Kinds of Sentence s and

Master Li st of Connecting
Words

Kinds of Sentences

Simple sentence = one independent clause

Spring has arrived!

The flowers are blooming.

The sun is shining brightly.

People are walking and jogging in the park.

Compound sentence = two independent clauses

The sun is shining, and there are no clouds in the sky.

It was a beautiful day, so we decided to go to the skateboard park.

Complex sentence = one independent clause + one (or more) dependent clauses
As soon as we arrived, we put on our rollerblades.

Alex broke his arm because he wasn't careful.

Connecting Words

Coordinating Coordinating conjunctions connect grammatically equal parts of a sentence. The parts
Conjunctions can be words, phrases, or clauses.

Coordinating
Conjunction Use Example

and Connects equal similar ideas. John likes to fish and hunt.
John likes to fish, and he often
goes fishing with friends.

but Connects equal different ideas. I like to eat fish but not to
catch them.
John likes to catch fish, but he
doesn't like to eat them.

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190 Appendix D I Kinds of Sentences and Master list of Connecting Words

Coordinating
Conjunction Uge Example

or Connects two equal choices. Do you prefer coffee or tea?

They can register for classes
online, or they can register
by mail.

so Connects a result to a reason. I did not eat breakfast this

morning, so I am a little hungry.

yet Connects equal contrasting ideas. It is sunny yet cold.

John fished all day, yet he
didn't get one bite.

for Connects a reason to a result. I am a little hungry, for I didn't

eat breakfast this morning.

nor Connects two negative sentences. She does not eat meat, nor
does she drink milk.

Subordinating A subordinating conjunction (or subordinator) is the first word in a dependent

Conjunctions clause. Common subordinators include the following.

Subordinating Conjunction!�

To tell a time

after He goes to school after he finishes work.

as Several overcrowded busses passed as they were waiting.

as soon as She felt better as soon as she took the medicine.

before Before you apply to college, you have to take an entrance exam.

since It has been a year since I left home.

until We can't leave the room until everyone finishes the test.

when When you start college, you sometimes have to take a placement test.

whenever Whenever I don't sleep well, I feel sick the next day.

while Several overcrowded busses passed while we were waiting.

To give a reason

because Jack excels at sports because he trains hard.

since Since she works out daily, Jill is in great condition.

as As they want to compete in a marathon, they run every day.

 Appendix D I Kinds of Sentences and Master List of Connecting Words 191

To tell where

where I can never remember where I put my house keys.

wherever A baby animal follows its mother wherever she goes.

To make a contrast

although I love my brother although we disagree about almost everything.

even though I love my brother even though we disagree about almost everything.

though I love my brother though we disagree about almost everything.

while My brother likes classical music, while I prefer hard rock.

whereas He dresses conservatively, whereas I like to be a little shocking.

Relative S ubordinating words for adjective clauses are called relative pronouns.
Pronouns

Relative Pronouns

To refer to people

who, whom, People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.
that (informal)
My parents did not approve of the man whom my sister married.
He's a man that everyone in our town respects.

To refer to animals and things

which My new computer, which I bought yesterday, stopped working today.

that Yesterday I received an e-mail that I did not understand.

To refer to a time

when Thanksgiving is a time when families travel great distances to be

together.
/

Master Chart of Transiti on

Signal s

The following chart lists the transition signals used in this book.

Sentence Coordinating Subordinating Others

Connectors Conjunctions Conjunctions

To list ideas in time order

First, Second, after At last,

First of all, as At 12:00,
Next, as soon as After a while,
Meanwhile, before Before beginning the
After that, since lesson,
Finally, until In the morning,
Now when The next day,
Soon whenever The first step . . .
Then while The second step . . .
After five minutes,

To list ideas in logical division of ideas order

First, Second, etc. and A second (reason ,

First of all, kind, advantage,
Furthermore, etc.) . . .
Also, An additional (reason,
In addition, kind, advantage,
Moreover, etc.) . . .
The final (reason,
kind, advantage,
etc.) . . .

To add a similar idea

Similarly, and
Likewise,
Also, (Paired conjunctions)
Furthermore, both . . . and
In addition, not only . . . but also
Moreover,

To make a comparison

Similarly, and . . . (too) Uust) as similar (to)

Likewise, equal (to)
Also, (Paired conjunctions) equally
too both . . . and the same (as)
not only . . . but also Oust) like

192
 Appendix E I Master Chart of Transition Signals 193

To add an opposite idea

On the other hand, but

However, yet

To make a contrast

On the other hand, but while different (from)

However, yet whereas differently
In contrast, although unlike
though differ (from) (in)
even though

To give an example

For example, such as . . .

For instance, An example of . . .

To give a reason

for because because of (+ noun)

since
as

To give a result

Therefore, so
Thus,
Consequently,
As a result,

To add a conclusion

All in all, It is clear that . . .

For these reasons, These examples
In brief, show that . . .
In conclusion, You can see that . . .
Indeed, You can see from
In short, these examples
In summary, that . . .
To conclude,
To summarize,
To sum up,