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Statistics Class Notes

Statistics is the science of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data, divided into descriptive and inferential branches. Key concepts include types of data, descriptive statistics, probability, sampling methods, hypothesis testing, and correlation and regression. Mastery of these tools is essential for informed decision-making in various fields.

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3 views2 pages

Statistics Class Notes

Statistics is the science of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data, divided into descriptive and inferential branches. Key concepts include types of data, descriptive statistics, probability, sampling methods, hypothesis testing, and correlation and regression. Mastery of these tools is essential for informed decision-making in various fields.

Uploaded by

azizfarian9
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Class: Introduction to Statistics

Lecture 1: What is Statistics?

Statistics is the science of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data. It is divided into

two branches: descriptive statistics, which summarizes data, and inferential statistics, which draws

conclusions from data.

Lecture 2: Types of Data

Data can be qualitative (categorical) or quantitative (numerical). Quantitative data can be discrete or

continuous. Scales of measurement include nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

Lecture 3: Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive statistics include measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and dispersion

(range, variance, standard deviation). These help summarize and describe data sets.

Lecture 4: Probability Basics

Probability measures the likelihood of an event occurring, ranging from 0 (impossible) to 1 (certain).

Basic concepts include sample spaces, events, and probability rules (addition and multiplication).

Lecture 5: Probability Distributions

Discrete distributions (e.g., binomial, Poisson) and continuous distributions (e.g., normal distribution)

describe how probabilities are distributed over outcomes. The normal distribution is symmetric and

bell-shaped, used widely in inferential statistics.

Lecture 6: Sampling and Sampling Methods


Sampling involves selecting a subset from a population. Common methods include simple random

sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling. Good sampling methods reduce bias and

improve representativeness.

Lecture 7: Hypothesis Testing

Hypothesis testing evaluates claims about a population. The null hypothesis (H0) represents no

effect; the alternative (H1) represents a significant effect. P-values, significance levels (alpha), and

test statistics help determine whether to reject H0.

Lecture 8: Correlation and Regression

Correlation measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables

(range: -1 to +1). Regression analysis predicts one variable based on another, with simple linear

regression being the most basic form.

Summary:

Statistics equips us to make informed decisions using data. Mastery of descriptive tools, probability,

distributions, and inference forms the foundation for deeper statistical analysis in science, business,

and daily life.

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