ENGINEERING GRAPHICS (B.E. 1 SEM-NU)_ yep va VIVA-VOCE SCALES Q.1. What is scale? a Ans. The proportion by which we either reduce or increase the actual size of the object on a drawing t known as drawing to scale or simply scale. Q.2, What are the applications of scale? Ans. The following are the main uses of scales in engineering practice:~ 1. The scales are used to prepare reduced or enlarged size drawings. 2. The scales are used to set off dimensions. 3. The scales are used to measure distances directly. Q.3, What are the different-sizes of seales? Ans. The following are the sizes of scales which are used in engineering practic oe 1) Full Size Seale: ‘The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are drawn to same size the drawing is known as full size scale, Itis written on the stick as 1:1- Drawing made to actual size, 2) Reducing Scale: The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are reduced to some proportion is known as reducing scale. The standard reducing proportion are: 1:2 drawing made to one-half of the actual size. ‘4 3) Enlarging Seale: The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are increased in some proportion is known as enlarging scale. The standard proportions are: 2:1 - drawing made to twice the actual size. . Q.4. What is representative fraction (RF) or scale factor (SF)? Ans. The ratio of the distance on the drawing sheet of an object to the corresponding actual distance of the object is known as representative fraction or scale factor. Distance on drawing sheet of the object same units} Corresponding actual distance of the object RR= QS. Classify different types of scales, Ans. 1. Plain or simple scales. 2. Diagonal scales. 3. Comparative or Corresponding scales. 4, Vernier scales, 5. Chord scales of chords. ENGINEERING CURVES Q.1. Define following terms: i) Conie section ii) Conic sae i Ans. i) Conic Section :~ The section obtained by the intersection of a right circular cone and a plane in different positions relative to the axis of the cone are called conic sections, fi) Conic :— The conic may he defined as the locus of a point moving in a plane in such a way that the ratio of its distances from a fixed point and straight line is always constant.he 10.8.1 ON i i cig al Re (0.2. How ellipse, parabola and hyperbola are formed by ©07 ‘on one side of the apex, the ‘Aus. (i) When the section plune is inclined to the axis ans cuts all the @ seetion is an ellipse. Jo one of the generator, the section is (Ji) When the section plane in inclined to the axis and is paralle parabola of the axis, the section is a (iii) When the section plan cuts bath the parts of the double cane on 0 side hyperbola Q.4. Define Ellipse, sn such o way that the sum of its ‘Ans. It is defined as a curve traced by @ point moving in the same plane: Fed point is calted the focus distances from two fixed points is alvays the same, Rach of the 60 fixed Po Q.4. What ure the properties of an ellipse? ‘Ans, Properties of Ellipse: 1. The line passing through the two foci and terminated by 2. The line bisecting the major axis at righi angles and termini 3. The sum of the focal distance from any point on the curve is constant axis, 4 4. The distance of the ends of the Q.5. What are the various methods of drawing an ellipse? Ans. (i) Arc of circle’s method. (ii) Concentric circles method, (iii) Oblong method (or parallelogram method). iv) Loop of thread method, (v) Trammel method is called the major axis. ; cee ihe curve is called the minor axis, ‘i ‘and is to the equal (0 the major jor axis. nor axis from the foci is equal to half the major ax! Q.6. Define normal and tangent to an ellipse. ees ‘Ans. ‘The normal to an ellipse at any point on it bisects the angle made by fines joinink foci. The tangent to the ellipse at any point is perpendicular to the normal at that point. 2 that point with the Q.7, What are the applications of an ellipse? Ans. Elliptical curves are used for various engineering purposes, as given below: 1) Atehes 2) Bridges 3)Dams 4) Monuments 5)Man-holes 6) Glands 7) Stuffing boxes ete. Q.8. What are the applications of a parabola? Ans, Parabola curves are used in — 1) Arches 2) Bridges 3) Sound reflectors 4) Light reflectors etc. Q.9. List the methods of constructing a parabola. ‘Ans, (i) Rectangle method and (ii) Tangent method. Q.10. Define hyperbola, : Ans. A hyperbola is a curve traced by a point moving in such a way that the difference of its distances fom two fixed points called foci is constant and equal to the distance between the vertices of the two branches of the hyperbola.Yep va ENGINEERING GRAPHICS, (B.£.1SEM-NU)_ Q.LL. Explain rectangular hyperbola, Define asymptotes. ‘Ans. Ii may be defined as a curve generated ty a point moving in such a way that the produet of its distance from two fixed lines at right angles to each other is a constant. The fixed lines are ealled asymptotes. This curve represents Boyle’s law i.e. pressure is inversely proportional fo volume or PV = constant, Q.12. Enlist applications of Hyperb Ans. The applications of this curve is extensively found in design of water channels. Aus, Its the locus of a fixed point on the circumference of a cirele, which rolls without slipping along a fixed Straight line or cirele, The rolling circle is generating circle and the fixed straight line or cirele is termed directing line or directing circle. Q.14. Define cycloid. Ans. Cycloid : Cyeloid is a curve gencrated by a point on the circumference of a circle which rolls along a straight line. Q.15. Enlist applications of cycloidal curve. Ans. Cycloidal curves are used in the profile of teeth of gear wheels Q.16, State the rule for drawing normal and tangent to cycloidal curves. Ans. The rule for drawing a normal to all cycloidal curves are: (1) The normal at any point on a cycloidal curve will pass through the corresponding point of contact between the generating cirele and the directing line or circle. (2) The tangent at any point is perpendicular to the normal at that point. Q.17. Define Involute, Ans, The involute is a curve traced out by an end of a of thread unwound from a circle or a polygon, the thread being kept tight. It may also be defined as a curve traced out by 2 point in a straight line which rolls without slipping along a circle or a polygon. Q.18. Enlist applications of an involute. Ans. Involute of a circle is used as the profile of gear teeth. Cams are often designed to the involute shape because it ensures rolling contact between the roller and the follower at constant speed. Q.19. Define Archemedian Spiral. a Ans. The curve traced out by a point moving with uniform velocity along a line which is also rotating with uniform velocity is known as archemedian sprial. Q.20. Write applications of Archemedian spiral. i : Ans. The archemedian spiral is used in the construction of cams, threads of scroll chucks and in some similar devices. Q.21. Define normal and tangent to an archeme« f Ans. The normal to an Archemedian spiral at any point is the hypotenuse of the right - angled triangle having the other two sides equal in length to the radius vector at that point and the constant of the curve respectively. : 4 Tangent is defined as the perpendicular drawn to the normal touching the surface of spiral.uc GRAPHICS: (8.6.1 SEM-Wyy Ye. ENGINEER! va 2.22. Define constant of curve. wo radii divided by the 0 ‘Ans, The constant of curve is defined as the difference between the lengths of PY Circular measure of the angle between them. 2 Sh Define normal and tangent to an ellipse. nes joining that point with the ay ee Normal to an ellipse at any point on it bisects the angle made by lin Foci int. The tangent to the ellipse at any point is perpendicular fo the normal at that POS ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION Q.1. What is the principle of projection? . sect to meet a plane, the object is Ans. If straight lines are drawn from various points on the contour of an objeet ince, the points at which said to be projected-on that plane. The figure formed by joinins object to the plane are these lanes meet the plane is called the projection of the object. called projections. 1, in correct sequel ‘The lines from the Q.2. Name the method of projection. Ans. 1) Orthographic projection 2) Isometric projection 3) Oblique projection 4) Perspective projection. Q.3. Define orthographic projection. dicular to she plane, the projection is ‘Ans. When the projectors are parallel to each other and also perpen called orthographic projection. Qu4. Define reference planes or principal planes of projection. Ans. The two planes employed for the purpose of orthographic projections principal planes of projections. fed reference planes or 5, c i Q.S. Define reference line. ship with each other xy represents both the H.P. Ans. When the two projections are drawn in correct relation: and the V.P. This line xy is reference line PROJECTIONS OF POINTS Q.1. State the position of a point if itis situated in the second quadrant. Ans, Both the views of a point i.e. T.V. and F.V. are seen above xy line, Q.2. State the position of a point if it is situated in 1) First quadrant 2) Third quadrant 3) Fourth quadrant. Ans. 1) In first quadrant - F.V. above xy and T.V. below xy. 2) In third quadrant ~ F.V. below xy and T.V. above xy. 3) In fourth quadrant - F.V. and T.V. both its projections are below xy- PROJECTION OF STRAIGHT LINES Q.1. What are the important features of first angle projection? : Ans. Following are the perpendicular characteristics of this method of projectién: 1) Object is infront of V.P. and above the H.P. 2 2) The object lies between observer and the planes of projection.vx ve ENGINEERING GRAPHICS: (0. | SEM-NU) 3) Top view comes below the reference line and front view comes above the reference line ie, view seen from above is placed below the front view. i 4) Fach projection shows the view of that surface of the ‘object which is remote from the plane on which iUis projected and whieh is nearest to the observer, (Q.2. What are the important features of third angle projection? ‘Ans. This method has got following important points to note: 1) Object is behind V.P. and below HP. 2) Planes of projection lic between object and observer. 5) The top view comes above the reference line, whereas front view comes below, ie. the view seen from above the object is placed on the same side (i.e, above) of the front view. 4) Bach projection shows the view of that surface of the object, which is nearest to the plane on which it is projected. Afler comparison it is observed, that the views obtained by the two methods described above are completely identical in shape, size and all others details, The difference lies in there relative positions only. The ‘Bureau of Indian Standards’ recommends first angle projection method, therefore the same method is followed here in this tutorial also. Q.3. Compare first and third angle projection methods. Ans. Comparison of first and third angle projections: The object is assumed to be s the Hirst a in the third quadrant The object lies in between the | The plane of projection lies observer and the plane of between the observer and the object. projection, ‘View from above (lop view) is drawn below of front view, drawn above of front view. | View froin below (bottom view) is | View irom below (boitom view) is drawn above front view drawn below of front view. ‘View from left (left side view) is | View from left (left side view) is, drawn on the right of front view, | drawn on the left of front view. 6. | "View from right (right side view) is | View from right (right side view) is drawn on the left of front view, drawn on the right of front view. View from the rear (rear view) is | View from the rear (rear view) is drawn on left or right of front view. | drawn on right or left front view. Q.d. Define line and projections of a straight lin Ans. Line: The shortest distance between two points is called a straight line or simply line. It has length but negligible thickness. Projections of straight line: To dra’ the front view, top view and side view of a straight line is called projections of a straight line.va meenona GRAPHICS! (0.6.1 SEM MU) SR SON aed ll een ce What do you understand by ‘Profile Plane’? A, - Line contained by a plane perpendicular to both the reference plane (Profile PI tane, perpendicular to When 0 +$ = 90°, the line will be contained by a third plane called the profile PEO both the H.P. and V.P. Q.6. Define ‘Trace’ of a line. ‘Ans, When a line is inclined to a plane, it will meet that plane, extended if neces line or line extended meets the plane is called its trace. Q.7. Differentiate between horizontal trace and vertical trace. Ans. Horizontal trace: The point of intersection of the line with the sary. The point in which the pp is called the horizontal trace, the vertical trace, denoted by : denoted by H.T. Vertical trace: The point of intersection of the line with the V.P. is called VI. Q.8. When does the line show (rue length and true inclination? jth and true incfination Ans. Ifa line is parallel to a plane, its projection on that plane will show its true Ten with the other plane Q.9.What are the various methods adopted to get the true length of the line? g Ans. The line may be made parallel to a ae Hs ils true length obtained by following a . ‘Method I~ Making each view parallel to the reference line and projecting the other vies at Method 11 ~ Rotating the fine about its projections till ities in the 11.P. or in the VP. Method TI ~ Projecting the views of auxiliary planes parallel to each view. el to the other plane? Tength but parallel 10 Q.10, What will be the projection of a line if it is inclined to one plane and parall Ans. Projection of a line on the plane to which it is inclined, is a line shorter than its true the reference line, Q.11. What will be the projection of a line if a) line parallel to one or both the planes b) Jine contained by one or both the planes? : ‘Ans.a) When a line is parallel to a plane, its projection on that plane is equal to its true length while its projection on the other plane is parallel to reference line, ca b) When a line contained by a plane its projection on that plane is equal to its true length; while its projection on the other plane is in the reference line. Q.12. What will be the projection of a fine if a) line perpendicular to one of the planes b) line inclined to hoth the planes? Me: Ans. a) When a line is perpendicular to a plane its projection on that plane is a point; while its projections on the other plane is a line equal to its true length and perpendicular to the reference line. b) When a line is inclined to both the planes, its projections are shorter than the true length and inclined to xy af angles greater than the true inclination, Q.13. Define apparent angle of inclination. Ans, When a line is inclined to both the planes, its projections are shorter than the true length and inclined to xy at angles greater than the true inclination. This angle is called apparent angle of inclination.‘Top view or Plan True Jength and parallel tomy Point Truc length and | perpendicular to xy. | HP ;« | Tine ia HP. and VP. ‘True length coincide on | Truc length and | xy coincide on xy 4 [SY Tine in OP ead t ecadot ieee ‘True length and | inclined at V.P. and lies in xy inclined at 0° to xy. [6 Tine in VP. and “) Tine Tength and inclined at | Shorter than true length | | inclined at 8°10. | 0° toxy. anil a | 7. | Line parallel to and [True length and inclined | Shorter than true length . Mecd Ce. fox = parallel to xy. | 8 [Line inclined to HP. | Shorter than true length | True length and | and vp. and parallel to xy. | inctined at §°to xy 9. | Line parallel to V.P.— | Noither trac lengih nor | Neither true length nor and inclined at to true inclination, true inclination. ern. | "] Line contained by ‘Shorter than true length ‘Shorter than true length plane perpendicular to | and perpendicularto xy. | and perpendicular to LHP. and VP. xy. PROJECTION OF PLANES: Q.1. Define plane. Ans, A flat surface generated by moving a straight line in space is called a plane, 4 plane has no boundary and it extends to infinity in all directions, A figure is a part of a plane limited by boundary lines. it has only two dimensions viz: length and breadth, but negligible thickness e.g. a thin shect of paper. The plane which has limited extent is also known as lamina. Q.2. How can be a plane located? Ans. In engineering practice a plane may be located by: (1) Three points, not laying on a straight line, (2) A straight line and a point. 3) Two parallel lines. @) Two intersecting straight lines, and (5) Its traces. fvo ‘ame the types of planes. Ans. The following two types of planes are used in engineering drawing: (1) Perpendicular planes, and (2) Oblique planes. reference Planes ie, Q-4. Explain types of planes, Ans. (1) Perpendicular planes: The planes which are pet HP. and V.P. are called perpendicular planes. These planes can be: (i) Plane perpendicular to the H.P. and parailel to the V.P. (ii) Plane perpendicular to the V.P. and parallel to the H.P. (iii) Plane perpendicular to both the reference planes viz. H.P. and V.P. Fi (iv) Plane perpendicular to H.P. and inclined to V-P. These planes are called auxi rpendicular to one or both the ary vertical planes (A, | wuxiliary inclined planes VP). : Meat (¥) Plane perpendicular to V.P, and inclined to H.P. These plafes are ca! | sy anes i.e. HP. and V.P. are | 2) Oblique planes: The planes which ate inclined to both the reference pl called oblique planes. | Q.5. What is ‘Traces of plane"? called the traces of the Ans. The lines in which the planes meet the reference planes (H.P. and V.P.) are <2 planes. Q.6. What are the types of traces? Ans, The following are the types of traces used in engineering practice: (1) Horizontal trace (H.T.) (2) Vertical trace (V.T:) E called 4 (1) Horizontal trace (H.T.): The intersection of a plane with che horizontal plane (H-P.) is i horizontal trace (H.T.). i the verti @) Vertical trace (V.T,): The intersection of a plane with the vertical plane (V-P.) is called the vertical trace (V.T.). Q.7. What are auxiliary planes? ‘ected on the principal planes of Ans. Two views of an object, viz., the front view and the top view (proj ‘ ne projection), are sometimes not sufficient to convey all the information regarding the object. Additional views called auxiliary views, are therefore, projected on other planes known as auxiliary planes. . Q8. Why auxiliary planes are needed? - Ans. These views aré often found necessary in technical drawings. Auxiliary views may also be used for | determining (i) the true length of a line (i) the point-view of a line, (iil) the edge-view of a plane, (iv) the true size and form of a plane ete, They are thus very useful in finding solutions of problems in practical solid geometry. Q.9. Define AVP & AIP, Also auxiliary front view and top view. ois Ans. Auxiliary planes are of wo types: (i) auxiliary vertical plane or A.V.P. and (fi) auxiliary inclined plane or ALP. AVP: Auxiliary vertical plane is perpendicular to the H.P. and inclined to the V.P. projection on an A.V.P. is called auxiliary front view.ae ENGINEERING ORAPYICS 8 | SA ay) Plane is perpendicular to the V.P. and inclined to the HP Projection on an lop view. Q:10. What will be the projection of plane if it is 4) perpendicular to reference plane b) parallel to reference plane? Ans. a) When a plane is perpendicular to a reference plane, its projection on that plane is a straight line b) When a plane is Parallel to a reference plane, its projection on thst plane shows its true shape and size. AIP: Auxiliary inclined ALP. is called auxitiary 4 Summary of Projection of Planes Position of plang eel ois Top vi a 1. | Perpendicular to TP. and | True shape of the plane. | Line parallel to xy and parallel to V.P, coincides with HT. 2, | Perpendicular'to V-P. and | Line perallel to xy and | Trae shape of the plane parallel to H.P, | coincides with VT. | + | Perpendicular to both | Line perpendicular to xy | Line perpendicular way] z a and VP. coincides with V.T. and coincides with HT. _ | . 'e! li | : vender to H-P. and | Reduced shape of the Line inclined at 6°to xy | inclined at $° to V.p, _| Plane. and coincides with H.T. 5. | Perpendicular to VP. and Line inclined at 6°to XY | Reduced shape of the inclined at 0°to H.P. and coincides with V.T._| Plane. | 6. | Plane inclined to both | Reduced shape of the | Reduced shape of the HP. and VP. plane. plane. | PROJECTION OF SOLIDS Q.1. Define soli Ans, An object having three dimensions i.e, length, breadth and height is called a solid. Q.2. Define two main group of solids i.e.(i) Polyhedra & (ii) Solids of revolution. Ans. (i) Polyhed: Polyhedron is defined as a solid bounded by planes called faces. When all the faces are equal and regular, the polyhedron js said to be regular. These are regular polyhedra, prism, pyramid etc, (il) Solids of Revolution: A solid generated by revolving a plane about one'of its sides (which remains fixed) is called a solid of revolution. These are cylinder, sphere, cone ete. Q.3. Differentiate between frustum and truncation. Frustum: When a pyramid or a cone is cut by a cutting plane parallel to its base, the remaining Portion thus obtained after removing the top portion is called the frustum. (ii) Truncated: When a solid is cut by a plane not parallel to its base, the remaining portion thus obtained after removing the top portion is called the truncated. Q.4, Explain the method for drawing projection of solids in simple position. Ans, (1) When the axis is perpend'cular to the ground, i.e. to the H.P. the top view should be drawn first and the front view projected from it.ArH (6.8.) wn LO eee view suas ie front view. ‘The papas 30 mae wih ay — ou (2) When the axis is perpendicular to the VP. bepinning sane and parallel to giye dt ular to the Hp, 4,” inclined 10 07F dir ns to be per dicular to the V.p. 4, view should then be projected from it. o one Pi i What is the procedure to draw projections when #318 sae “as. I the axis is to be inclined to ground ice. the HP. iti , it is kept perpen the initial stage, Similarly, if the axis is 10 be inclined 10 V-P» initial stage in fixed. Q.6, Name the solid generat ry the revolution of a jdes which rent 4) right angled triangle about one of its perpendicular 5) b) rectangle about one of ity sides which remain fixed: ©) Semi-circle about its diameter which remain fixed. Ans, a) Con b) Cylinder ©) Sphere, Q.7. Name the solid which is having 4) four equal equilateral triangular faces b) fix equal square faces ©) twelve equal and regular pentagons faces 4d) twenty equal equilateral triangular faces. | Ans. a) Tetrahedron b) Cube or hexahedron ©) Dodecahedron d) Ieasahedron, Q.8. Define polyhedra i) prism ii) pyramid bases, parallel to each other and ae joing Ans.i) Prism: The polyhedra having two equal and similar end z via: The imagliaay by other faces which may be rectangles or parallelograms is called 4 P) nt ling Joining the centres of the bases is called the axis. ae to the basestendint The prism is said to be a right regular prism when its axis is perpendicular all its faces are equal rectangles. C i ‘ aile er of isosceles tri i) Pyramid: The polyhedra having a plane figure for its base and equal numb angular ich the triangular faces mect is calle meeting at a point is called a pyramid. The point at which the triangular faces met led an apex or vertex Q.9. Name the methods used to draw the projection of solids for different position of solid, Ans. 1) Alteration of position 2) Alteration of reference line or auxiliary plane, Q.10, Compare the methods 1) alteration of position and 2) Alteration of reference line or auxiliary plane, Ans. 1) Alteration of position:~ The position of one of the views is altered as required and the other view Projected from it, 2) Alteration of reference line or auxiliary plane: ~ A new reference line i required conditions, to represent an auxiliary plane and the final view projected on it, drawn according to the |ENGINEERING GRAPHICS. (BE | SEM.NU) and 2) Alteration of reference line or auxiliary plane? Why» Ans. Alterati nf pian of fee ine or auxiliary plane is most convenient method to take considerable ti mio” Method, reproduction of view accurately in the altered position is likely eae eae Specially when the solid has curved surfaces or 100 many edges and corners. : and more convenient to adopt alteration of reference line or auxiliary plane ISOMETRIC PROJECTION Qu. tas is lsometrie view or projections? ins. The view or proj i i is Balai obtained on a plane when the abject is so placed that all the three axes make ae Pinne Of projection is called an isometric view or projection Coat oe literacy between isometric view and isometric projection? , the dimensions taken while drawing the view are true dimensions. In isometric projection, it ic il eos » the dimensions taken while drawing the Projections are taken as per the Q.3. Define isometric scale, ‘Ans. The proportion i y - ee by Which the actual distances are Teduced to isometric distances are known as isometric o ve is the relationship hetween isometric length and true length? + “Sometric lengths are 0.815 (i.e. 9/11) times the true length. For ‘example, a square changes to rhombus and a circle changes to an ellipse, because of this rel ship. Q5. Define isometric axes, Ans. The three lines meeting at a point and making 120° angles.with each other are termed as isometric axes. Q.6. Define isometric lines. Ans. The lines parallel to the isometric axes are called non-isometric lines, Q.7. Define non-isometrie lines. Ans. The lines which are not parallel to isometric axes are called non-isomeiric lines. Q.8. Define isometric planes, ‘Ans, The planes representing the faces of the cube as well as other planes parallel to these planes are called isometric planes. Q.9. What do you mean by the term ‘objects with isometric line"? Give examples. Ans, The objects in which all the edges or lines are parallel to the isometric lines are called objects with isometric lines. This type includes cubes, rectangular prisms and their combination. Q.10. What do you mean by term objects with non-isometric lines? Ans, The objects in which the edges or lines are not parallel to the isometric axes are called the objects with non-isometric lines. Q.11, What do you understand by the term objects with circular or curved surfaces? Ans. Tne objects in which the different syrfaces are of circular shapes and not parallel to the isometric axes are called objects with circular or curved surfaces.