Definitions of State
- an organized political community living under a single system of government
- an organized political group that exercises authority over a territory
- a country and its government
State Actors- the ruling government of a state or a country.
Non-State Institutions- are those that operate outside of the formal support
and endorsement of the state structure.
Non-State Actors
-influential organizations
-individuals having the potential to influence the actions of state actor
-non-government organizations
Limitations of International Organization
1. It cannot intervene in the government and market to every member.
2. It provides opportunities for different countries to connect.
3. It helps formed international laws, norms, and ideas.
4. Through its norms states are guided in their actions both locally and
internationally.
Functions of Cooperatives
1. Granting of the highest benefits to its affiliates
2. Teaching people to be competent and valuable in doing things in a mutual
manner
3. Disseminating supportive practices and new thoughts in business and
supervision
Characteristics of Corporations
1. It is a legal unit that is distinct from its owners.
2. It has the right to enter contracts, loan and borrow money, hire employees,
own assets and pay taxes.
Characteristics of Market Transactions
1. Supply and demand affect pricing activity.
2. The market serves as a common place for doing transactions.
3. Two parties are involved in making a transaction.
Reciprocity-the process of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit.
Characteristics of Reciprocity
1. It is the transaction between two socially equal parties having the same status
regarding the values of goods or services.
2. Transactions between individuals wherein they try to gain as much as conceivable
while paying the least amount possible.
3. It is not limited only to money in exchange for goods or services.
4. The giver is expected to gain something in return.
Redistribution- the act of sharing something out differently from before, especially
in a fairer way.
Examples of Redistribution: Tax, Charitable Donations, Subsidies and
Vouchers
Types of Education
1. Formal Education- It is learning academic facts and concepts through a
formal curriculum.
2. Non-formal Education- It refers to education that occurs outside the formal
school system.
3. Informal Education-type of education that takes place outside the formal
school system and is intended to provide selected types of learning to a
segment of the population.
Republic Act 9155-(R.A. 9155) also known as the Governance of Basic Education
Act of 2001, acknowledges Alternative Learning System (ALS) as complement to
Basic Education.
MTB-MLE-(Mother-Tongue Based Multilingual Education) is a system that
DepEd utilized to teach Grades 1-3 using their first language or mother tongue in
learning basic reading, writing and academic material.
Manifest Functions of Education
1. Socialization
2. Social Control
3. Social Placement
4. Culture Transmission
5. Promoting Social and Political Integration as an agent of change.
Latent Function-this refers to the unintended consequence or outcome of an
activity or social system.
Goals of Education for All (EFA)
1. Provide free and compulsory primary education for all
2. Improve the quality of education.
3. Expand early childhood care and education
Social Institution- a structure of society that is organized to meet the needs of
society’s members.
Types of Social Institution
1. Family/Home
2. Education/School
3. Religion
Social Stratification-refers to the ranking categories of people in a hierarchy. In
the history it can be observed that there is difference on why people are ranked
unequally.
Characteristics of Stratified System
1. People share characteristics without necessarily identifying with each other.
2. The ranks of different social categories tend to change very slowly over time.
3. Stratification occurs because of inequalities in assets or property.
Conflict Theory-is advocated by Karl Marx wherein society is described to be in a
state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources. There will
always be people who willingly exploits others for their benefit.
Functionalist Theory-describes social stratification as inevitable and necessary,
as it provides people with the motivation to work hard and achieve well in society.
Development and Modernization Theory- a sociological theory that describes
development as a uniform evolutionary route that all societies follow, from
agricultural, rural, and traditional societies to postindustrial, urban, and modern
forms.
Assumptions of Development and Modernization Theory on Social
Stratification
1. That modernization is a total social process associated with development in
terms of the preconditions, concomitants, and consequences of the latter.
2. It follows a universal pattern such as having traditional attitudes and beliefs,
traditional economic systems and forms of government. For example; “poor
countries remain poor while rich countries remain rich”.
Conclusions Drawn from the World Economic Forum (WEF) Regarding
Social Stratification
1. Global inequality is an intensifying worry for elites since income inequality is
currently the number one global concern.
2. Economic elites worry about the impact of the increasing wealth divide in
society.
Global Inequality-it refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power and
prestige with some nation as economically productive than others.
Facts about Global Inequality
1. It has grown over the years.
2. It has been greatly evident through the deterioration of living conditions among
the least developed countries.
3. Social desirables and social inequalities play a role in its continuity.
Possible Ways to Eradicate Global Inequality
1. Enforce a living wage.
2. Advancement of technology and more innovations.
3. Stop labor abuse through higher wages/bonuses, and health benefits.
4. Lower taxes for marginalized people.
Ways/Means of Moderating Income Inequality
1. Adoption of minimum wage policy.
2. Expanding opportunities for low-income households.
3. Incomes of low-income households shall grow more than the average.
Policy Measures that Support in Closing the Gaps in Education, Health and
Nutrition
1. Strengthening service delivery programs and modalities
2. Expanding access to opportunities for disadvantaged groups
3. Strengthening institutional capacity to deliver social services
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps)-a human development measure of
the national government that provides conditional cash grants to the poorest of the
poor.
Social Mobility-refers to the movement of people from one social status to another
by individuals or groups.
Social Inclusion
-is the process of improving the terms for individuals and groups to take part in
society.
-the process of improving the ability, opportunity, and dignity of people,
disadvantaged based on their identity, to take part in society.
Duties and Obligations of a Citizen
1. Uphold the Constitution and obey the laws.
2. Contribute to the development and development and welfare of the State.
3. Exercise right s responsibly and with due regard for the rights of others.
Characteristics of Inclusive Citizenship
1. It gives all citizens equal access to public services.
2. Democratic rights are respected.
3. Citizens are involved in policymaking.
Social Exclusion- a state in which individuals are unable to participate fully in
economic, social, political and cultural life, as well as the process leading to and
sustaining such a state.
Policies in Addressing Social Exclusion
1. Political space for inequality reduction.
2. Expanding access to health opportunities.
3. Broadening participation in public and political life.
Social Networking- a computer-based technology that facilitates the sharing of
ideas, thoughts, and information through the building of virtual networks and
communities.
Benefits of Social, Political and Cultural Change Awareness
1. The people will follow their personal whims and uncontrollable discretion in
responding to the changes within society.
2. People will believe that only when peace, order, security, and a life of dignity are
established and maintained social, political, and cultural stability will become
attainable.
3. broadens the perspective of the people on how to appreciate the importance of
culture
Proletariat- a class of society wherein people labors without owning the means of
production.
Characteristic of CASTE System
1.Social status is inherited, and it will continue, no change is allowed.
Ascribed- is a status in the society that one is born with.
Achieved- status in the society that one is able to establish for himself.
