensures effective power transfer
to EVs with minimal energy loss and without interfering with other electronic systems.
Prioritize safety in system design to protect the environment and users.

● Maintenance Reduction and Weather Adaptability

Minimize maintenance costs by eliminating wear and tear on charging apparatus through the
absence of physical connectors. Ensure all-weather adaptability of wireless charging solutions
to guarantee continuous charging experiences in any weather condition.

1.2. Seamless Integration of Wireless Charging Technology

The idea behind the "Wireless Charging-Enabled Expressway for EV" project is to
revolutionize the manner that electric vehicles (EVs) are transported on expressways.
Fundamentally, the goal of the project is to seamlessly integrate state-of-the-art wireless
charging technology into the expressway experience, so revolutionizing it. With the help of
the wireless charging infrastructure, which uses dynamic inductive charging coils buried in
the surface of the highway, electric vehicles may be continuously charged while driving,
obviating the need for frequent stops. This strategy intends to improve EV drivers' efficiency
and convenience by enabling them to go farther between charging stops.

The idea imagines a time where long-distance electric mobility is not only feasible and
effective, but also enhances a more sustainable and safe transportation network. The project
intends to solve major obstacles to EV adoption, like range anxiety and limited charging
infrastructure, by concentrating on smooth wireless charging. The project prepares the ground
for the wider use and integration of wireless charging infrastructure into current expressway
networks by ensuring its dependability and safety via extensive testing and validation.

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The wireless charging-enabled expressway offers several advantages, including as
improved user experience, fewer traffic congestion, and a lessened dependency on fossil fuels,
by giving EVs a constant source of power while they are moving. The project's development
and execution are guided by this thorough methodology and technical data, which guarantees
a methodical approach to accomplishing the objectives of seamless wireless charging and
advancing environmentally friendly transportation options. The process of establishing
continuous wireless charging of electric vehicles (EVs) on expressways entails a thorough
planning, testing, and implementation of a reliable infrastructure for long-distance charging.

Fig. 1(c) Interaction of primary and secondary coils between car and road

First, a detailed examination of the needs and goals of the wireless charging system is
the first step in the process. This entails comprehending the unique requirements of electric
vehicle (EV) users, the features of freeway settings, and the technological difficulties related
to continuous charging while driving.

Next, to create the wireless charging infrastructure specifically suited for expressways,
engineers work in conjunction with specialists in electrical engineering and infrastructure
development. This involves figuring out where charging coils should be placed and how to
best arrange them along the highway network to guarantee smooth power transfer and
maximum effectiveness.

The main progress is from infrastructure design to technology selection, evaluating

wireless power transfer systems based on criteria such as charging range and efficiency, then
integrating the chosen technology into the design. Prototype testing ensues, combining
controlled experiments and on-road trials to assess safety, reliability, and efficiency, with
iterative improvements made as needed. Upon successful validation, the wireless charging

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system seamlessly integrates into expressway infrastructure with coordination from providers
and authorities. Stringent safety measures are implemented throughout, ensuring compliance
with electrical and wireless charging regulations to safeguard users and vehicles during
charging.

Lastly, a trial deployment is carried out on a designated stretch of the motorway to

evaluate the wireless charging system's performance and functioning in an actual setting. User
input and performance data are gathered to find any opportunities for enhancement and
optimization, guaranteeing the long-term viability and scalability of the system. This thorough
process will make it easier to establish continuous wireless charging of EVs for expressways,
opening the door to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly future for transportation.

Fig. 1(d) Wireless Power Transfer between the coils

In wireless charging systems for electric vehicles (EVs), the primary and secondary
coils play pivotal roles in transferring electrical energy wirelessly through the principle of
electromagnetic induction. This process relies on Faraday's law and the concept of mutual
inductance.

The primary coil, typically housed within the charging station or pad, generates an
alternating magnetic field (B) when an alternating current (I_primary) flows through it.
According to Faraday's law, this changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force
(EMF) in the secondary coil.

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 Uninterrupted Wireless Charging of EVs for Expressways

Mathematically, this relationship is expressed as:

Where:

● EMF is the electromotive force induced in the secondary coil,

● N is the number of turns in the secondary coil, and

represents the rate of change of magnetic flux through the secondary coil.

The induced EMF creates an alternating current (I_secondary) in the secondary coil.
The power transferred (P) between the coils is determined by the product of the voltage
(V_secondary) and the current in the secondary coil. In an ideal scenario, this can be
represented by the equation:

Efficiency in wireless power transfer is crucial, and it is influenced by factors such as

coil alignment, distance between coils, and coil design. The coupling coefficient (k) between
the coils quantifies the effectiveness of energy transfer and is defined as the ratio of the actual
mutual inductance (M) to the square root of the product of the individual inductances
(L_primary * L_secondary).

Mathematically, it can be expressed as:

A higher coupling coefficient indicates better alignment and closer proximity between
the coils, leading to increased power transfer efficiency. To optimize wireless charging

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 Uninterrupted Wireless Charging of EVs for Expressways
systems, engineers often employ resonant coupling, where the primary and secondary coils
are tuned to resonate at the same frequency. This resonance enhances power transfer
efficiency and extends the effective range of wireless charging.
In summary, the primary and secondary coils in wireless charging systems facilitate
the transfer of electrical energy through electromagnetic induction, governed by Faraday's law
and mutual inductance principles. By understanding and optimizing the parameters affecting
energy transfer, engineers can design efficient and reliable wireless charging solutions for
electric vehicles.

1.3. Advancements and Challenges

Uninterrupted wireless charging for expressway electric vehicles, which addresses issues like
range anxiety and long charging times, is a significant advancement in electric transportation.
For widespread adoption, however, system efficiency must be maximized, and large financial
investments must be addressed. Realizing a future where continuous electric travel transforms
sustainable transportation dynamics will require overcoming these obstacles.
A few international projects provide real-world instances of applying this
revolutionary technology:

● EVs may now charge while driving thanks to continuous wireless charging on the
Autobahn in Germany, according to a joint project between BMW and Volkswagen. With
this project, Germany will be positioned as a leader in all-electric highway mobility
options.

● For the first time, Tesla combines a sophisticated Autopilot technology with continuous
wireless charging, allowing EVs to charge while traveling on approved expressways. By
improving safety, real-time road condition communication solidifies Tesla's position as a
pioneer in autonomous electric vehicles.

● China addresses worries about EV charging infrastructure by partnering with BYD and
Huawei to enable continuous wireless charging on major expressways. This project
demonstrates a concerted effort to develop China's ecosystem for electric mobility while
improving traffic safety.

Although the addition of continuous wireless charging results in revolutionary

breakthroughs, it also poses problems that call for calculated answers. Expressway charging

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 Uninterrupted Wireless Charging of EVs for Expressways
infrastructure deployment requires significant financial commitments. Socially, it is critical to
increase drivers' understanding of and acceptance of this cutting-edge technology. To
overcome these challenges, research, development, and public awareness initiatives must
work together to advance this integrated system toward a day when it will revolutionize
expressway electric vehicle travel.

● Efficiency and Range Optimization

Wireless EV charging systems face energy losses due to factors like coil alignment, coil
distance, and electromagnetic interference, impacting overall efficiency and charging
range. Improving the coil designs and implementing advanced algorithms to enhance
alignment and reduce energy loss helps ensure efficient power transfer across various
vehicle types.

● Standardization and Interoperability

The lack of common standards for wireless charging systems leads to compatibility issues
and fragmentation among different manufacturers. Developing and adopting universal
standards for wireless charging promotes cross-manufacturer interoperability and
consistent
user experiences.

● Safety and Regulatory Compliance

Wireless charging systems must address safety risks such as electromagnetic radiation and
overheating, ensuring they meet regulatory standards. Implementation of strict safety
measures, performing rigorous testing, and adhering to established regulatory guidelines
will ensure safety and build public confidence in wireless charging technology.

1.4. Hardware and Software Setup Configuration

1.4.1. Hardware

a) Arduino UNO R3

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 Uninterrupted Wireless Charging of EVs for Expressways
● The Arduino Uno is a popular microcontroller development board based on the 8-bit
ATmega328P microprocessor. In addition to the ATmega328P MCU IC, it includes other
components to support the microcontroller, such as a crystal oscillator, serial
communication, voltage regulator, and so on.

● Microcontroller: ATmega328P

● Operating Voltage: 5V

● Input Voltage (limit): 7-12V

● Digital I/O Pins: 14 (6 of which provide PWM output)

● PWM Pins: 6 (Pin 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11)

● Analog Input Pins: 6

● Communication Protocol: UART x 1, SPI x 1, I2C x 1

● DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA

● Flash Memory: 32 KB (ATmega328P)

● Power Source: Power Jack, USB port, Vin pin

● Length: 68.6 mm, Width: 53.4 mm

b) Li-ion Battery
● Li-ion batteries consist of a carbon anode, a metal oxide cathode, and a lithium salt
electrolyte solution. They offer high energy density and capacity and are widely utilized in
portable consumer devices such as cell phones and desktop computers.

● Positive Terminal: Flat Top

● Nominal Capacity: 5000mAh

● Continuous Discharge Rating (max): 15A (not for cycle life)

● Total Voltage: 3.7V(single)

● Discharge cut-off Voltage: 2.5V

c) 8 Channel Relay
● A 5V 8-channel relay interface board that may be directly operated by a variety of
microcontrollers, including AVR, PIC, ARM, and PLCs.

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 Uninterrupted Wireless Charging of EVs for Expressways
● It can additionally regulate a variety of high-
current appliances and equipment.

● Standard interfaces can be directly connected

to microcontrollers.

● Red operational status indicator lights are

user-friendly.

● Widely utilized in MCU control, the

industrial sector, PLC control, and smart home control.

● Maximum output contact: AC250V 10A and DC30V 10A.

● Working voltage: 5 volts.

● Number of Channels: 8

● Dimensions: 138 x 56 x 19.3mm.

d) Servo Motor
● Electric motor that enables exact control over torque, speed,
and angular or linear position is called a servo motor.

● Model: SG90 9G Servo Motor

● Operating Speed (4.8V no load): 0.12sec/60 degrees

● Operating voltage: 4.8V~6

● Item size: 2.3 * 1.22 * 2.9cm

● Connector wire length: 25cm (Approx.)

e) Tip25C Transistor (NPN Transistor)

● High-power silicon complementary transistor TIP35C.

● The intended applications for this device are switching and general-purpose power
amplifiers.

● At minimal DC current gain of 25, the transistor has a collector

current of 25A.

● At IC = 1.0 A and f = 1.0 MHz, it also boasts a high current gain

bandwidth product of 3.0 min.

● The minimum sustaining voltage of the transistor is V = 100V

(collector-emitter).

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 Uninterrupted Wireless Charging of EVs for Expressways

f) Step-down converter (LM2596)

● Voltage Regulation device that reduces a higher input voltage to a lower output voltage.

● Module - Lithium Battery Charging Board

● Module Properties: non-isolated constant current and voltage module

● Input voltage: 7V-35V

● Output voltage: 1.25V-30V

● Output current: adjustable maximum 3A

● Conversion efficiency: 92% (the highest)

● Switching frequency: 150KHz

● Output ripple: 50mV (max) 20M bandwidth

● Weight:13g/PC

● Size: 46mmx23mmx10mm (approx.)

● Resistors (500 E 5 W)
Resistors are passive electronic components that impede the flow of electric current in a
circuit. They are widely used in electronics and electrical engineering for various
purposes, including voltage division, current limiting, and signal conditioning.

● Resistance: 500 ohms

● Power Rating: 5W

● Tolerance: Within 5%

g) Lithium Battery Charger Module

● Electronic component designed to safety charge lithium-based batteries by controlling
voltage, current, and charging to ensure optimal battery health and longevity.

● Module for 18650 Li-ion Battery Cells BMS

● Maximum discharge current: 10A

● Voltage: 12V

● Overcharge detection voltage: 4.25-4.35V±0.05V

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 Uninterrupted Wireless Charging of EVs for Expressways
● Over-discharge detection voltage: 2.3-3.0V±0.05V

● Maximum working current: 5A-8A

● Transient current: 9A-10A

● Internal resistance: ＜60mΩ

● Service life: ＞30,000 hours

h) Primary and Secondary Coils

● Primary and secondary coils are integral components in wireless power transfer systems,
with the primary coil generating a magnetic field and the secondary coil receiving energy
from that field to enable wireless charging.

Primary Coil:

● Number of Turns: 15 to 16

● Diameter: 0.5 to 3mm

● Material: Copper Wire

● Feature: High strength at low temperature

Secondary Coil:

● Number of Turns: 100 to 150

● Gauge: 22

● Material: Stranded Copper

● Feature: general power usage and low voltage power

1.4.2. Software

a) Arduino Software (IDE)

● The code is crafted in Arduino Sketch Language, an expressive derivative of C++ tailored
for microcontroller programming.
● No external database integration required.
● Basic use of standard Arduino libraries for serial communication (Serial.begin,
Serial.println) and digital input/output manipulation (pinMode, digitalRead, digitalWrite).

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 Uninterrupted Wireless Charging of EVs for Expressways
● Development and testing conducted on the Arduino Uno board within the Arduino
Software Environment.
● Model: ATMmega328P

● Working voltage: 5V

● Input voltage: 7-12V

● Digital I/O pins: 0-13 (6 support PWM)

● Memory: 32KB of FLASH, with 2KB of SRAM and 1KB of EEPROM

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 Uninterrupted Wireless Charging of EVs for Expressways

Chapter 2
2. Literature Survey/Market Survey

Sl Title Description Device Pros Cons

No.
The paper focused
1. Amritansh on the Motivation Coil, Inverters, Comprehensiv No experimental
Sagar, Rectifiers, e review of results or case
and benefits of
Compensation wireless power studies to
wireless power
networks. transfer for EV validate and
“A transfer for EV charging. demonstrate the
Comprehensive charging. technologies.
Review of the
Recent This paper
Development of Emphasis on highly
Wireless Power efficient and safety
Transfer in wireless
Technologies charging.
for Electric
Vehicle
Charging This paper proposed
Systems,” the Design and
Analysis of various
IEEE components and
Transactions, future challenges of
2023. wireless power
transfer for EV.

2. Larissa de This paper was Coil, Inverters, Reviews and Lacks empirical
Oliveria Pinto, proposed and focused Rectifiers. analyzes evidence and
on business models different data support its
for EV adoption and business claims and
“Understanding charging stations models for EV recommendation
Business worldwide. adoption and s.
Models for the charging in
Adoption of This paper was Brazil.
Electric analysis was done by
Vehicles and using the concept of
Charging SWOT matrix to
Stations: analyze the
Challenges and challenges and
Opportunities opportunities for
in Brazil,” business model
options.

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 Uninterrupted Wireless Charging of EVs for Expressways

University of
Sao Paulo,
Brazil, IEEE
field of interest,
2023.

3. Chaowei Fu, Researchers designed Double-D A novel No

and optimized a novel transmitter (Tx), magnetic consideration of
“A Compact magnetic coupler for coupler design metal objects
and Coupling- AGV wireless Compact dual- for AGV and human body
Smooth charging. coil receiver wireless effects.
Magnetic (Rx), charging.
Coupler Design This paper focused on
for AGV Analysis and Mutual
Wireless comparison of decoupling
Charging proposed magnetic device,
Application,” coupler with
LCC-S based
conventional ones.
decoupling
Qinhuanfdao,
compensation
China, IEEE
This paper proposed network.
field of interest,
2023. on Experimental
validation and
demonstration of
proposed magnetic
coupler on a
prototype AGV
wireless charging
system.

4. Ahmed Sayed The paper focused on Indirect field- No prior No

Abdelaal, the Two Battery oriented knowledge of consideration of
Energy Management induction motor driving different battery
“Battery techniques for EV (IM) drive profiles or types,
Energy traction system that system, road temperatures,
Management regulates speed and information and aging
Techniques for minimize battery Lithium-ion (Li- needed. factors.
an Electric SOC reduction and on) battery
Vehicle SOH degradation. bank,
Traction
System,” This paper was Two cascaded
focused on fuzzy logic
Comparison and controllers,
evaluation of
American Chen and Mora
proposed BEM
University of (CM) battery
techniques with speed
Sharjah, UAE, model.
regulators using

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 Uninterrupted Wireless Charging of EVs for Expressways

multidisciplinar Supplemental Federal

y open access Test.
journal from
IEEE, August -
2022. This paper proposed
the use of Procedure
(US06) and New
European Drive Cycle
(NEDC) and
estimates the battery
lifetime using a
model-in-loop
strategy.

5. Sung Yul Chu, This paper proposed a Transmitter coil, Provides a fair FC-TPM
non-contact method and accurate requires
“Transfer- called Faraday Coil – Receiver coil, way to additional
Power Transfer-power measure power hardware
Measurement Measurement (FC- Sense coils, transfer in components like
Using a Non- TPM) to measure the wireless sense coils and
Digital
Contact Method real power transferred charging digital
oscilloscope,
for Fair and by wireless power system for EV. oscilloscope,
Accurate transfer (WPT) for Computer. which increases
Metering of EV charging. the cost and
Wireless Power complexity of
Transfer in This paper Optimizes the the system.
Electric Demonstrated that system
Vehicles,” FC-TPM can achieve performance
0.1% accuracy in and reduces
University of hardware and the energy
Michigan, provides fair metering loss.
USA, IEEE by separating the
Transactions on losses on transmitter
Power and receiver sides.
Electronics,
2021.

6. John M. This paper was Inductive Focuses on Does not

Osepchuk, Q. developed to provide coupling, safety aspects include any
Balzano and electric power of wireless experimental
Ronald C. without wires or Magnetic power transfer data or case
Petersen, cables. resonance, systems. studies to
support its
“Safety of Radio claims and
Wireless Power This paper was frequency. recommendation
Transfer,” proposed and focused s.
on types, sources,

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IEEE effects of EMFs from

Transactions in WPT systems, as well
electromagnetic as the existing
radiation and its standards and
effect on health regulations for EMF
and safety, safety.
2021.

This paper aimed to

focus on WPT
systems that generates
EMFs that have
potential health
effects on humans
and other living
organisms.

7. N. K. Golla, S. This journal proposed Smart SoC Enhances Insufficient

K. Sudabattula the concept to Level safety, charging
and V. Suresh, Minimizes human Monitoring Reduced stations and
intervention, alerts System, Collision prolonged
"An IoT based users on battery Batteries, EV, Risks, and charging times
approach for status, and guides to Charging Improved can hinder the
EV charging nearby charging Infrastructure, Traffic Flow seamless
Station stations via an IoT devices, integration of
Locator," Android App. Android EVs into daily
Applications. transportation.
International
Conference on This paper also
Recent focused on
Developments Electrifying
in Control, transportation
Automation & minimizes carbon
Power emissions.
Engineering
(RDCAPE),
India, 2021.

8. V. -T. Tran and This paper proposed Vision-based Enhances Potential risk of
W. -H. Tsai, the development of a EV Detection driver misdetection
novel image dataset (V-EDV), awareness of (1.54%), which
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Vehicle enhance detection WaveResNet, vehicles, overlooked
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 Uninterrupted Wireless Charging of EVs for Expressways

Journal, Nov This paper was aimed traffic

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 Uninterrupted Wireless Charging of EVs for Expressways

Dushantha an RF wireless power rechargeable energy energy beams

Nalin K transfer scheme for a batteries solution for may introduce
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 Uninterrupted Wireless Charging of EVs for Expressways

12. Venkatesan This paper focused on Transmitting Provides a Implementing

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and

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 Uninterrupted Wireless Charging of EVs for Expressways

Misalignment This paper proposed

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Seyed Mahdi technologies for house garages or static and transfer methods

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 Uninterrupted Wireless Charging of EVs for Expressways

Miraftabzadeh, electric vehicles open parking dynamic may need to be

Alessandro (EVs) as a future lots, Dynamic wireless addressed, and
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2.1. Limitations of Current Work

● Efficiency of Power Transfer

Wireless power transfer over long distances, especially at highway speeds, poses
significant engineering challenges. The efficiency of transferring power wirelessly
decreases with distance, which can lead to energy loss and reduced effectiveness of
charging. Engineering solutions would be needed to optimize power transfer efficiency
while maintaining safe and reliable operation.

● Alignment and Positioning

Achieving precise alignment between charging coils embedded in the roadway and
receivers on EVs moving at high speeds is a complex engineering problem. Variations in
vehicle size, shape, and alignment may affect the effectiveness of charging, requiring
sophisticated positioning and tracking systems to ensure accurate alignment between the
coils.

● Safety Considerations
Engineering a wireless charging system for expressways must prioritize safety to prevent
accidents and ensure reliable operation in various environmental conditions. This includes
mitigating risks such as electromagnetic interference, overheating of charging
components, and potential damage to vehicles or infrastructure due to misalignment or
malfunction.

● Durability and Reliability

The harsh operating conditions of expressways, including exposure to weather, road
debris, and heavy vehicle traffic, pose durability and reliability challenges for wireless
charging infrastructure. Engineering solutions would be required to design robust charging
coils, protective enclosures, and monitoring systems capable of withstanding these
conditions while maintaining reliable operation over extended periods.

● Scalability and Integration

Engineering a scalable wireless charging infrastructure for expressways involves
integrating charging systems with existing roadway infrastructure. Ensuring seamless
integration while accommodating future expansions or modifications to the roadway

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network requires careful planning and coordination.

● Cost-Effectiveness
From an engineering perspective, optimizing the cost-effectiveness of wireless charging
systems on expressways involves balancing upfront investment with long-term benefits,
such as reduced energy consumption and maintenance costs. Engineering solutions would
be needed to minimize installation and operating expenses while maximizing the lifespan
and performance of the infrastructure.

● Range Anxiety
The elevation of range anxiety is seen more for EV drivers on long-distance trips. It may
not eliminate the need for traditional charging stations but still require access to charging
infrastructure at destinations or during extended stops, especially in the areas where
wireless charging infrastructure is not available.

2.2. Problem Definition

The implementation of wireless charging roadways for electric vehicles (EVs) presents
several significant issues that engineers and researchers are working to resolve. Optimizing
charging performance and power transfer efficiency is one of the main challenges. When used
extensively in road infrastructure, conventional wireless charging methods may have energy
losses, ineffective power transfer, and the electromagnetic interference. To overcome these
obstacles, engineers must create cutting-edge coil designs, materials, and placement
techniques that improve power transmission efficiency while reducing interference and losses.

The longevity and dependability of the infrastructure used for charging presents
another difficulty. Road surfaces are exposed to several environmental variables, such as
wetness, temperature swings, and mechanical stress from moving cars. These circumstances
may make wireless charging systems installed in roadways less reliable and less efficient. The
infrastructure designs that engineers create must be strong and durable enough to endure these
challenging circumstances and continue to provide reliable charging over an extended period.

Another major obstacle is interoperability and compatibility with current EV

technology and infrastructure. There are numerous charging networks and standards in use
throughout the world, and electric vehicles are available in a variety of models with varying

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charging requirements and protocols. For wireless charging highways to be widely adopted
and useful, it is imperative that they integrate and work seamlessly with a variety of EVs and
charging networks. For various EV systems and charging infrastructures to be compatible and
interoperable, engineers must provide standardized protocols, communication interfaces, and
interoperability standards.

When it comes to the implementation of wireless charging highways, safety is another

major worry. Because EVs are operated near cyclists, pedestrians, and other cars, there are
safety concerns about electromagnetic radiation, electric shock risks, and interactions between
the vehicle and the infrastructure. To reduce these dangers and guarantee the secure operation
of wireless charging devices in public areas, engineers must design and install safety features
including electromagnetic shielding, insulation, and automated shutdown procedures.
Addressing technological, operational, and safety obstacles to create an effective, dependable,
and user-friendly charging infrastructure that promotes the broad adoption of electric mobility
is the main issue with deploying wireless charging roadways for EVs. Engineers can help
improve sustainable transportation solutions and hasten the shift to a more eco-friendly and
efficient transportation ecosystem by tackling these difficulties.

Although the widespread use of electric vehicles (EVs) represents a major

advancement in the field of sustainable transportation, long-distance driving on freeways
presents a substantial obstacle to their integration. The limited range and frequent charging
requirements of electric vehicles provide significant obstacles to the smooth integration of
EVs into our transportation system.

Conventional charging stations make these problems worse by adding to trip delays,
traffic jams, and user annoyance. A novel solution is desperately needed to overcome these
challenges and accelerate the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) for long-distance travel: a
continuous wireless charging system designed exclusively for highways.

The creation of a reliable and effective wireless charging infrastructure that can
provide EVs with constant electricity while they are in motion is essential to this project. The
goal is to improve the effectiveness and convenience of electric vehicle travel by smoothly
incorporating wireless charging technology into the expressway infrastructure. Important
technological factors consist of:

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● Wireless Charging Coils: Putting wireless charging coils right into the surface of the
motorway is the proposed solution. These coils will communicate with EVs' installed
suitable receivers to allow for continuous charging while in motion.
● Advanced Power Transfer Technologies: Our solution will enable effective energy
transfer between the highway structure and EVs by utilizing cutting-edge wireless power
transfer technologies, such as magnetic resonance coupling. This simplifies the charging
procedure by eliminating the requirement for conventional plug-in stations.
● Safety Protocols: Adopting strong safety precautions is essential to the system's
performance. This involves preventing risks like interference from outside objects and
making sure the system operates at its best in a variety of environmental settings.
● Anticipated Effect: Numerous advantages could result from the uninterrupted wireless
charging system for expressways being implemented successfully.
● Smooth Long-Distance Travel: EVs fitted with receivers that are compatible with them
will be able to charge all the time, which will eliminate the need for frequent stops and
allow for continuous long-distance driving.
● Traffic Protection: Our technology improves the efficiency of highway travel and
reduces dependency on traditional charging stations, hence mitigating traffic congestion.
● Environmental Sustainability: By encouraging environmentally friendly transportation
methods, the system helps to lower carbon emissions and lessen reliance on fossil fuels,
paving the way for a more sustainable future.

To sum up, this initiative offers a workable answer to the issues preventing the general
adoption of EVs for long-distance driving. By combining state-of-the-art technology with
practical application, we open the door to a transportation environment that is more efficient
and sustainable. To hasten the adoption and spread of electric vehicles, our project aims to
illustrate the revolutionary potential of wireless EV charging stations and to promote their
smooth integration into urban environments.

In addition, our research attempts to optimize the functionality of the infrastructure for
wireless charging and tackle important technical issues. To provide uniform power
distribution throughout the highway network and optimum efficiency, this involves fine-
tuning the positioning and arrangement of charging coils.

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Furthermore, to dynamically modify charge parameters in response to current traffic
circumstances and energy consumption, we will use advanced control algorithms. We will
determine the system's scalability, safety, and dependability through extensive testing and
validation, opening the door for its wider adoption and integration into the current
transportation networks. The ultimate objective is to bring in a new era of environmentally
friendly transportation, one in which electric cars go smoothly down freeways, fuelled by a
reliable and effective network of wireless charging stations.

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Chapter 3

3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Working of Wireless Charging

Wireless chargers function similarly to transformers, where one coil generates an

electromagnetic field that induces a signal in the second coil. In wireless charging technology,
electrical energy is transferred from the source to the receiving device by creating an
electromagnetic field between them. The industry has adopted two wireless charging
standards:

● The inductive (tightly coupled) charging method and

● The resonant (loosely coupled) charging method.

Smartphone chargers, such as specific models, are common examples of wireless

charging technology. In a typical wireless smartphone charger, a charging pad or copper coil
in the base station acts as the primary side of the transformer, while the coil inside the
smartphone acts as the secondary side. When a smartphone is placed on the base station, there
is an effective energy transfer between the primary and secondary coils, resulting in an
induced alternating current (AC) in the secondary coil. The current is then rectified and used
to charge the battery.

Figure 2.1.(a) depicts a typical copper coil used in wireless charging.

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Fig. 3.1(a) Wireless charging coils with an example of Smartphone chargers

3.2. Working of Wireless Charging for EVs

Wireless EV charging comes in two forms: static and dynamic charging. Static wireless
charging involves charging an electric vehicle (EV) by parking it over a charging pad that
contains an electromagnetic field, which transmits energy to the vehicle's battery without the
need for physical contact or movement. The charging process starts by aligning the transmitter
and receiver. This type of charging is best suited for locations where EVs are parked for
extended periods, and the charging time depends on the AC power supply, the distance
between the receiver and transmitter, and the size of the pads.

Fig. 3.2(a) A typical static wireless power transfer (WPT) system

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This basic system includes an AC/DC rectifier with power factor correction (PFC),
inverter, and compensation network on the primary side. The AC power from the mains is
first converted to DC to maximize its real power, which is then fed into an inverter and
converted to AC at the desired operating frequency. A compensation network is used to
control the resonant inductive link. In the vehicle, the coupled AC power is rectified to DC
power after secondary inductor–capacitor–capacitor (LCC) compensation is performed, and a
DC/DC converter is used to control the output power for charging the EV battery. The
components and functionality may vary between different systems.

3.3. Wireless Power Transfer of Coils

● The project revolves around the utilization of inductive charging technology, a method
that enables the wireless transmission of power from the roadway infrastructure to electric
vehicles (EVs) while they are in motion along expressways.
● Inductive charging operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction, which involves
the transfer of energy between coils via a magnetic field, without the need for physical
contact.
● In this context, the expressway is equipped with transmitting coils that are strategically
embedded beneath the surface at specific intervals, forming a network capable of
wirelessly transferring power.
● EVs, on the other hand, are outfitted with receiving coils that are positioned to interact
with the magnetic field generated by the transmitting coils as they pass over them during
travel.

Fig. 3.3(a) Wireless Power Transfer System of coils

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Utilizing the mutual inductance concept, when the transmitting coil is turned on, a nearby
receiving coil experiences a comparable current. Coil geometry, the spacing between the coils,
and exact alignment are some of the variables that affect how well energy is transferred.

The receiver coil is placed on the vehicle's chassis, while the transmitter coil is integrated
into the road infrastructure in real-world applications like electric vehicle (EV) charging.
When the electric vehicle passes over or stops close to the transmitting coil, the receiver coil's
induced current is transformed into direct current (DC) via a receiver circuit, which usually
consists of a high-frequency rectifier, to charge the battery.

Wireless power transfer is made possible by this set up. It offers a versatile and
effective solution to maintain EV battery levels without the need for physical charging cords
by enabling both static and dynamic charging for moving and stationary vehicles,
respectively. This technology can completely change the infrastructure for electric vehicles
and increase the uptake of sustainable transportation by doing away with physical connectors
and enabling dynamic charging.

The successful implementation of wireless charging for electric vehicles (EVs) hinges
on the precise application of the concept of mutual inductance. When the transmitting coil is
energized with alternating current (AC), it generates a magnetic field. As this field varies with
time, it induces an electromotive force (EMF) in any nearby conductive loop, such as a
receiver coil in an EV’s chassis. This process is central to inductive power transfer and is
governed by Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction.

In practical EV wireless charging systems, the strength and efficacy of the induced current
depend on several key factors:

● Coil Geometry
The shape and size of the transmitting and receiving coils directly affect the efficiency of
wireless power transfer, with larger coils generating stronger magnetic fields but often
needing more power, while smaller coils offer easier integration but might be less
efficient.

● Spacing Between Coils

The distance between the transmitter coil in the road and the receiver coil on the vehicle
determines power transfer efficiency, with shorter distances yielding better efficiency;
careful engineering is required to maintain optimal spacing in different charging scenarios.

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● Exact Alignment
Proper alignment between transmitting and receiving coils is critical for efficient power
transfer, with misalignment causing energy loss and reduced efficiency; this is particularly
challenging for dynamic charging and may require advanced technologies for maintaining
alignment while driving.

3.4. Inductive Charging Principle

● The fundamental principle underlying inductive charging is electromagnetic induction, a
phenomenon where a changing magnetic field induces an electric current in a nearby
conductor.
● When an EV equipped with a receiving coil traverses the expressway and aligns with a
transmitting coil, the alternating magnetic field generated by the transmitting coil induces
a current in the receiving coil.
● This induced current in the receiving coil is then converted into electrical energy, which is
subsequently used to charge the EV's battery wirelessly.
● By exploiting electromagnetic induction, the project enables the seamless and continuous
charging of EVs while they are in motion, eliminating the need for traditional plug-in
charging stations and facilitating uninterrupted travel along expressways.

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3.5. Flow Chart

Fig. 3.5(a) Understanding the Model and Training View

The flowchart for a wireless charging system in an expressway environment begins with the
initialization phase. During this stage, the system sets up an Arduino microcontroller, which
serves as the brain for the entire operation. The microcontroller configuration involves setting
up system parameters to manage power transfer and sensor inputs. The initialization phase
also includes the establishment of a power-generation circuit, which provides the necessary

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energy to drive the charging process. Subsequently, the transmitting coils were calibrated to
ensure that they produced an optimal electromagnetic field. Simultaneously, the receiver coil
was installed and calibrated on an electric vehicle (EV). The battery, DC motors, and power
supply were connected to ensure a seamless flow of power throughout the system. This phase
concludes with the configuration of the Arduino IDE and embedded C software, which
manage the system's core logic and communication with various hardware components.

Once the initialization is complete, the main-loop phase begins, comprising several
interconnected steps. The first is vehicle detection, which relies on infrared (IR) sensors to
determine whether an EV is in the range of wireless charging. The system continuously
activates the sensors to detect the presence of vehicles. If a vehicle is detected, the process
moves to the power transmission step. If no vehicle is detected, the loop continues to monitor
any approaching EVs.

The power transmission step is where the charging occurs. It starts with activating
relays to initiate power transfer, followed by generating an alternating magnetic field with the
calibrated transmitting coils. This magnetic field interacts with the receiver coil on the EV,
allowing power transfer to take place. Once power is received, it is converted from alternating
current (AC) to direct current (DC) for EV battery charging.

Safety checks are a critical part of the main loop. The system continuously monitors
the temperature and voltage to ensure safe operation. Safety protocols were implemented to
address potential overheating and other hazardous conditions. If any safety issues arise, the
system can automatically initiate a shutdown to prevent damage or accidents.

Continuous monitoring is integrated into the main loop. This involves ongoing checks
of the system parameters to look for abnormalities or faults. If any issues are detected, the
system can be adjusted as required to maintain stability and efficiency.

The End phase represents the system's shutdown or continuous loop, depending on the
operational requirements of the application. The system can either transition to a controlled
shutdown if needed, or continue looping through vehicle detection, power transmission, safety
checks, and continuous monitoring processes, ensuring a constant and safe charging
environment for electric vehicles on the expressway. This advanced flowchart shows a robust
and efficient method for wireless charging with integrated safety mechanisms, offering a
comprehensive solution for continuous charging in real-world applications.

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3.6. Implementation Components

● The implementation of the project entails the integration of transmitting coils embedded
within the expressway infrastructure and receiving coils installed in EVs.
● Transmitting coils are strategically placed beneath the surface of the expressway at
predetermined intervals, forming a network capable of wirelessly transferring power to
passing EVs.
● Receiving coils are incorporated into the design of EVs, either during manufacturing or
through retrofitting, allowing them to effectively capture and utilize the transmitted energy
from the roadway infrastructure.
● This cohesive integration of transmitting and receiving coils forms the backbone of the
inductive charging system, enabling the efficient and seamless transfer of power between
the expressway and EVs.

Fig. 3.6(a) The wireless power transfer method starting from the grid and
proceeding to the transmitter and receiver.

● Grid Connection

Power from the grid is converted into a more suitable form. An Active Front End (AFE)
rectifies alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC), ensuring stable and efficient power
flow.

● High-Frequency Inverter

The DC power is converted back into high-frequency AC using an inverter, optimizing it for
efficient wireless transmission.

● Transmitting Coil

The high-frequency AC is fed into a coil embedded in the ground, creating an oscillating

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magnetic field. This field is the key to wireless energy transfer.

● Receiving Coil

An EV with a receiving coil drives over or near the transmitting coil. The magnetic field
induces current in the receiving coil, facilitating power transfer.

● Rectification and Battery Charging

The induced current is rectified to DC and used to charge the EV's battery, ensuring a steady
and reliable energy flow.

In summary, WPT involves a series of conversions from the power grid to high-
frequency AC, using inductive coils to transfer energy wirelessly to electric vehicles for

charging.

Wireless power transfer for electric vehicles (EVs) begins with the electrical grid,
where the energy source is processed through power electronics to convert the alternating
current (AC) to a high-frequency AC suitable for wireless transmission. This processed
current energizes the transmitting coils embedded in roads or charging pads, creating an
oscillating magnetic field.

The receiver coil on the vehicle aligns with the transmitting coil, allowing the
oscillating magnetic field to induce an electric current through electromagnetic induction. The
induced current is rectified to direct current (DC), then regulated and used to charge the
vehicle's battery. This wireless power transfer system offers a seamless and efficient way to
charge EVs without physical connectors, enabling static and dynamic charging scenarios for
greater convenience and flexibility.

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3.7. Hardware Design Implementation

Fig. 3.7(a) Wireless charging power transfer loop for EVs

Wireless charging lanes for electric vehicles (EVs) operate through a power transfer loop
integrated into the roadway infrastructure. These lanes are generally positioned on the side or
edge of the road to facilitate dynamic charging for vehicles in motion or static charging when
vehicles are parked. The power transfer loop comprises a series of inductive coils embedded
in the road surface, designed to create a magnetic field when energized by an alternating
current (AC) source. This magnetic field induces current in the receiver coils mounted on the
EV's chassis, thereby enabling wireless power transfer to the vehicle's battery.

The power transfer loop is typically fed by an AC/AC or AC/DC converter, depending
on the system's design and requirements. The AC/AC converter adjusts the frequency and

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phase of the incoming power to match the resonant frequency of the inductive coils,
optimizing energy transfer. The AC/DC converter, on the other hand, converts the AC to
direct current (DC) for downstream applications. This flexibility allows the system to be
tailored for specific wireless charging configurations, depending on the desired efficiency and
range of operation.

A key feature of this process is the use of power electronics to regulate the power
transfer. This regulation ensures that the system maintains optimal performance while
minimizing energy loss and preventing damage to the charging infrastructure or the EV.
Advanced control systems and sensors monitor the power transfer process, adjusting the
power output based on real-time conditions such as vehicle speed, distance between coils, and
power demand.

Substations and secondary substations play a crucial role in delivering power to the
wireless charging lanes. The substations are strategically placed along the roadway to manage
high-voltage power distribution, stepping down the voltage to a level suitable for wireless
charging. These substations are often connected to the grid or renewable energy sources,
providing a stable power supply for the charging infrastructure.

A notable feature of the substations is their scalability. As the demand for wireless
charging lanes grows, these substations can be expanded, or additional units added to
accommodate increased power requirements. This scalability allows for a flexible and
adaptable infrastructure that can support the evolving needs of EV users and the broader
transition to electric mobility.

Secondary substations act as intermediary nodes in the power distribution network,

providing further voltage transformation and distribution to the power transfer loops. These
secondary substations ensure that the power delivered to the charging lanes is consistent and
reliable. Additionally, they offer a safety feature by incorporating protective devices that
guard against power surges or faults, ensuring safe operation of the wireless charging system.

● The principal of operation mainly works on the principle of Electromagnetic Induction.

● Electric vehicle charging technologies are classified as conductive or inductive.
● Conductive charging is the most common method used currently, as the battery can be
recharged anywhere where a standard charging outlet is provided. On just need to plug in
the wire and charge the battery, hence they are called Plug-in changing systems.

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● Inductive charging is simply called the wireless charging. Here, the transfer of power is
without any physical contact between the vehicle and the charger.

A wireless charging system typically consists of a transmitter (charging station)

connected to a power outlet and a receiver attached to the device to be charged. The
transmitter generates an alternating magnetic field, inducing a current in the receiver coil,
enabling wireless energy transfer.

Fig. 3.7(b) Block diagram of a wireless charging system

● AC Source: The alternating current (AC) source provides the primary electrical power to
the system. It serves as the input power for subsequent stages of the wireless charging
process.
● Active Front End: The Active Front End (AFE) is responsible for converting the AC
input power into a stable and controllable form suitable for further processing. It typically
involves rectification and power factor correction to ensure efficient power conversion.
● High Frequency Inverter: The High Frequency Inverter converts the rectified AC power
from the AFE into a high-frequency AC signal. This high-frequency signal is essential for
efficient wireless power transmission.
● High Frequency Transformer: The High Frequency Transformer steps up or down the
voltage of the high-frequency AC signal to the desired level for wireless power
transmission. It plays a crucial role in impedance matching between the primary and
secondary coils.
● Primary and Secondary Coils: The primary coil is typically embedded in the charging
pad or infrastructure, while the secondary coil is integrated into the electric vehicle. These
coils form the primary and secondary sides of the wireless charging system, respectively.
When aligned, they facilitate the transfer of power through electromagnetic induction.

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● Rectifier: The Rectifier on the secondary side of the system converts the received AC
power from the secondary coil into direct current (DC) suitable for charging the electric
vehicle's battery. It rectifies the AC signal to produce a stable DC output.
● Battery: The battery of the electric vehicle serves as the energy storage device. It receives
the DC power from the rectifier and stores it for later use in powering the vehicle's electric
motor or other onboard systems.

Fig. 3.7(c) Enhanced efficiency and dynamic maintenance of vehicle

The system design of the project involves integrating hardware like transmitting and
receiving coils, sensors, relays, and servo motors with software controlled by an Arduino Uno
microcontroller. This setup enables wireless charging of EVs while they are in motion on
expressways. The Arduino Uno manages power transfer, monitors sensor inputs, and
communicates with hardware components. Software requirements include the Arduino
software environment for programming in Arduino Sketch Language, compatible with the
operating system used.

The system follows a stepwise procedure, from hardware setup to continuous

monitoring and adaptive charging strategies based on sensor data. Accessing details involves
interfacing with the Arduino and analyzing sensor data for informed decision-making.
Overall, the design aims for a robust and efficient wireless charging infrastructure for EVs,
promoting sustainable transportation.

In a typical Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) system, several stages of energy

conversion facilitate the wireless transmission of power from a source to a receiver. Initially,

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electrical energy from an AC source undergoes conversion to DC power through rectification.
This DC power is then fed into an active front end, where it is conditioned and regulated to
meet the requirements of the subsequent stages. The conditioned DC power is then converted
into high-frequency AC power by a high-frequency inverter, enabling efficient transmission
through the air.

Subsequently, the high-frequency AC power is transferred to a high-frequency

transformer, which facilitates the wireless transfer of energy between the primary and
secondary coils. These coils are strategically positioned to ensure optimal coupling and
maximize power transfer efficiency. Finally, the received AC power is rectified back into DC
power at the receiver end, allowing it to be utilized to charge batteries or power electronic
devices. Throughout these stages, each conversion process aims to minimize energy loss and
maximize efficiency to enable effective wireless power transmission.

Fig. 3.7(d) a) Circuit configuration of LCC compensated dual phase coplanar transmitter and
b) Coil geometry and structure of coplanar coil.

(a) WPT Technology Based on Dual Phase Coplanar Transmitter

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A dual phase coplanar transmitter is used in place of the traditional single coil transmitter. As
seen in figure 3(j), two coils were wound coaxially with a 2 mm air gap between them. The
suggested coplanar transmitter and single receiver allowed the WPT system to operate and
charge the EV battery. As seen in figure 19a, the two transmitter coils were stimulated using
two distinct inverter outputs that were driven by a single source. This was done to reduce the
impact of cross coupling by slightly shifting the two outputs' phases. By adding an extra coil,
the WPT system's efficiency when transmitting more than 300 W of power from the source to
the battery can be increased to 91%. It further enhances misalignment tolerance using
programmable LCC compensation topology.

Figure (a) illustrates the circuit layout of the two-phase WPT system, which required a
separate full bridge rectifier and inverter to excite the two coils. Because it can offer the same
output power with a longer air gap distance than the single-phase architecture, the two-phase
parallel topology is a better option. This feature improves the system's functionality and
increases its dependability and efficiency.

(b) WPT System with Two Transmitters for Coil Improvement

Misalignment is a serious issue in the WPT system that requires attention; employing several
transmitters is the most popular option. The suggested dual closed loop approach matches the
impedance mismatch caused by misalignment by measuring the impedance variation and
exciting the nearby transmitter coils. A pulse is generated by the first closed loop to adjust the
inverter to match the misaligned impedance, and a second loop to adjust the DC-DC converter
to either boost or buck the power transfer to the battery. The 500 W prototype model, which
shows a gain in efficiency rate of over 90% even with coil size misalignment of 0–40%, is
used to validate the suggested approach. concludes that with a 40% lateral misalignment, the
suggested system outperforms the standard system by about 20% in terms of efficiency.

3.8. System Design

The systems design for the "Wireless Charging-Enabled Expressway for EVs" project is a
sophisticated combination of cutting-edge technology aimed at revolutionizing electric vehicle
(EV) travel on expressways. At its core, the concept revolves around the development of a
flexible wireless charging infrastructure seamlessly integrated into the expressway surface.

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This infrastructure comprises strategically positioned inductive charging coils that provide
continuous power transmission to EVs as they travel down the road, eliminating the need for
traditional plug-in charging stations and addressing range anxiety associated with long-
distance travelling.

The system design includes a centralized power management system that optimizes
charging by dynamically adjusting parameters like EV speed and battery capacity, ensuring
efficient power transfer, and minimizing energy loss. Real-time monitoring and feedback
mechanisms enhance the user experience.

Advanced safety features, including environmental sensors and cameras, detect and respond to
hazards in real time. Communication modules enable vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-
to-infrastructure (V2I) communication for collaborative driving and hazard mitigation.

Robust communication infrastructure facilitates seamless data exchange between EVs,

expressway infrastructure, and centralized monitoring systems. This enables intelligent traffic
management, such as dynamic lane allocation and congestion mitigation, based on real-time
traffic and energy demand.

3.8.1. Block Diagram

Fig. 3.8(a) Block diagram illustrating the interconnected components.

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Fig. 3.8(b) Illustration of inductive charging coils and modules.

Figures 3.8(a) and 3.8(b) delve into the intricate architecture and operational
intricacies of an advanced inductive charging system tailored for electric vehicles (EVs). At
the nucleus of this system lie the primary and secondary coils, representing the fundamental
transmitters and receivers, respectively. The primary coil, tethered to the power source,
pulsates with an oscillating magnetic field upon receiving alternating current (AC) input. This
field then induces a voltage across the secondary coil, nestled within the EV, thereby initiating
the seamless transmission of power wirelessly.

Nestled within the system are meticulously placed 5 infrared (IR) sensors, strategically
calibrated to detect the precise positioning of the EV over the primary coil. These sensors act
as precision proximity detectors, orchestrating the charging sequence upon alignment with the
charging infrastructure. Upon detection, the Arduino UNO microcontroller springs into action,
orchestrating the intricate power transfer dance by activating resonant circuitry and fine-
tuning the current modulation across the primary coil.

A meticulous circuit diagram unravels the interconnected web of components within

the charging system, intricately linking the power source, Arduino UNO microcontroller,
resonant circuit, and primary and secondary coils. Within this framework, the resonant circuit,
comprising an intricate assembly of capacitors and inductors, emerges as the linchpin in
optimizing power transfer efficiency by harmonizing the impedance between the primary and
secondary coils.

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In practice, the power source breathes life into the primary coil, infusing it with AC
power, thereby birthing a magnetic field. The secondary coil, ensconced within the EV, acts
as a silent sentinel, capturing and harnessing this magnetic field, thereby birthing a voltage
that nourishes the vehicle's hungry battery pack. Meanwhile, the vigilant Arduino
microcontroller stands sentinel, overseeing the charging ballet, deftly adjusting parameters to
ensure peak efficiency and unwavering safety throughout the charging voyage.

In essence, these illustrations paint a vivid tapestry, offering a panoramic vista into the
inner sanctum of the inductive charging realm, showcasing the harmonious interplay of its
components as they seamlessly orchestrate the dance of wireless power transfer, propelling
EVs into an electrifying future.

3.9. Circuit Configuration

Fig. 3.9(a) Circuit Configuration of a WPT system

The pad assemblies in a WPT system have a considerable leakage inductance and are loosely
linked. It is necessary to utilize a compensation network to lower the VA rating in the coil and
power supply based on the analysis. The compensation is only set on the primary or secondary
side in early inductive charging designs. To have more advanced and flexible characteristics,
compensation at both the main and secondary side is advised when the coupling coefficient in
the EV WPT is reduced to less than 0.3. The easiest method of compensating for leaking
inductance is to add a capacitor to either side.

There are four fundamental compensation topologies: series-series (SS), series-parallel

(SP), parallel-parallel (PP), and parallel-series (PS), relying on how the capacitors are coupled
to the coils. It is possible to connect a voltage source converter straight to the coil if the main
is series adjusted. To convert the converter to a current source while the primary is parallel

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compensated, an inductor is typically inserted. Typically, the secondary side capacitor C2 is
made to resonate with L2 to lower the coils' VA capacity. A series compensation at the
secondary side causes the output to behave like a voltage source when the main side coil's
current is constant, but a parallel compensation causes the output to behave like current
source.

The zero-phase-angle (ZPA) approach, which lowers the power converter VA rating,
involves tuning the primary side capacitor to make the input voltage and current in phase at
specific coupling and load conditions. The primary side compensation network is frequently
adjusted to provide the primary side with a small amount of reactive power to achieve zero
voltage switching (ZVS) or zero current switching (ZCS) condition. This allows power
electronics converters to achieve soft switching. Since the adjusted reactive power is quite
minimal, the ZVS and ZCS realization parameters are nearly identical to the ZPA method's
parameters.

Fig. 3.9(b) WPT system setup of Vehicle and Road

To facilitate seamless energy transmission, a one-mile section of road is equipped with

wireless charging technology and sophisticated power electronics for charging electric cars
(EVs) while they are moving or stopped. This technology employs an inductive charging
technique, with matching power electronics installed in the car and embedded in the road
infrastructure.

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The system starts with an AC power source that supplies electrical energy to the
infrastructure. This AC source is fed into an Active Front End (AFE), where it is rectified to
direct current (DC) and then converted to high-frequency alternating current (AC) through a
high-frequency inverter. The high-frequency AC signal is necessary for generating the
oscillating magnetic field required for wireless power transfer.

The high-frequency AC is transmitted through a primary coil embedded in the road.

This transmitting coil creates a magnetic field when energized, serving as the primary source
of energy transfer in the wireless charging system. The transmitting coil's design and
positioning within the expressway are crucial for ensuring efficient power transfer and
minimizing energy loss due to misalignment or interference.

The electric vehicle is equipped with a secondary coil, which is responsible for
receiving the magnetic energy from the transmitting coil. As the vehicle moves over the road's
transmitting coil, the magnetic field induces an electric current in the secondary coil. This
induced current is then directed through a high-frequency rectifier, converting it back to direct
current (DC). The rectified DC power is then used to charge the vehicle's battery.

Additional components are integrated into the circuit configuration to ensure smooth
operation and safety. Relays are used to control the activation and deactivation of the charging
process, providing a means to manage the flow of electricity through the system. Servo
motors may be utilized to adjust the alignment of the coils, optimizing power transfer, and
ensuring efficient charging.

Safety is a key consideration in the circuit configuration. The system incorporates

temperature sensors and other monitoring mechanisms to detect any potential overheating or
electrical faults. If any safety issues are detected, the system can automatically shut down to
prevent damage or hazards.

The overall circuit configuration represents a complex yet highly effective method for
wireless charging of EVs on expressways. By integrating multiple components and
implementing safety mechanisms, this configuration provides a reliable and scalable solution
for continuous power transfer, promoting sustainable transportation and reducing the need for
frequent charging stops.

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3.10. Designing of Wireless Charging Roads

A Dynamic Wireless Charging System (DWCS), also known as on-road charging, is a

technology that charges an electric vehicle (EV) while it is in motion. This is achieved using
wireless power transfer (WPT), which transfers energy from stationary underground
transmitter coils to the battery of the vehicle. The underground coils are laid out over long
distances beneath the surface of the road. The battery of the vehicle can be charged
continuously while it is in motion, and the DWCS eliminates the need for larger and heavier
batteries. Additionally, the increased availability of chargers allows for the use of smaller
capacity batteries.

The wireless transmitter pad is comprised of three components:

● Coil or conductors.

● Shielding material (ferrite/aluminium plate)

● Protective layers.

There are two types of transmission coils: single long-coil tracks and segmented-coil
arrays, which consist of sets of adjacent transmitter pads. High-voltage AC power is supplied
to the coils, and when an EV passes over the coils, power is transmitted to the EV through
electromagnetic induction. The ferrite and aluminium plate shields ensure that
electromagnetic field (EMF) leakage around the system stays within safe limits. The dynamic
inductive pad is responsible for power transmission from the source to the vehicle, making it
the most critical part of the system.

Designing a wireless charging road infrastructure involves several important factors,

including charging technology, power transmission, safety, and efficiency. There are many
configurations that includes:

● The single transmitter pad and single receiver pad (STSR)

● multiple transmitter pads and single receiver pads (MTSR)

● single pad at the transmitter and multiple pads at the receiver (STMR)

● multiple transmitter pads and multiple receiver pads (MTMR).

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Inductive power transfer systems for electric vehicle charging employ various methods
to connect charging pads, often described by specific terms like STSR, MTSR, STMR, and
MTMR. The Single Transmitter, Single Receiver setup involves one transmitting coil aligning
with one receiving coil, typically used for static charging. The Multiple Transmitters, Single
Receiver setup uses several transmitting coils to power a single receiving coil, which is ideal
for dynamic charging scenarios where electric vehicles move along a pathway with multiple
charging points. The Single Transmitter, Multiple Receivers setup uses one transmitting coil
to supply power to multiple receiving coils, which is suitable for larger electric vehicles or
those with complex charging needs. The Multiple Transmitters, Multiple Receivers
configuration features multiple transmitting and receiving coils, offering flexibility for
extensive charging zones or multiple electric vehicles.

Fig. 3.10(a) Methods of connecting charging pads for inductive power transfer
(a) STSR, (b) MTSR, (c) STMR, and (d) MTMR.

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In addition to these connections, Figure 3.4.1 displays a segmented coil array buried
beneath the road surface to form a charging track. This array consists of numerous
interconnected coils in parallel or series. By design, the receiver coil is linked to one of the
segments in the transmitter array. This ensures that only the transmitter nearest to the receiver
is activated. When the vehicle moves away, the output of the segment is turned off. This type
of system is highly efficient and minimizes the leakage of the surrounding magnetic field.

3.11. Model Infrastructure

3.11.1. Road Infrastructure Setup

A high-frequency inverter linked to the electrical grid or other power sources is part of the
power electronics infrastructure of the road. To facilitate effective wireless power transfer,
this inverter produces a high frequency alternating current (AC) signal, usually in the tens to
hundreds of kilohertz range.

Here, a voltage gain and compensation network are applied to this high-frequency AC
signal. This network ensures that the vehicle receives the best possible power transmission by
adjusting the voltage of the signal to the desired level. To guarantee optimal energy
efficiency, the network also makes up for any impedance mismatches.

Following that, the modified high-frequency AC signal is transmitted to the transmitter

coil, an essential element set into the surface of the road. When powered, the coil is intended
to produce a powerful electromagnetic field and is commonly constructed of copper or other
comparable conductive materials. To ensuring continuous or sporadic energy transfer when
cars pass over the charging pads spread along the length of the road, this transmitter coil is
frequently placed there.

Resistor 5000 E 5 W

Step-down converter
(LM2596)

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Bread Board

Transistor

8 Channel Relays
Arduino UNO
(Microcontroller)
Fig. 3.11(a) Top view of the road infrastructure

In the top view of the road infrastructure setup for wireless charging of electric
vehicles (EVs), various hardware components are interconnected using jumper wires, creating
a cohesive circuit. The system utilizes a transistor with its emitter connected to a 500-ohm
resistor, controlling current flow within the circuit. The collector and base of the transistor are
linked to a step-down converter, specifically an LM2596 model, which is responsible for
regulating voltage levels to maintain system stability and compatibility with different
components.

The step-down converter feeds into an 8-channel relay, allowing for efficient
switching and control of multiple circuits. This setup includes two relays—Relay 1 and Relay
2—enabling dynamic control of the system’s operations. The relays are connected to an
Arduino UNO, a microcontroller that serves as the central control unit, executing programmed
instructions to manage power distribution and other functions.

The entire hardware configuration is assembled on a breadboard, offering flexibility for

prototyping and testing. The breadboard facilitates easy connection and reconfiguration of
components, making it ideal for experimental setups. Overall, this infrastructure setup
provides a robust platform for wireless power transfer, with the Arduino UNO orchestrating
the control of relays and the transistor managing power flow through the circuit.

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Fig. 3.11(b) Bottom view of the road infrastructure

The integration of components in the road infrastructure configuration for wireless

charging is intended to guarantee effective power transfer to electric cars (EVs). The relay is a
key element that regulates the system's current switching when viewed from above. It makes a
direct connection to the transmitting coils buried in the pavement, giving you exact control
over when to turn on and off the wireless charging function. To optimize charging efficiency,
the coils—which are intended to produce an electromagnetic field for wireless power transfer
—are placed strategically along the route.

The 12V DC socket connector, which provides the required current to the coils and
relay, is the primary power source for the entire system when viewed from the bottom. The
steady power supply provided by this plug guarantees the infrastructure for wireless charging
runs consistently. Vehicles passing overhead can transfer power smoothly thanks to the
network of coils formed by the connections between each coil.

Dynamic charging, which allows cars to get power while stationary and while moving,
is supported by this setup. A versatile and dependable wireless charging system is facilitated
by the relay's capacity to turn on and off as needed and the intentional placement of the coils.
Overall, modularity is emphasized in this configuration to provide scalability and quick
alterations in future road infrastructure projects.

3.11.2. Vehicle Infrastructure Setup

A receiver coil that is intended to line up with the transmitter coil in the road initiates the
charging process on the vehicle side. The receiver coil interacts with the transmitter coil's

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electromagnetic field as the car drives over the charging pad, creating an AC current in the
coil. A current gain and compensation network, which is coupled to the receiver coil, corrects
the signal's current level, and makes up for fluctuations in the power transfer process. To
maximize the electricity obtained from the road, this network is essential. After passing
through a high-frequency rectifier, the signal is transformed from high-frequency AC to direct
current (DC). After that, the vehicle's battery is charged, or its electric drive system is
powered by this DC electricity.

(a) (b)

Fig. 3.11(c) (a) Top view of the EV Vehicle and (b)

Front view of the EV Vehicle

The infrastructure of the vehicle used for autonomous driving and wireless charging is
built with several interconnected parts to maximize efficiency. Its fundamental component is a
copper coil, which transmits and receives electromagnetic signals to enable wireless power
transfer. This coil is essential for absorbing energy from the transmitting coils of the road
infrastructure and transforming it into electrical energy that can be used by the car's systems.
This copper coil's strong conductivity is a crucial component that guarantees effective
electromagnetic signal transmission and reception.

An Arduino L293D Motor Driver Shield, a flexible board that enables control of
numerous motors and peripherals, is directly linked to the copper coil. It is compatible with
many different types of hardware, including as DC and servo motors. Servo motors provide
precise angular positioning for a variety of vehicle operations and are attached to the shield's
designated terminal pins. To provide propulsion and control, DC Motors 1, 2, 3, and 4 are
connected to their respective DC motors. These motors are renowned for their high torque
output and longevity, which makes them appropriate for a variety of vehicle applications.

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A Li-ion 5000mAh battery is connected to an external power supply terminal of the
Arduino L293D Motor Driver Shield, providing a dependable and large-capacity energy
source. Extended operation is supported by this battery, which is linked to a Lithium Battery
Charger Module Protection Board Charging 12V to guarantee safe and effective battery
charging. The longevity of the battery is protected by the overcharge and over discharge
protection features of this module.

The user's versatility is increased as certain vehicle operations can be manually

controlled by connecting the second external power supply connector to a switch. An
ultrasonic sensor, which offers sophisticated distance measuring and object identification and
is essential for autonomous vehicle operation, is attached to the extra driver pins of the
L293D. Because of this sensor's exceptional accuracy, the car can manoeuvre and avoid
obstacles with great accuracy. All things considered, the hardware components of the vehicle
infrastructure setup are seamlessly integrated and play specific functions, resulting in a strong
and technologically sophisticated system for wireless charging and autonomous capabilities.

3.12. Software Design Implementation

The Arduino code for this project includes setup configurations both with and without infrared
(IR) sensors. In the setup without IR sensors, the Arduino is programmed to initialize the
wireless charging system components, such as the transmitting and receiving coils, and
establish communication with the power source and charging infrastructure. This setup is
suitable for static charging scenarios where vehicles are parked over the wireless charging
lanes. Conversely, in the setup with IR sensors, the Arduino incorporates additional
functionalities to interface with the IR sensors, which are used to detect the presence of
vehicles approaching the charging lanes. Upon detecting a vehicle, the Arduino triggers the
activation of the wireless charging system, ensuring dynamic charging capability for vehicles
in motion. This setup enables seamless integration of wireless charging technology into
expressways, facilitating continuous and efficient charging for electric vehicles during both
stationary and dynamic scenarios.

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This Arduino code sets up an environment where an Arduino Uno board interfaces
with five IR sensors and controls the LED. The IR sensors detect motion, and based on the
sensor inputs, the corresponding LED is illuminated to indicate the detected motion. The code
continuously loops through this process, monitoring the IR sensor inputs and updating the
LED status accordingly, with a delay of 500 between each iteration.

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Chapter 4

4. TESTING
4.1. Testing of Design Implementation with Single Coil

The roll-out of continuous wireless charging for EVs on freeways has produced impressive
outcomes and represents a significant advancement in the field of environment-friendly
transportation. This technique essentially eliminates the need for frequent charging stops by
allowing EVs to retain constant battery levels while traveling by embedding high-capacity
inductive charging coils throughout the road infrastructure. In long-term testing, EVs using
cutting-edge receiver technology showed a substantial increase in range and were able to
move smoothly between charging zones without any perceptible hiccups.

(a)

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(b)

Fig. 4(a) Single Coil Testing of Road Infrastructure and

(b) Testing the Bulb for Coil Indication in EV

Owing to the precisely aligned mechanisms and excellent coil design, there was truly
little energy loss during charging. This continuous wireless charging technology can
completely transform EV long-distance driving, eliminate range anxiety, and pave the way for
a new, efficient, and ecologically responsible era of electric mobility.

The LM239D step-down converter, which supplies a steady voltage to power a lamp,
signifying effective wireless energy transmission, is connected to the 15-turn coil. This simple
setup makes it possible to quickly monitor and validate the operation of the wireless charging
system, as intended.

The glowing bulb, which represents an electric vehicle (EV) and verifies that the coil
configuration generates sufficient electromagnetic energy for wireless power transmission, is
the primary indicator of the system's operation. The light bulb illuminates when the coil
produces a magnetic field, indicating that energy has been successfully transferred from the
embedded coil to the receiver. This visual indication is a useful tool for tracking the charging
process in real-time, in addition to confirming that the system is operating as intended. The
bulb's steady light at different alignments and distances adds to the system's resilience by
showing dependable energy transmission, even in dynamic circumstances.

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This result provides a concrete proof of concept for the future development of wireless
charging infrastructure for EVs on expressways and indicates that the underlying technology
is capable of allowing continuous wireless charging.

Fig. 4(c) Coil placed at the Bottom of the Vehicle infrastructure

Therefore, the successful implementation of Uninterrupted Wireless Charging

technology signifies a significant milestone in the journey towards sustainable transportation.
The technology's ability to seamlessly integrate with expressway infrastructure and enhance
the user experience highlights its potential to drive widespread adoption of electric mobility.

The successful demonstration of uninterrupted wireless charging for electric vehicles

(EVs) on expressways serves as strong evidence for the future development of wireless
charging infrastructure. This demonstrates that the underlying technology can facilitate
constant wireless charging, thereby marking a crucial milestone in the pursuit of sustainable
transportation. The seamless integration of this technology with expressway infrastructure and

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its potential to enhance the user experience emphasize its capacity to spur the widespread
adoption of electric mobility.

The receiver coil, consisting of 100–150 turns of copper wire, plays a crucial role in
establishing a strong inductive link with the transmitting coils embedded in the pavement. Its
complex winding pattern ensures effective coupling, which is essential for energy transfer
from the vehicle's battery to the road infrastructure. The increased number of turns in the coil
increases its inductance, which in turn enhances its ability to absorb the magnetic field
produced by the transmitting coils. The high electromotive force (EMF) generated as a result
allows for the efficient transformation of magnetic energy into usable electrical energy. The
excellent conductivity of copper minimizes resistance and heat loss during energy transfer,
contributing to the overall efficiency of the system.

The copper coil successfully absorbs the energy as the car moves over the road coils,
proving its ability to hold a constant charge. With the help of both dynamic and stationary
charging, cars can refuel their batteries without requiring physical connections. The fact that
this coil setup functions well is evidence of the development of wireless charging technology
and points to a possible route toward a time when electric cars will be able to go farther
between charging stops.

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Chapter 5

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The successful implementation of Uninterrupted Wireless Charging technology has brought

about several noteworthy advancements in the transportation sector. Firstly, the seamless
integration of dynamic inductive charging coils into expressway infrastructure has
revolutionized the charging process for EVs. This innovation enables EV users to charge their
vehicles continuously while on the move, eliminating the need for frequent stops at traditional
charging stations. As a result, users experience enhanced convenience and accessibility,
leading to increased confidence in electric mobility.

Moreover, the adoption of Uninterrupted Wireless Charging technology has significant

implications for long-distance travel. With the elimination of range anxiety and the ability to
replenish energy reserves on the go, EV users can embark on extended journeys with ease.
This not only promotes the mass adoption of electric vehicles but also contributes to reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating air pollution associated with traditional fossil fuel-
powered vehicles.

Additionally, the integration of environmental monitoring sensors enhances safety and

adaptability on expressways. Real-time data on road and weather conditions enable EV users
to make informed decisions while navigating through varying environments. This proactive
approach to safety further enhances the overall user experience and ensures smooth operation
of Uninterrupted Wireless Charging systems.

. Overall, the results underscore the transformative impact of Uninterrupted Wireless

Charging technology on expressways. By optimizing charging processes, enhancing user
convenience, and promoting sustainable transportation, this technology represents a
significant step forward in building a smarter and more efficient transportation ecosystem.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, FET, JAIN DEEMED-TO-BE UNIVERSITY

PA
 Uninterrupted Wireless Charging of EVs for Expressways

Fig. 5(a) The "Arena of the Future" project on Wireless Charging Plates (Lane)
initiative is introduced in Italy by Electreon.

EV powertrains may be altered using Wireless Electric Road Systems (WERS).

Although the technology is still at the pilot stage, engineers and urban planners believe it will
play a major role in city mobility in the future. Prominent enterprises in the electric vehicle
sector, including Siemens, BMW, WiTricity, Qualcomm, and Evatran Group, are striving to
bring WERS into commercial use.

There are active pilot programs in the US, Europe, and Asia. An electric road system
based on inductive technology has been successfully demonstrated by Electreon, a prominent
provider of in-road EV charging equipment. It is anticipated that a public electric vehicle
charging lane would be constructed near Michigan's iconic Central Station.

Additionally, Electreon has said that the "Arena of the Future" project will begin in
Italy. A small automobile and a huge electric bus, both outfitted with Electreon's vehicle-side
"receiver" that transmits the energy needed to charge and move, were charged using the
company's patented wireless technology. The road is set up for inductive power transmission
to charge electric vehicles while they are in motion.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, FET, JAIN DEEMED-TO-BE UNIVERSITY

PA
 Uninterrupted Wireless Charging of EVs for Expressways

Chapter 6

6. Conclusion and Future Scope

The Arduino-based control system for wireless charging lanes shows significant promise in
transforming the electric vehicle (EV) charging landscape by providing efficient and
consistent power transfer for both static and dynamic charging scenarios. The integration of
infrared (IR) sensors introduces a critical dynamic capability, allowing the system to detect
and react to approaching vehicles for continuous charging as they move. This feature
addresses the issue of range anxiety, a major barrier to EV adoption, by enabling seamless
power replenishment without manual intervention.

The safety features, including automatic activation and deactivation based on vehicle
presence, contribute to the system's reliability and user confidence, further enhancing its
appeal. Overall, the technology aligns well with sustainability goals, suggesting that it could
play a key role in reducing carbon emissions and encouraging wider adoption of electric
vehicles.

Looking ahead, there are several key areas for further development to maximize the
potential of this technology. Future work could focus on improving the efficiency of dynamic
charging by refining coil alignment and calibration techniques. Research into interoperability
and standardization will be critical for ensuring compatibility across different EV models and
charging infrastructure, thus facilitating a more cohesive user experience. Additionally,
integrating renewable energy sources into the wireless charging system could reduce reliance
on conventional energy and enhance sustainability.

Exploring scalable infrastructure solutions will be crucial to broaden the technology's

applicability across various settings, from urban streets to highways. These advancements will
require interdisciplinary collaboration and could drive significant progress in electric vehicle
infrastructure, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly
transportation system.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, FET, JAIN DEEMED-TO-BE UNIVERSITY

PA
 Uninterrupted Wireless Charging of EVs for Expressways

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, FET, JAIN DEEMED-TO-BE UNIVERSITY

PA