Introduction to

Building
Information
Modeling (BIM)
LEARNING OUTCOME (LO):

A t t h e e n d o f t h i s c h a p t e r, s t u d e n t s
should be able to:

 Familiarize with the

terminologies, concepts and
practices relating to BIM. (W11)
 Typical Problems in Construction Industry
Problems: Reasons: Results:
• Poorly coordinated design documents • Lack of proper planning • 30% of projects do not meet original
program or budget
• Change orders & rework • Lack of coordination
• 92% of clients said that designer
• Delays & cost overruns • Lack of professional/specialized drawings are typically not sufficient for
education
• Claims & litigation construction
• Poor decision making • 37% of materials used in construction
• Greater risk
• Inefficient dispute resolution become waste
• Poor turnover documents
mechanism • 10% of the cost of a project is typically
• Frustrated owners due to change
• Lack of mediation
• Tight profit margins • 38% of carbon emissions are from
• Difficulty in responsibility fixation
buildings not cars
Concerns: • Lack of project/program monitoring
• Buildings generate 25% of world solid • Reluctance in adoption of new
waste technology CMAA Owners survey, CMAA Industry
Report, Economist Magazine
• Buildings consume 30% of raw • Lack in value engineering adoption
materials • Lack of integrated project delivery
• Buildings consume 42% world's energy • Low business share in international
market
Organization for Economic Cooperation &
Development (OBCD)
BIM vs. CAD

CAD helps people to draw. BIM helps people to construct.

Richard Saxon, Ecobuild

BIM is not CAD. BIM was never meant to be CAD. CAD is a replacement for pen
and paper, a documentation tool. By comparison, BIM programs are design
applications in which the documentation flows from and is a derivative of the
process, from schematic design to construction to facility management.
Pete Zyskowski, Cadalyst
BIM vs. CAD
BIM vs. CAD
 BIM vs. CAD

CAD BIM
 BIM vs. CAD

CAD BIM
 Feature CAD BIM
Scope and Purpose Primarily used for 2D and 3D drafting of geometric Comprehensive 3D modelling with data-rich information about
shapes components
Data Representation Focus on graphical representation of objects Includes both geometric and extensive data about building
components
Collaboration Typically, individual tasks; limited collaboration Encourages collaboration among various disciplines throughout
the project
Integration Limited integration between different design phases Provides a centralized model for seamless multi-disciplinary
collaboration
Information Management Limited to graphical information and annotations Manages a wide range of information including cost, materials,
and more
Change Management Changes may not be easily tracked or communicated Supports efficient tracking and communication of changes
throughout the project
Visualization vs. Emphasizes visual representation Balances visualization with the management and analysis of
Information information
Level of Detail (LOD) Typically, lower LOD, focused on visual aspect Supports higher LOD, incorporating detailed information for
analysis
Interoperability May have challenges in interoperability between Encourages interoperability, enabling seamless data exchange
software between software
Project Lifecycle Support Mainly used for the design phase of the project Supports the entire lifecycle, from design and construction to
operation and maintenance
Cost Estimation and Limited support for detailed cost estimation and Enables more accurate cost estimation and analysis due to rich
Analysis analysis data integration
Facility Management Limited support for facility management and Facilitates effective facility management and maintenance
maintenance through integrated data
CAD
Drawing
BIM
Drawing
 Building Information Modelling, or BIM is a The end-to-end stream of BIM data will help unify
parametric, 3D model that is used to generate the industry's supply chains, freeing construction
plans, sections, elevations, perspectives, details, from its craft origins, transforming it into a
schedules - all of the necessary components to modern, sophisticated branch of the manufacturing
document the design of a building. industry.
Mastering Autodesk Revit Architecture (2011) Ray Crotty (2011)
• Digital representation of the physical and functional characteristics of a
building or infrastructure.
• Involves creating and managing a comprehensive 3D model that
incorporates both geometric and non-geometric data.
Definition
• Serves as a collaborative tool, allowing various stakeholders in the
construction and management process, such as architects, engineers,
contractors, and facility managers, to work together on a shared
platform.

• Geometry - BIM includes detailed 3D geometric representations of

building components, providing a visual understanding of the project.
• Data - Beyond geometry, BIM incorporates extensive information about
each building element, such as material specifications, cost data,
performance characteristics, and maintenance requirements.
• Collaboration - BIM fosters collaboration by offering a centralized model
that can be accessed and updated by different disciplines throughout the
project lifecycle. This collaboration improves communication and
Key Features coordination among team members.
• Analysis - BIM allows for the analysis and simulation of various aspects,
including structural integrity, energy efficiency, clash detection, and BIM Project Stages
construction sequencing. This helps in making informed decisions and BIM Implementation will change the dynamics &
identifying issues before construction begins. behaviours of the design-construction supply chain,
• Lifecycle Support - BIM supports the entire lifecycle of a building, from
initial design and construction to operation, maintenance, and eventual unlocking new, more efficient & collaborative ways
decommissioning. This ensures that accurate and up-to-date information of working.
is available throughout the building's existence. Francais Maude
Renowned BIM Projects
Evolution of Design Process The CAD Evolution
The Evolution of BIM
Benefits of BIM

BIM allows stakeholders to

visualize the building
Improved Design before it is constructed,
leading to better design
Visualization decisions.

BIM enables
Enhanced multidisciplinary teams to
work together, facilitating
Collaboration better communication and
coordination.

BIM streamlines the design

Increased Efficiency and construction process,
reducing errors, rework,
Efficiency and project delays.
BIM Project
Execution
Planning
Concept
BIM
Terminologies
BIM Maturity

BIM maturity refers to the level of

advancement and integration of BIM
processes and technologies within an
organization or industry. The most used
framework to assess BIM maturity is the
BIM Maturity Model (BMM) developed by
the Building Research Establishment
(BRE). The BMM consists of different
levels, typically ranging from Level 0 to
Level 3 (and beyond). Each level
represents a higher degree of BIM
adoption, collaboration, and information
management. Organizations progress
through these levels as they enhance their
BIM capabilities and workflows..
 BIM Dimension

BIM dimensions refer to different aspects or

facets of information that can be incorporated
into a BIM model. The common dimensions are:
▪ 3D (Three-Dimensional): Represents the
physical geometry of the building or
infrastructure model.
▪ 4D (Four-Dimensional): Adds the dimension
of time, incorporating scheduling and
sequencing information into the 3D model for
better project planning and visualization.
▪ 5D (Five-Dimensional): Combines the 3D
model with cost-related information,
enabling cost estimation and budgeting.
▪ 6D (Six-Dimensional): Involves the integration
of sustainability and environmental data into
the model.
▪ 7D (Seven-Dimensional): Incorporates facility
management and operational data, making
it a comprehensive model for the entire
lifecycle of a built asset.
Each dimension builds upon the previous one,
providing a more comprehensive and detailed
understanding of the project.
 The building 3D model is produced to interpret the information on an
elementary level. Hence, only conceptual model creation is possible in
this stage. Parameters like area, height, volume, location and
orientation are defined.

Comprehensive model where components are modeled with

approximate quantities, size, shape, location, and orientation. Non-
geometric elements can be inserted with model elements at LOD 200.

Detailed modeling and shop drawings where components are defined

with specific assemblies, precise quantity, size, shape, location, and
orientation. Non-geometric elements can be inserted with model
elements at LOD 300.

Level of Development Includes added detail and components that represent building
elements interface with various building systems and other elements
LOD encapsulates the completeness of a with clear graphics and written definitions.

model element's development, gauging the

reliability and accuracy of information at
Model components are modeled as distinct assemblies, with complete
distinct project stages. Ranging from LOD fabrication, assembly, and detailed information in addition to precise
100 (conceptual) to LOD 500 (as-built), these quantity, size, shape, location, and orientation. Non-geometric
elements can be inserted with model elements at LOD 400.
levels signify increasing precision and detail
as the project advances.
Elements are modeled as constructed assemblies for operations and
maintenance. In addition to actual and accurate in size, shape,
location, quantity, and orientation, non-geometric elements can be
inserted with model elements at LOD 500.
LOD in BIM
Examples of LOD
• LOD levels for a chair might go:
➢ LOD 100 - there is a chair
➢ LOD 200 = there is a chair that has
nominal space requirement of
500x500
➢ LOD 300 = there is a chair with arm
rests and wheels
➢ LOD 400 = manufacturer and model
number
➢ LOD 500 = manufacturer and model
number, supplier, date purchased

Conversely, Level of Detail (also LOD) pertains to the graphical intricacy of a model's geometry and information, encompassing anything from rudimentary
massing (low LOD) to intricate, precise representations (high LOD). This distinction ensures that the model not only evolves in terms of information reliability but
also accurately reflects the visual intricacies of individual elements, thereby facilitating effective communication and consistency among project stakeholders
throughout various project phases.
3D
Modelling
3D Modelling
Clash
Detection
Scheduling
Estimating
Sustainability
Lighting analysis
 Sustainability
Wind analysis

Shadow analysis

Heating & cooling load

Facility Management
Safety
Safety (Water
Diversion Project
– Henan Section)
 Towards BIM Implementation and Adoption
There are two types of information: models and documents.
Models are digital data that are the representation, reproduction,
or simplified version of an object, road, bridge, building etc. They
are stored in a file format and can be exchanged and shared to
support the decision-making process for the construction of the
infrastructure, buildings etc. Documents are the digital version of

BIM is… papers, drawings, prints, images and video.

Effective management by people can only lead to

The software and hardware tools used to
successful BIM. Important people in BIM usually
manage the various stages of the BIM
include BIM director, BIM manager, BIM consultant,
process.
BIM technologist.

The specific order of work activities with a

The principles and rules to guide the decision-
beginning, an end, and a clear
making process. Policies are framed to develop
identification of the inputs and outputs of
standards and best practices to minimize disputes
each stage.
between the parties involved.
BIM is…
BIM is Information
BIM Information
Exchange
BIM is People
(Key
Stakeholders)
BIM Users &
Roles
 United Kingdom (UK) The UK has been a pioneer in BIM implementation. The UK government mandated the use of BIM Level 2 for
publicly-funded projects since 2016.
The BS 1192 and PAS 1192 series are key standards for BIM in the UK.
United States (US) While there is no federal mandate for BIM, some states and local jurisdictions have adopted BIM requirements
for public projects.
The General Services Administration (GSA) in the US has advocated for BIM adoption.
European Union (EU) The EU has promoted BIM adoption, but the approach varies among member states. Some countries have
developed their own BIM standards and mandates.

Scandinavian Countries Scandinavian countries have embraced BIM, and many public projects require BIM implementation.
(e.g., Norway, Sweden,
Finland)

Singapore The Building and Construction Authority (BCA) in Singapore has introduced the BIM e-submission mandate for
certain projects.

BIM is Policies Australia The Australian government has encouraged BIM adoption, and there are guidelines and standards, such as the

(Legislation) Canada
National BIM Guidelines.

BIM adoption in Canada varies by province. Some provinces have guidelines and standards for BIM use in public
projects.

Middle East (e.g., UAE, Some countries in the Middle East have incorporated BIM requirements for certain projects.
Qatar)

China China has shown interest in BIM, and some local authorities have implemented BIM guidelines for construction
projects.

South Korea South Korea has embraced BIM, and there are government initiatives to promote BIM adoption in the
construction industry.
 • Mandates and Incentives
➢ Public Projects: Since 2019, all government-funded projects exceeding
RM100 million are mandated to use BIM. This mandate was recently
expanded in March 2022 to encompass all government projects,
regardless of budget.
➢ Private Projects: While not mandatory, the government incentivizes BIM
adoption in private projects through various initiatives like:
How about o Tax breaks and grants for companies investing in BIM technology
and training.

Malaysia? o
o
Project financing advantages for BIM-enabled projects.
Recognition programs for outstanding BIM implementation.
• Regulatory Framework
➢ BIM Guidelines and Standards: These provide best practices and
technical specifications for BIM implementation in various project stages.
➢ Certification Programs: The CIDB offers BIM training and certification
programs for professionals involved in the construction industry.
➢ myBIM Centre: This online platform serves as a resource center for BIM
information, news, and events.
Resources: • Industry Collaboration
• CIDB’s myBIM portal ➢ Professional bodies like the Institution of Engineers Malaysia (IEM) and
the Malaysian Institute of Architects (PAM).
• CIDB's SMART portal
➢ Educational institutions offering BIM courses and programs.
➢ Private companies developing and supplying BIM software and services.
Standards & Guidelines
• BIM Guide 5 - BIM Project Guide: Published by CIDB, this guide
provides detailed information on implementing BIM throughout a
construction project's lifecycle, from planning and design to
construction and facility management.
• Malaysia Building Information Modelling (BIM) Report 2021 - This
report by CIDB assesses the current state of BIM adoption in
Malaysia and highlights the most used standards and guidelines. It
reveals that CIDB BIM guidelines are the most popular, followed
by those from the Public Works Department (JKR).
• BS EN ISO 19650: This international standard series provides best
practices for managing information in construction works using
BIM. While not mandatory in Malaysia, it's often referenced
alongside CIDB guidelines.
• JKR BIM Guidelines: The Public Works Department also has its
own set of BIM guidelines specifically tailored for projects under
their jurisdiction.
• BSI Malaysia: BSI, a leading certification body, offers BIM-related
training and certification programs aligned with Malaysian and
international standards.
BIM is
Processes
BIM Workflow
Transformation in Structural Engineer Workflow
BIM is Technology (BIM Software)