INTELLECTUAL

REVOLUTION
LEARNING OUTCOME:

• Articulate ways by
which society is
transformed by
science and
technology.
TOPIC OUTLINE
• Paradigm Shift
• Scientific Revolution
⚬ Copernican Revolution
⚬ Darwinian Revolution
⚬ Freudian Revolution
⚬ Baconian Revolution
All significant breakthroughs
are break -“withs” old ways
of thinking.

Thomas Kuhn
PARADIGM SHIFT
An important change that
happens when a new and
different way replaces the
usual way of thinking about
or doing something
 EVOLUTION
OF SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION
 INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION
It is the rise of contemporary science
during the early modern period. This
era is when developments in
mathematics, physics, astronomy,
biology (including human anatomy),
and chemistry changed how society
viewed the natural world.
 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
• a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas across institutions
supporting scientific investigation and in the more widely held picture
of the universe.
• the most significant period of discovery and growth of the sciences in
the whole of history.
• a series of events that marked the emergence of modern
science during the early modern period
• a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas
• Led to the establishment of several modern sciences
• Took place in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance period.
• Renaissance – interest in Science
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
 COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
The first paradigm shift in intellectual
revolution was on the field of
astronomy particularly cosmology.
• Astronomy is the scientific study
of celestial objects and
phenomena that originate outside
the Earth's atmosphere.
• Cosmology is the study of the
universe and its components, how
it formed, how its has evolved and
what is its future.
 COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
• Greek Philosopher
• Proposed Geocentrism, earth-
centered belief
Claudius Ptolemy (100-160 AD)
• Greco-Roman mathematician,
philosopher and astronomer
• he improved Aristotle’s observation by
using measurements using epicycles-
planetary orbits.
• Geocentric model - one of the
greatest discoveries of that time
 COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 BC)
• Greek astronomer and mathematician
• Postulated Heliocentrism

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543)

• his findings supported the heliocentric
model written in his book “On the
Revolutions of the Celestial
Spheres”
• Copernican Revolution took off with
the acquisition of more precise data
on the movement and position of
planets around the sun.
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
Several astronomers supported heliocentrism.
Johannes Kepler
• Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion
• Tychonic system, the most precise
equipment available before the telescope by
Tycho Brahe
• He proved that planets moved in elliptical
orbits around the sun.

Galileo Galilei
• His telescopic observation of the four moons
of Jupiter proved that celestial bodies did not
revolve around the sun on his book “The
Starry Messenger”
 COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
Isaac Newton
• He brought the triumph of
heliocentrism by using gravity
to explain the movement of the
planets around the sun.

Heliocentrism by
Copernicus then became
the paradigm shift to the
paradigm of geocentrism.
 DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)
• “Theory of Evolution by Natural
Selection”, the genetic make up of
a population changed (evolution)
depending on the conditions dictated
by the environment (natural
selection).
• Darwin’s Evolution by natural
selection therefore became the
paradigm shift to the paradigm of
creation.
 DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
The religious belief that God is the
intelligent designer of the intelligently
designed universe, the creator of all things,
was the paradigm accepted by the society.

Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)

• English naturalist obsessed in nature
• “The origin of species” in 1859
• Organismal adaptation and evolution
was through the process of natural
selection.
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939)
• Well known in the field of Psychology,
he was able to change people’s
perception of psychology
Contributions:
• Psychoanalysis
• Three forces of psychical apparatus
• Instincts are two causes of behaviour;
• Psychosexual theory
• Role of Dreams
• Understanding of Self
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
Psychoanalysis
• The study that explains human
behavior.
Three forces of psychichal
apparatus
1. id - operates in pursuit of
pleasure (pleasure seeking)
2. ego - governed by the reality
principle
3. superego - to pursue idealistic
goals and perfection
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

Instincts are two causes

of behaviour:
• Eros (love) - love
preserves unity
• Death - promotes
destructions

Libido – driving force of

instinct
 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
Psychosexual Theory
• the behavior and development of an individual are influenced by the
interaction between the conscious and unconscious aspects of the
person's mind.
 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
Role of Dreams SYMBOL/S
Person House
IT SIGNIFIES

Parents Kings or queens

• Every dream represents a

Birth Any reference to water
Death Taking a journey;
wish fulfillment. nakedness

• Dreams are representative Male genital Dreaming of number 3,

objects which can penetrate
(knives and swords),
of the imaginary fulfillment faucets, fountains,
of a wish or impulse in telescopes
Female genital Pits, caves, bottles, boxes,
early childhood, before trunks, jars, suitcases,
pockets, ships, mouth,
such wishes have been churches, and shoes

repressed. Breast
Beloved
Apples, peach
jewel
person
 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
Understanding of Self
• Not only was sexuality the root of
personality, but also early sexual
experiences were the most formative
in human psychological development.

• Freud continued to work on refining

his theory and tried to explain how
psychoanalysis can be used as
clinical method on treating mental
disorders.
 BACONIAN REVOLUTION
Philosophers believed that all knowledge could be obtained through
pure reasoning, and that there was no need to actually go out and measure
anything.
Aristotle
• Father of science
• Gave importance to the use
of measurement and
observation as a tool for
gaining knowledge as it
should be supported by real
world findings.
 BACONIAN REVOLUTION
Ibn al-Haytham
• An Islamic scholar best known for his works
on light and vision.
• Scientific Method:
1. State an explicit problem, based upon
observation and experimentation.
2. Test or criticize a hypothesis through
experimentation.
3. Interpret the data and come to a conclusion,
ideally using mathematics.
4. Publish the findings
 BACONIAN REVOLUTION
Roger Bacon (1214-1294)

• One of the earliest European

scholars to refine the scientific
methods.
• He developed the idea of (1) making
observations, (2) hypothesizing and
(3) experimenting to test the
hypothesis.
 BACONIAN REVOLUTION
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
• He developed the scientific method.
• He argued that scientific knowledge is
obtained after making observations and
then utilizing inductive reasoning to
interpret the observations.
• Bacon also argued that controlled
scientific experimentation is essential
for understanding nature.
 SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Scientific method is a
systematic approach
used to
establish scientific
knowledge or modify
existing knowledge.
CONCLUSIONS
The Scientific Revolution led to the creation
of new knowledge systems, social
hierarchies, and networks of thinkers. It also
affected production and distribution.
With a dramatically changing media environment,
challenging economic and social climates, shifting
relationships between citizens and policy makers
and an evolving understanding of democracy, new
paradigms stand as ready tools to help combat
modern difficulties.
THANK YOU!
Any questions?