VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi -590018

A Report On
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING INTERNSHIP
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
BIO MEDICAL ENGINEERING
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum
Academic year 2024-2025
Submitted by:
SHAIK MAHAMMAD SUHAIL (1RG21BM019)

Under the guidance of

Mrs. JANANEE. J
Assistant professor Dept. of BME

RAJIV GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Cholanagar, R.T. Nagar Post, Bangalore–560032
2024-2025
 RAJIV GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University)
Cholanagar, R.T. Nagar Post, Bangalore–560032
Department of Biomedical Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that report entitled “INTERNSHIP” is carried out by SHAIK

MAHAMMAD SUHAIL (1RG21BM019), is Bonafide students of RAJIV GANDHI
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY in the partial fulfilment of the academic requirement of
8th semester for the award of the degree Bachelor of Engineering in Biomedical Engineering
of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the academic year 2024-2025.
It is certified that all correction/suggestion indicated for internal assessment has been
incorporated inthe report deposited in the department library. The report has been approved
as it satisfied the academic requirement in respect of report work prescribed for the said
degree.

Mrs. JANANEE. J Dr. GANESH KUMAR MT Dr. MADHU H GOWDA

Assistant professor, HOD Principal

Dept of BME, RGIT Dept of BME, RGIT RGIT, Bangalore

Name of Examiners: Signature of Examiners:

1.

2.
 RAJIV GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University)
Cholanagar, R.T. Nagar Post, Bangalore–560032
Department of Biomedical Engineering

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the content involved in the report entitled “INTERNSHIP”
is the results of the work carried out and the source mainly depends on the people
associated with it, under the guidance of Assistant Professor Mrs. JANANEE. J
Department of Biomedical Engineering, RGIT, Bangalore. I am submitting this
report in partial fulfilment for the award of academic requirement of 8th semester
for the award of Degree in Bachelor of Biomedical Engineering, V.T.U, Belagavi,
Karnataka during the year 2024- 2025. I also declare that this work is not carried
out by any other students for the award of any degree.

Place: Bangalore

Name of the student USN Signature

SHAIK MAHAMMAD SUHAIL (1RG21BM019)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude and respect to the Rajiv Gandhi
Institute of Technology, Bengaluru for providing me an opportunity to carry out
INTERNSHIP.

I express our sincere regards and thanks to DR. MADHU H GOWDA, Principal,
RGIT, Bengaluru and DR. GANESH KUMAR M T, HOD, Department of Bio-
medical Engineering, RGIT Bengaluru for their encouragement and support
throughout the INTERNSHIP.

With profound sense of gratitude, I acknowledge the guidance and support extended
by MRS. JANANEE J, Assistant professor, Department of Bio- Medical Engineering,
RGIT, Bengaluru. Her incessant encouragement and valuable technical support have
been of immense help in realizing this INTERNSHIP. Her guidance gave us the
environment to enhance my knowledge, skills and to reach the pinnacle with sheer
determination, dedication, and hard work.

SHAIK MAHAMMAD SUHAIL (1RG21BM019)

 ABSTRACT

This abstract outlines a 12-week biomedical engineering internship completed at Apollo

Hospital Offering hands-on experience in a clinical environment. The internship provided
exposure to the maintenance, calibration, and troubleshooting of medical equipment across
departments such as ICU, radiology, surgery, and general wards. Under the guidance of the
hospital’s biomedical engineering team, I contributed to preventive maintenance schedules,
equipment performance checks, and technical support for devices including patient monitors,
infusion pumps, ventilators, and diagnostic machines.The experience emphasized the critical
role of biomedical engineers in ensuring the safety, accuracy, and reliability of medical
technology used in patient care. I gained practical knowledge of hospital workflows, regulatory
standards, and healthcare technology management. Additionally, I observed how engineers
collaborate with clinical staff to resolve equipment issues and implement improvements.

This internship enhanced my technical and problem-solving skills while reinforcing the importance
of ethical responsibility and attention to detail in a healthcare setting. It provided a valuable
foundation for my future career in biomedical engineering and strengthened my motivation to
contribute to healthcare innovation and patient safety.One of the most valuable aspects of the
internship was observing the impact of biomedical engineering on patient care. By ensuring the
functionality and safety of life-saving equipment, biomedical engineers play a vital role in
supporting clinical staff and improving treatment outcomes. This experience has not only enhanced
my technical competencies but also deepened my understanding of the ethical and professional
responsibilities inherent to the field.

Overall, the internship was an enriching and transformative experience that provided a solid
foundation for a future career in biomedical engineering. It reinforced my commitment to
contributing meaningfully to healthcare through innovation, problem-solving, and the application
of engineering principles in medicine.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEGEMENT I

ABSTRACT ii

CONTENT iii

LIST OF FIGURES iv

CHAPTER 1

ABOUT THE ORGANISATION

1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 1

1.2 Company Profile .......................................................................................2

1.3 Vision ........................................................................................................ 2

1.4 Mission .......................................................................................................2

1.5 Departments in JP Hospital ................................................................ 2

CHAPTER 2

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS

2.1 Activities performed .................................................................................... 4

2.2 Assisting with preventive maintenance tasks............................................... 4

2.3 Performing equipment calibration................................................................ 4

2.4 Handling equipment breakdowns.................................................................. 5

2.5 Collaborating with company service engineers for CMC and AMC task ..... 5

2.6 Installing new instruments.............................................................................. 5

2.7 Addressing service calls and resolving issues ................................................ 6

2.8 Assisting with documentation of records and reports .................................... 6

3.1 Introduction to Medical Equipments ............................................................. 7

3.2 Ventilators ....................................................................................................... 8

3.3 Patient Monitor ................................................................................................ 8

3.4 Defibrillator .....................................................................................................9

3.5 Anesthesia machine .......................................................................................10

3.6 Ecg machine ................................................................................................. 12

3.7 Incubator ....................................................................................................... 13

3.8 X-Ray ........................................................................................................... 14

CHAPTER 4

TASKS PERFORMED

4.1 Troubleshooting In Medical Equipment ...................................................... 15

4.2 Ventilator Breakdown ................................................................................. 15

4.3 Defibrillator Not Charging............................................................................ 15

4.4 Patient Monitor Display Failure .................................................................... 16

4.5 Infusion Pump Alarming Continuously ........................................................ 16

4.6 Anesthesia Machine Leaking Gas ................................................................. 16

4.7 CT Scanner Gantry Stuck.............................................................................. 17

4.8 Infant Incubator ............................................................................................. 17

4.9 X-ray Machine............................................................................................... 17

4.10 Dialysis Machine ......................................................................................... 17

5.1 Specific Outcomes......................................................................................... 18

5.2 Technical Outcomes ......................................................................................18

5.3 Non-Technical Outcomes............................................................................. 19

RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................... 20

CONCLUSION................................................................................... 22
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

1.1 Hospital Logo 1

3.2 Ventilator 7

3.3 Patient Monitor 8

3.4 Defibrillator 9

3.5 Anesthesia Machine 11

3.6 ECG Machine 12

3.7 Incubator (NICU) 13

3.8 X-RAY machine 14

 CHAPTER -1
ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION

JP MULTI SPECIALITY HOSPITAL

OVERVIEW

Established in the year 2017, JP MULTI SPECIALITY Hospital in Sn Colony, Rayachoti is a

top player in the category Hospitals in the Rayachoti. This well- known establishment acts as
a one-stop destination servicing customers both local and from other parts of Rayachoti. Over
the course of its journey, this business has established a firm foothold in it’s industry. The belief
that customer satisfaction is as important as their products and services, have helped this
establishment garner a vast base of customers, which continues to grow by the day.

JP Multi Specialty Hospital is one of the leading hospital. The best healthcare professionals
provide Comprehensive healthcare. It is located at Rayachoty. It provides advanced levels of
care in over different specialties including Gynecologist & Obstetrician, Pediatrician.

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CHAPTER -2

VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS IN HOSPITAL

1. DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOTHERAPY

2. DEPARTMENT OF ENT

3. DEPARTMENT OF RADIOLOGY

4. DEPARTMENT OF NEPHROLOGY AND UROLOGY

5. DEPARTMENT OF EMERGENCY

6. DEPARTMENT OF CARDIOLOGY

7. DEPARTMENT OF VASCULAR SURGERY AND PODIATRY

8. DEPARTMENT OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY

9. DEPARTMENT OF SMILE TRAIN

10. DEPARTMENT OF NEONATOLOGY AND PEDIATRICS

11. DEPARTMENT OF PULMONARY AND SLEEP MEDICINE

12. DEPARTMENT OF ICU

13. DEPARTMENT OF WARDS

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2.1 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOTHERAPY

• Physiotherapy is a healthcare profession that diagnoses, treats, and works to prevent disease
and disability through physical means. Proven techniques are used to help restore
movement and function to anyone affected by an injury, disability.

• This includes providing services in circumstances where movement and function are
threatened by ageing, injury, pain, diseases, disorders, conditions or environmental factors.
Functional movement is central to what it means to be healthy. The equipment in this
department is as follows

• Dual frequency ultrasound therapy

• CPM(Continuous passive motion)

2.1.1 CPM (CONTINUOUS PASSIVE MOTION)

Fig 2.1.1: CPM

 A continuous passive motion (CPM) machine is a motorized device that passively moves
a joint through a pre-set range of motion. These devices may be used after surgery to
reduce joint stiffness and improve range of motion. They’re sometimes used after knee
replacement surgery but can also be used after elbow, hip, or shoulder surgery.

 CPM machines move your joint without you having to move your muscles. It’s thought
they help by counteracting the negative effects of prolonged immobilization.

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2.2: DEPARTMENT OF E N T (OTOLARYNGOLOGY)

Otolaryngology is a medical specialty which is focused on the ears, nose, and throat. It is also
called otolaryngology-head and neck surgery because specialists are trained in both medicine
and surgery.

An otolaryngologist is often called an ear, nose, and throat doctor, or an ENT for short.

Instruments seen in E N T department:

• TONGUE DEPRESSOR

• EAR SUCTION

• NASAL SUCTION

• OTOSCOPE

• SIEGEL’S SPECULUM

2.2.1 TONGUE DEPRESSOR

Fig 2.2.1: TONGUE DEPRESSOR

Tongue depressors, sometimes referred to as spatulas, are used to depress the tongue to allow
unobstructed views of the throat and mouth during clinical examinations.

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2.2.2 OTOSCOPE

Fig 2.2.2 OTOSCOPE

An otoscope is a tool which provides a beam of light to help visualize and examine the condition
of the ear canal and eardrum. Examining the ear can reveal the cause of symptoms such as an
ear pain or ear ache, the ear feeling full, hearing loss, etc.

2.3: DEPARTMENT OF RADIOLOGY

Radiology is a medical discipline that uses medical imaging to diagnose and treat diseases
within the human body.

Some of the machines witnessed in the Radiology department are as follows:

• ULTRASOUND MACHINE

• BMD

• X –RAY MACHINE

• MAMMOGRAPHY

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2.3.1 X-RAY MACHINE

Fig 2.3.1 X-RAY machine

The X-RAY machine produces X-rays. It is used to take images of the internal structures of
the human body. It is used to visualise the structures of bones, also used during surgeries to
guide surgeons in reattaching bones that are broken with structural plates and screws, it assists
cardiologists to locate arteries that are blocked and guides them while placing stents or during
angioplasty.

2.3.2 MAMMOGRAPHY

Fig 2.3.2 Mamography

A mammogram uses a machine designed to look only at breast tissue. The machine takes x-
rays at lower dose than usual x-rays. Because these x-rays don't go through tissue easily, the
machine has 2 plates that compress or flatten the breast to spread the tissue apart . The goal of
mammography is the early detection of breast cancer, typically through detection of
characteristic masses or micro- calcifications.

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As with all X-rays, mammograms use doses of ionising radiation to create images. These images
are then analysed for abnormal findings. It is usual to employ lower-energy X-rays, typically
Mo (K-shell X-ray energies of 17.5 and 19.6 keV) and Rh (20.2 and 22.7 keV) than those used
for radiography of bones.

2.3.3. ULTRASOUND MACHINE

Ultrasound is sound with frequency greater than 20 Kilo hertz. This frequency is the
approximate upper audible limit of human hearing healthy young adults. The physical
principles of acoustic waves apply to any frequency range, including ultrasound. Ultrasonic
devices operate with frequencies from 20 kHz up to several gigahertz.

Fig 2.3.2 Ultrasound Machine

Ultrasound is used in many different fields. Ultrasonic devices are used to detect objects and
measure distances. Ultrasound imaging or sonography is often used in medicine. In the
nondestructive testing of products and structures, ultrasound is used to detect invisible flaws.
Industrially, ultrasound is used for cleaning, mixing, and accelerating chemical processes.
Animals such as bats and porpoises use ultrasound for locating prey and obstacles.

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2.4: DEPARTMENT OF NEPHROLOGY AND UROLOGY

This department deals with the functioning of kidney and its diseases
preservation of the health of kidneys, treatment of the diseases, from diet and medication to
kidney replacement therapy.

The equipment’s witnessed in this department are as follows;

• LITHOTRIPTER

• HEMODIALYSIS

• URINE DIPSTICK

• UROFLOWMETRY

2.4.1 HEMODIALYSIS

Fig 2.4.1 Hemodialysis

Dialysis is used in patients with rapidly developing loss of kidney function, called acute kidney
injury (previously called acute renal failure), or slowly worsening kidney function, called
STAGE 5 chronic kidney diseases,(previously called chronic kidney failure and end- stage
renal diseases and end-stage kidney diseases). Dialysis is used as a temporary measure in
either acute kidney injury or in those awaiting the kidney transplant and as a permanent
measure in those for whom a transplant is not possible. Hemodialysis present in BMJH are
FRESENIUS and B BRAUN DIALOG PLUS machine.

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2.4.2 UROFLOWMETRY

Fig 2.4.1 Uroflowmetry

Uroflowmetry is a simple, diagnostic screening procedure used to calculate the flow rate of
urine over time. The test is noninvasive (the skin is not pierced), and may be used to assess
bladder and sphincter function.

2.5: EMERGENCY
An emergency room or emergency department is a medical treatment facility that specializes
in acute medical care of patients. These patients are treated in an emergency room without any
sort of appointment. The emergency department is the one among the very stressful and critical
area of a hospital. Despite this, the department is most significant in saving lives. The
healthcare is responsible for receiving, sorting, assessing, stabilizing, and managing patients
arriving at the hospital with different degrees of urgency and complications.

Every ED consist of a minor OT which helps to operate the patient with out any lack of
time.

The equipment in the ED are

• Blood Pressure monitor

• Defibrillator

• EKG Machine

• Vein Detector

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• Cardiac Monitor

• Oxygen tanks and nasal cannulas

2.5.1 TRIAGE

Fig 2.5.1 Triage

Triage is the prioritization or categorizing of patient care (or victims during a disaster) based
on illness/injury, severity. The purpose of triage is to identify patients needing immediate
medication; to assign patients to a predesignated patient care area, therefore prioritizing their
care.

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It is divided into three categories

• Category 1 – complicated cases
• Category 2 – priority (mild cases)
• Category 3 – under observation (Recovery)

2.5.2 VEIN DETECTOR

Fig 2.5.2 Vein Detector

Near infrared LED’s are used to uplift the tissue at the specific or particular location. The
veins appear to be as dark bands because they absorb more wavelength of this light than the
surrounding tissue.

2.5.3 OXYGEN TANKS AND NASAL CANNULAS

Fig 2.5.3 Oxygen Tank

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The nasal cannula is a lightweight tube that is used to supply supplemental oxygen to the patient
who is need of respiratory assistance. one end of the tube divided into 2 prongs. These prongs
are placed in the 2 nostrils and it delivers a mixture of air and oxygen. The other end of the
tube is connected to the oxygen tank through a flowmeter to control the flow and volume of
oxygen.

2.6: DEPARTMENT OF CARDIOLOGY

Cardiology deals with the department of the heart as well as disorders of the circulatory
system. This department deals with the medical diagnosis and treatment of coronary heart
disease, congenital heart defects, heart failure, electrophysiology and valvular heart disease.

Instruments witnessed in this department are:

• ECG
• B P APPARATUS
• ECHO MACHINE
• TMT
• DEFIBRILLATOR

2.6.1 ECG (ELECTROCARDIOGRAM)

Fig 2.6.1 ECG

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An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a simple test that can be used to check your heart's rhythm and
electrical activity. Sensors attached to the skin are used to detect the electrical signals
produced by your heart each time it beats. These signals are recorded by a machine and are
looked at by a doctor to see if they are unusual.

An ECG can help us detect:

1. Arrhythmias – where the heart beats too slowly, too quickly, or irregularly

2. Coronary heart disease – where the heart's blood supply is blocked or interrupted by a
build-up of fatty substances

3. heart attacks – where the supply of blood to the heart is suddenly blocked

4. Cardiomyopathy – where the heart walls become thickened or enlarged.

ECG LEADS
An ECG lead is a graphical description of the electrical activity of the heart and it is created
by analysing several electrodes. In other words, each ECG lead is computed by analysing the
electrical currents detected by several electrodes. Different ECG’S have different number of
lead for example, 3 lead, 10 lead, 12 lead etc.

The types of leads are:

• Limb Leads (Bipolar)

• Augmented Limb Leads (Unipolar)

• Chest Leads (Unipolar)

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2.6.2 ECHO MACHINE

Fig 2.6.3 Echo Machine

Echocardiography is routinely used in the diagnosis, management, and followup of patients

with any suspected or known heart diseases .It is one of the most widely used diagnostic
imaging modalities in cardiology. It can provide a wealth of helpful information, including the
size and shape of the heart (internal chamber size quantification), pumping capacity, location
and extent of any tissue damage, and assessment of valves. An echocardiogram can also give
physicians other estimates of heart function, such as a calculation of the cardiac output and
ejection fraction , and diastolic function (how well the heart relaxes).

2.6.3 DEFIBRILLATORS

Defibrillation is a treatment for life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias specifically ventricular

fibrillation (V-Fib) and non perfuming ventricular tracheas (V-Tach). A defibrillator delivers
a dose of electric current (often called a counter-shock) to the heart. Although not fully
understood, this process depolarises a large amount of the heart muscle ending the arrhythmia.
Subsequently, the body's natural in the senatorial node of the heart is able to reestablish normal
sinus rhythm A heart which is in systole (flatline) cannot be restarted by a defibrillator, but
would be treated only by (CPR) and medication. Like this a-systole sometimes converts into
a shockable rhythm, which can be treated by cardioversion or defibrillation.

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2.7: DEPARTMENT OF VASCULAR-SURGERY AND PODIATRY

Vascular surgery is a surgical subspecialty in which diseases of the vascular system, or

arteries, veins and lymphatic circulation, are managed by medical therapy, minimally-invasive
catheter procedures, and surgical reconstruction.

Vascular surgeons are trained in the diagnosis and management of conditions affecting the
circulation, including disease of the arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels. They treat all parts
of the vascular system excluding the heart and the brain.

Podiatrists are medical specialists who help with problems that affect your feet or lower legs.

They can treat injuries as well as complications from ongoing health issues like diabetes.

Some of the instruments witnessed in this department are;

• Cannulas

• Dilators

• Needle Holders and Needles

• Retractors

2.7.1 RETRACTORS

Fig 2.7.1 Refractor

A retractor is a surgical instrument used to separate the edges of a surgical incision or wound,
or to hold back underlying organs and tissues so that body parts under the incision may be
accessed

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2.7.2 CURETTES

Fig 2.7.1 Curettes

Podiatry curettes typically feature small heads that are angled or straight, with or without
a hole, used to remove debris from nail grooves, in debridement, and to drain an abscess.
Popular patterns include:

• Verruca
• Brun,
• Mc Glamry

2.8: DEPARTMENT OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY

A branch of medicine that specialises in the care of women during pregnancy and childbirth
and in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive organs. It also
specialises in other women’s health issues, such as menopause, hormone problems,
contraception (birth control), and infertility. Though Obstetrics and Gynaecology comes under
same specialty it comprises of distinct fields, Obstetrics (OB) involves care during the
preconception, pregnancy, childbirth, and immediately after delivery.

Gynaecology (GYN) involves care of all women's health issues from menarche to menopause.

Few instruments us9ed in this department are:

• FORCEPS

• CERVICAL DILATORS

• PUNCH FORCEPS

• VENTOUSE DEVICE

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2.8.1 PUNCH FORCEPS AND TENACULUM

Fig 2.8.1 Punch Forcebs

Used for premalignant lesions of the cervix. And tenaculum is used to stabilize the cervix and
uterus during the insertion of intrauterine device.

2.8.2 VENTOUSE DEVICE

Fig 2.8.1 Ventouse Device

This device is used in the second stage of delivery to assist the delivery of a baby
based on vacuum suction principle.

2.8.3 FORCEPS
Forceps or considered a plural noun without a singular, often a pair of forceps; the Latin
plural forcipes is no longer recorded in most dictionaries are a handheld, hinged instrument
used for grasping and holding objects. Forceps are used when fingers are too large to grasp

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small objects or when many objects need to be held at one time while the hands are used to
perform a task. The term "forceps" is used almost exclusively in the fields of biology and
medicine Outside biology and medicine, people usually refer to forceps as tweezers, tongs,
pliers, clips or clamps.

Fig 2.8.1 Forcebs

2.9: SMILE TRAIN

Fig 2.9 Smile Train

Smile Train is a non-profit organization and charity providing corrective surgery for children
with cleft lip and palates. Smile Train provides free corrective cleft surgery in 87 countries,
training local doctors and providing hospital funding for the procedures.

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2.10 DEPARTMENT OF NEONATOLOGY AND PEDIATRICS

Neonatology is a subspecialty of pediatrics that consists of the medical care of newborn
infants, especially the ill or premature newborn. It is a hospital-based specialty, and is usually
practiced in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs). The patients here are newborn infants
who are ill or require special medical care due to prematurity, low birth weight, birth defects,
etc.

Pediatrics is the specialty of medical science concerned with the physical, mental, and
social health of children from birth to young adulthood.

Some of the equipment seen in this department is

• BABY WEIGHING SCALE

• BABY INCUBATORS

• NEBULIZER

• ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE

• PEDIATRIC WARMER

2.10.1 TRACHEOSTOMY TUBE

A tracheostomy, a procedure to cut a hole in the throat to clear an airway to the lungs,
is used to insert a tube into the trachea to provide assisted ventilation to children who
are unable to breathe, or have difficulty breathing on their own.

Fig 2.8.1 Tracheostomy Tube

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2.10.2 PEDIATRIC WARMER\INFANT WARMER

Fig 2.8.1 Paediatric Warmer

After birth, infants are placed under a radiant warmer until they can achieve thermoregulation.
Because warming by IR energy is an efficient means of energy transfer, extreme hyperthermia,
skin burns, permanent brain damage, or even death can result.

2.11 PULMONARY AND SLEEP MEDICINE

Pulmonary medicine refers to the diagnosis as well as the treatment of diseases of the lungs as
well as the respiratory system.

Sleep medicine refers to the diagnosis and therapy of sleep disorders and disturbances.

Some of the instruments witnessed in this department are as follows:

• SPIROMETER

• PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST MACHINE

• BMI MACHINE

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2.11.1 SPIROMETER

The Spirometer is a medical device that is used to measure the volume of air that is
inspired and expired by the lungs. It measures both the ventilation as well as the
movement of air into the lungs and movement of air out of the lungs. The Spirometer is
used to identify obstructive and restrictive abnormal ventilation patterns.

Fig 2.8.1 Spirometer

2.11.2 BODY MASS INDEX (BMI)

Fig 2.8.1 BMI

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a person’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in
meters. A high BMI can indicate high body fatness. BMI screens for weight categories that
may lead to health problems, but it does not diagnose the body fatness or health of an
individual.

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2.12.1 DEPARTMENT OF ICU

An intensive care unit (ICU), also known as an intensive therapy unit or intensive treatment
unit (ITU). Intensive care units is a place where cares for patients with severe and any kind
of life-threatening illnesses and injuries ,close supervision is given to patient along with life
support equipment and medication for normal bodily functions. Common conditions or
diseases that are treated in ICUs are acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, and
other life-threatening conditions, etc.

TYPES OF ICU IN BMJH

• MICU

• NICU

• CSICU

• CCU

• PICU
INSTRUMENTS IN ICU’S ARE :

• VENTILATOR

• SYRINGE PUMPS

• INFUSION PUMPS

• PATIENT MONITOR

• ECG MACHINE

• INCUBATOR

• HUMIDIFIER

• OXYGEN CONCENTRATOR

• ANESTHESIA MACHINE

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2.13.1 ANAESTHESIA MACHINE

Fig 2.12.1 Anaesthesia Machine

The function of an anesthesia machine is to deliver oxygen (O2) and anesthetic gases, remove
carbon dioxide (CO2) and to provide controlled ventilation. The anesthesia machine receives
medical gases from a gas supply, it controls the flow and reduces the pressure of gases to a safe
level, vaporizes volatile anesthetics into the final gas mixture, and the mixture is given to the
breathing circuit that is connected to the patient's airway. The company is GE of model avance
cs2

2.12.2 INCUBATOR

Fig 2.12.1 Incubator

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An incubator is developed to provide a safe place for infants to live while their vital organs
develop. an incubator gives an environment to provide the ideal temperature as well as the
perfect amount of oxygen, humidity, and light which are necessary for the development if the
baby

2.13.3 OXYGEN CONCENTRATOR

Fig 2.12.1 Oxygen Concentrator

An oxygen concentrator is a device that provides supplemental oxygen to a patient with
breathing issues. The device consists of a compressor, sieve bed filter, oxygen tank, pressure
valve, and a nasal cannula (or oxygen mask). Like an oxygen cylinder or tank, a concentrator
supplies oxygen to a patient via a mask or nasal tubes. A concentrator doesn’t require refilling
and can provide oxygen 24 hours a day. One among the company with production of o2
concentrator are HAIER - model CP801.

CHAPTER 2.13 WARDS

A ward is a room in a hospital which has beds for many people, often people who need
similar treatment. The types of wards in BMJH

• General ward

• Economic ward

• Semi-private ward

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• Private ward

• Executive ward

• VIP room
• The equipment used in wards are as follows

• Infusion pump

• Syringe pump

• Nebulizer

• IV line

2.13.1 INFUSION PUMP

Fig 2.13.1 Infusion Pump

An infusion pump is a medical device that delivers fluids, such as nutrients and medications,
into a patient's body in controlled amounts. An infusion pump draws fluid from a standard bag
of intravenous fluid and controls the rate of flow.Because it can use any size bag of
intravenous fluid, an infusion pump can be used to deliver fluids at either a very slow or very
fast infusion rate. The company’s that does the production of these devices are Fresenius kabi
, med captain and models are infusia VP7s and MP-60A respectively, agailia VP .

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CONCLUSION

The overall internship at JP MULTI SPECIALITY HOSPITAL was really good, it helped us
in improving our skills, abilities, knowledge and even gave us a better view on how the BME
department works in hospital and how effective it is.
The internship helped us out to find about our strengths and weaknesses and helped us to be
aware of the skills and knowledge we should work on for future progress.
We enjoyed working with jp hospital’s biomedical engineering team and learned the ways in
which they overcome each of the problem as a biomedical engineer.
The types and latest technologies of devices available in the market were also introduced and
during the taring period we were also taught about the
necessary precautions to be taken while working with the devices

The overall experience was positive, and everything we learned and were advised will be
useful in our future career in this field

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CHAPTER 3

TASKS PERFORMED

3.1 Troubleshooting In Medical Equipments

Troubleshooting in medical devices is critically important because it ensures the continuous
and safe operation of equipment that directly impacts patient care and outcomes. Quick and
accurate identification of faults minimizes equipment downtime, prevents delays in diagnosis
or treatment, and reduces the risk of harm to patients. It also helps in maintaining compliance
with healthcare regulations, optimizing device performance, and extending the lifespan of
costly medical equipment. For biomedical engineers, effective troubleshooting is essential for
maintaining hospital workflow efficiency and upholding the highest standards of patient safety.

3.2 Ventilator Breakdown

Problem Description: The ventilator suddenly stopped delivering airflow; error code indicated
internal blower failure.

Action Taken:

► Switched the patient to a backup ventilator immediately.

► Inspected the unit for electrical and mechanical faults.
► Replaced the faulty blower motor.
► Performed calibration and functional testing.
► Logged the repair and updated service records.

3.3 Defibrillator Not Charging

Problem Description: Defibrillator failed to charge and showed low battery error despite
being plugged in.

Action Taken:

► Verified power outlet and internal power supply circuit.

► Identified a damaged charging circuit board.
► Replaced the board and tested battery charging and shock delivery.
► Ensured device passed safety checks before redeployment.

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3.4 Patient Monitor Display Failure

Problem Description: The display screen was flickering and then went blank; vital
parameters were not visible

Action Taken:

► Checked power supply, connectors, and backlight inverter.

► Replaced the faulty LCD module.
► Conducted full parameter simulation to verify performance.
► Documented repair and informed clinical staff.

3.5 Infusion Pump Alarming Continuously

Problem Description: Infusion pump alarmed for occlusion even when no line blockage was
present.

Action Taken:

► Disassembled and inspected pressure sensor and tubing.

► Cleaned and recalibrated the occlusion sensor.
► Tested with various flow rates and tubing sets.
► Returned to service after validation with clinical input.

3.6 Anesthesia Machine Leaking Gas

Problem Description: Detected a gas leak during preoperative check; audible hissing near
vaporizer.

Action Taken:

► Isolated and leak-tested vaporizer and circuit.

► Found a worn O-ring at the vaporizer mounting interface.
► Replaced the seal, retested for leaks using leak test kit.
► Verified calibration of flow meters before approval for use.

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3.7 CT Scanner Gantry Stuck

Problem Description: Gantry stopped rotating mid-scan; error code indicated motor driver
failure.

Action Taken:

► Called service support due to system complexity.

► Assisted with diagnostic interface and part replacement.
► Verified mechanical movement and image acquisition post-repair.

► Coordinated recalibration and QA testing with radiology.

3.8 Infant Incubator

Problem: Temperature fluctuating; unable to maintain set value.

Action Taken: Identified faulty temperature probe; replaced sensor; validated heater control
with test loads and safety alarms.

3.9 X-ray Machine

Problem: Exposure button not responding; system stuck in standby.

Action Taken: Checked control console; replaced faulty trigger switch; verified exposure
timing and image quality post-repair.

3.10 Dialysis Machine

Problem: Temperature error alarm during treatment.

Action Taken: Diagnosed faulty heater element; replaced the element; tested temperature
control and water quality.

3.11 Suction Machine

Problem: No suction power during emergency.

Action Taken: Checked motor function; found blockage in internal tubing; cleaned tubing
and replaced clogged filter; restored function.

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CHAPTER 4

OUTCOMES OF THE INTERNSHIP

4.1 Specific Outcomes:

Hands-on Experience with Medical Equipment: Gained practical experience in

troubleshooting, maintenance, and calibration of various medical devices such as ventilators,

infusion pumps, ECG monitors, and anesthesia machines.

Exposure to Hospital Operations: Gained insight into the daily operations of a hospital’s
biomedical engineering department, including patient safety protocols, equipment lifecycle
management, and regulatory compliance.

Project Involvement: Worked on specific projects such as equipment audits, preventive

maintenance schedules, and assisting in the installation of new devices.

4.2 Technical Outcomes:

Enhanced Troubleshooting Skills: Developed the ability to diagnose and fix malfunctions in
medical equipment by learning to interpret error codes, perform mechanical repairs, and
replace faulty components.

Improved Equipment Calibration Knowledge: Gained hands-on experience in calibrating

devices such as patient monitors, infusion pumps, and ventilators, ensuring they meet the
required safety and performance standards.

Learning to Use Diagnostic Tools: Acquired proficiency in using diagnostic tools and
software for analyzing equipment performance and testing, such as ECG simulators, infusion
pump analyzers, and X-ray calibrators.

Familiarity with Medical Device Software: Gained exposure to medical device management
software for tracking equipment performance, maintenance schedules, and service histories.

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4.3 Non-Technical Outcomes:

Improved Communication Skills: Developed the ability to effectively communicate

technical information to non-technical staff, including clinicians and nurses, through training
sessions and support.

Team Collaboration: Gained experience working with multidisciplinary teams, including

doctors, nurses, and other engineers, to ensure optimal equipment usage and resolve technical
issues promptly.

Time Management and Prioritization: Learned to prioritize tasks based on equipment

urgency and hospital needs, improving efficiency and decision-making under pressure.

Regulatory Knowledge and Compliance: Acquired a deeper understanding of hospital

regulations related to medical equipment, including FDA standards, ISO certifications, and
safety protocols, contributing to maintaining regulatory compliance.

Adaptability in a Hospital Environment: Developed the ability to adapt to the fast-paced

and high-stress environment of a hospital, responding to emergencies while ensuring minimal
downtime for critical equipment.

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