The image shows pages from a textbook on indices.
The left page introduces indices and
provides an example table, while the right page contains exercises related to indices.
Let's break down the visible content and solve the problems where possible.
Left Page: "> 1.3 Indices"
This section seems to be an introduction to indices.
● In this section you will...1
○ use positive, negative and zero indices.2
○ use index laws for multiplication and division.3
● This table shows powers of 3.4
It presents a table with numbers and their corresponding powers of 3.
| Number | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | 9 | 27 | 81 | 243 | 729 |
● When you move column to the right, the index increases by 1 and the number multiplies
by 3.
Example: 3×3=9, 27×3=81, 81×3=243, and so on.
● When you move one column to the left, the index decreases by 1 and the number
divides by 3. You can use this fact to extend the table to the left.
This explains how to find values for negative or zero indices.
Example: 31=3, 30=1, 3−1=1/3, 3−2=1/9.
The table is extended:
| 3−3 | 3−2 | 3−1 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1/27 | 1/9 | 1/3 | 1 | 3 | 9 | 27 | 81 | 243 | 729 |
● 3−3=1/27=1/33. This is a key definition for negative indices.
● You can see from the table that 30=1. Another key definition.
● Also: 33÷33=27÷27=1.
● In general, if a is a positive integer then a0=1. These results are not only true for
powers of 3. They apply to any positive integer.
● For example: 50=1, 80=1, (1/2)0=1.
● In general, if a and n are positive integers then a−n=1/an.
Exercise 1.3
1. Write each number as a fraction.
○ a) 4−1
■ Explanation: Using the rule a−n=1/an.
■ Solution: 4−1=1/41=1/4
○ b) 2−4
■ Explanation: Using the rule a−n=1/an.
■ Solution: 2−4=1/24=1/(2×2×2×2)=1/16
○ c) 10−3
■ Explanation: Using the rule a−n=1/an.
■ Solution: 10−3=1/103=1/(10×10×10)=1/1000
○ d) 6−2
■ Explanation: Using the rule a−n=1/an.
■ Solution: 6−2=1/62=1/(6×6)=1/36
○ e) 9−2
■ Explanation: Using the rule a−n=1/an.
■ Solution: 9−2=1/92=1/(9×9)=1/81
○ f) 2−5
■ Explanation: Using the rule a−n=1/an.
■ Solution: 2−5=1/25=1/(2×2×2×2×2)=1/32
2. Here are five numbers: 23,32,41,50,91.
List the numbers in order of size, smallest first.
○ Calculate each value:
■ 23=2×2×2=8
■ 32=3×3=9
■ 41=4
■ 50=1 (Any non-zero number raised to the power of 0 is 1)
■ 91=9
○ List in order of size (smallest first):
■ 50 (which is 1)
■ 41 (which is 4)
■ 23 (which is 8)
■ 32 (which is 9)
■ 91 (which is 9)
○ Solution: 50,41,23,32,91 (or 50,41,23,32=91 if the values are identical).
○ Note: If we want to strictly follow the "smallest first" and there are duplicates in
value, it's good practice to list them as they are given, so 50,41,23,32,91.
Right Page: "1 Number and calculation"
This page contains more exercises.
3. Write these numbers as powers of 2.
○ a) 2
■ Solution: 21
○ b) 4
■ Solution: 22
○ c) 8
■ Solution: 23
○ d) 16
■ Solution: 24
○ e) 1
■ Solution: 20
○ f) 64
■ Solution: 26
4. Write each number as a power of 10.
○ a) 100
■ Solution: 102
○ b) 1000
■ Solution: 103
○ c) 1
■ Solution: 100
○ d) 0.1
■ Solution: 10−1
○ e) 0.001
■ Solution: 10−3
○ f) 0.000001
■ Solution: 10−6
5. Write
○ a) as a power of 64
■ This instruction seems incomplete without a number to write as a power of
64. Let's assume it refers to writing 64 as a power of a given base, or
vice-versa. Given the structure of the next part, it's likely part of a
comparison.
○ b) as a power of 8
■ Similar to part (a).
○ c) as a power of 4
■ Similar to part (a).
○ d) as a power of 2.
■ Similar to part (a).
Let's assume the question is asking to write a number (e.g., 26) in terms of powers of
64, 8, 4, and 2.If the number is 64:a) 641b) 82c) 43d) 26This part is ambiguous without
the specific number to express.
6. Write a4 as a power of a positive integer.
○ Explanation: This means we need to find a base b such that bx=a4.
○ Solution: This is broad. For example, if a=2, then 24. If the question means to
express a4 in another form, for instance, (a2)2. But usually, "as a power of a
positive integer" implies the base is a positive integer. This question is also
somewhat ambiguous without context. Assuming it means to write it with a
different base if possible, or perhaps that the base is a positive integer. If a is
itself a positive integer, then a4 is already a power of a positive integer.
7. How many different ways can you write the answer to part 'a' (from question 6)?
○ This depends on the interpretation of question 6. If a4 can be (a2)2 or (a)8 etc. it
depends on the domain for the base. If a must be an integer, then usually a4 is the
simplest form.
8. When x=6, find the value of
○ a) x2
■ Solution: 62=36
○ b) x−2
■ Solution: 6−2=1/62=1/36
○ c) x−3
■ Solution: 6−3=1/63=1/(6×6×6)=1/216
9. Write my as a fraction when
○ a) m=9,y=−3
■ Solution: 9−3=1/93=1/(9×9×9)=1/729
○ b) m=15,y=−2
■ Solution: 15−2=1/152=1/(15×15)=1/225
○ c) m=20,y=−3
■ Solution: 20−3=1/203=1/(20×20×20)=1/8000
10.x−2=1/x2 and x0=1 is a positive number.
○ a) Write y as a mixed number when
■ i) y=11−1
■ Solution: y=1/11. This is already a fraction. As a mixed number, it's 0
and 1/11, or simply 1/11. (A mixed number requires an integer part and
a fractional part, e.g., 121).
■ ii) y=3−2
■ Solution: y=1/32=1/9. Similarly, this is 0 and 1/9.
■ iii) y=5−3
■ Solution: y=1/53=1/125. Similarly, this is 0 and 1/125.
○ b) Find the value of y when
■ i) y=25.00
■ Solution: y=1 (Any non-zero number to the power of 0 is 1).
■ ii) y=0.01−1
■ Solution: y=1/0.01=1/(1/100)=100.
11.Write the answer to each multiplication as a power of 3.
○ a) 31×33
■ Explanation: When multiplying powers with the same base, add the
exponents (am×an=am+n).
■ Solution: 31+3=34
○ b) 32×32
■ Solution: 32+2=34
○ c) 33×31
■ Solution: 33+1=34
○ d) 30×34
■ Solution: 30+4=34
○ e) 3−1×33
■ Solution: 3−1+3=32
○ f) 32×3−1
■ Solution: 32+(−1)=31
○ g) 30×3−2
■ Solution: 30+(−2)=3−2
○ h) 3−3×32
■ Solution: 3−3+2=3−1
12.In part a you used the rule 3x×3y=3x+y when the indices are positive integers.5
In the following multiplications, 6a or 7b can be negative integers.8
Show that the rule still gives the correct answers.9
○ i) 1032×3−1
■ Explanation: 32×3−1=9×(1/3)=3. Using the rule 32+(−1)=31=3.
■ Solution: Left-hand side: 32×3−1=9×1/3=3. Right-hand side: 32+(−1)=31=3.
The rule holds.
○ ii) 30×32
■ Explanation: 30×32=1×9=9. Using the rule 30+2=32=9.
■ Solution: Left-hand side: 30×32=1×9=9. Right-hand side: 30+2=32=9. The
rule holds.
○ iii) 3−1×30
■ Explanation: 3−1×30=(1/3)×1=1/3. Using the rule 3−1+0=3−1=1/3.
■ Solution: Left-hand side: 3−1×30=1/3×1=1/3. Right-hand side:
3−1+0=3−1=1/3. The rule holds.
○ iv) 3−2×3−1
■ Explanation: 3−2×3−1=(1/9)×(1/3)=1/27. Using the rule 3−2+(−1)=3−3=1/27.
■ Solution: Left-hand side: 3−2×3−1=1/9×1/3=1/27. Right-hand side:
3−2+(−1)=3−3=1/27. The rule holds.
13.Write two examples of your own to show that the rule works.
○ a) 23×2−2
■ Explanation: 23×2−2=8×(1/4)=2. Using the rule 23+(−2)=21=2.
■ Solution: LHS: 23×2−2=8×1/4=2. RHS: 23+(−2)=21=2. The rule holds.
○ b) 5−1×53
■ Explanation: 5−1×53=(1/5)×125=25. Using the rule 5−1+3=52=25.
■ Solution: LHS: 5−1×53=1/5×125=25. RHS: 5−1+3=52=25. The rule holds.
14.Give your work to a partner to check. (This is an instruction, not a problem to solve.)
15.Write the answer to each multiplication as a power of 5.
○ a) 52×52
■ Solution: 52+2=54
○ b) 54×5−2
■ Solution: 54+(−2)=52
○ c) 55×5−2
■ Solution: 55+(−2)=53
○ d) 52×5−4
■ Solution: 52+(−4)=5−2
○ e) 50×5−1
■ Solution: 50+(−1)=5−1
○ f) 5−4×5−2
■ Solution: 5−4+(−2)=5−6
This comprehensive breakdown covers all the visible problems and explanations in the
provided image.
