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The document covers various aspects of trigonometry, including the calculation of trigonometric ratios for angles of any magnitude, the determination of amplitude and period of trigonometric functions, and the relationships between trigonometric graphs. It also provides instructions for sketching graphs of trigonometric functions, solving equations, and proving identities. Additionally, it discusses the properties of sine, cosine, and tangent functions, including their periodic nature and how to manipulate their graphs through transformations.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
18 views39 pages09 Trig
The document covers various aspects of trigonometry, including the calculation of trigonometric ratios for angles of any magnitude, the determination of amplitude and period of trigonometric functions, and the relationships between trigonometric graphs. It also provides instructions for sketching graphs of trigonometric functions, solving equations, and proving identities. Additionally, it discusses the properties of sine, cosine, and tangent functions, including their periodic nature and how to manipulate their graphs through transformations.
Uploaded by
ykleongCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 39
find the trigonometric ratios of angles of any magnitude
determine the amplitude and period of trigonometric functions
describe the relationship between trigonometric graphs
sketch graphs of y = |F(x)]. where f(x) is a trigonometric function
draw and use the graphs of y = asindx + « y= acosby + ¢ y= atanbx + ¢ where ais 2 positive integer,
bisa simple fraction or integer and cis an int
use trigonometric relationships
solve simple trigonometric equations
prove simple trigonometric identities. > CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK
Before you start...
‘Cambridge |Use Pythagoras’ [1 Find each of the following in terms ofr.
IGCSE/O Level | theorem and c
Mathematics | trigonometry
on tight-angled rom
triangles. 2em|
‘ a
a AB b sinx © _cosx dtanx
Chapter 8 Convert between |2 a Convert these angles to radians.
degrees and is =
sh i 30° ii 135° ii 540°
b Convert these angles to degrees.
te a
6 9
Cambridge | Solve quadratic [3a
IGCSE/O Level | equations.
Mathematics
© 0
9.1 Angles between 0° and 90'
‘You should already know the following trigonometric ratios: eee aoe
period
amplitude
o b trigonometric
identity
Za q cosecant
7 __adjacent —
sin £05 0= Fpotenuse cotangent
sin conga Given that sin = 2 and that 0s cute, find the exact values of
a sin’. b cose © tané d
sing x sing sin? @ means (sin 6)”
2
5
b
‘The right-angled triangle to represent
‘Using Pythagoras’ theorem, x = (V3? - 2° ay
aed 2
Hence, cose == 93
5 ¥
© tano=7=2
sind
a me multiply numerator and denominator by 75
multiply numerator and denominator by (2/5+1)
___2@V5+1)
© QB-NQS+)
22/5 +1)
19
ata
“9
9 Trigonometry
193 > > CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK
‘The sine, cosine and tangent of 30°, 45° and 60° (or ©, and $) can be obtained
organ
cexacily from the following two triangles:
Consider a right-angled isosceles triangle whose two equal sides are of length I unit.
‘The third side is found using Pythagoras’ theorem: V1? + 1? = v2
a
La) 4
Consider an equilateral triangle whose sides are of length 2
The perpendicular bisector to the base splits the equilateral triangle into two congruent
right-angled triangles.
‘The height of the triangle can be found using Pythagoras’ theorem: /2*— 1" = /3
Note:
You do not need to
learn these triangles
and ratios for your
course, but you
may find it useful to
know them. 9 Trigonometry
Nes eae
Find the exact value of
sin45® sin 60°
Answers
a sinds*sin60°
rationalise the denominator
cos?45° means (cos4S"
1
the denominator simplifies to >
expand brackets
rationalise the denominator
Exercise 9.1
4. Given that tan 0= 3 and that 8s acute, find the exact values of
a sin@ b coso c sin’
2 2 2+ sind
do sin esate er]
2 Given that siné = "> and that @is acute, find the exact values of
2 cos b tne © I=sin?e
cos 8- sine
d sind +cos0 rae
3 Gren hatenso=4 and hat issued he xt va of
a sing b tané ¢ tanOcos@
d sin’ @+ cos" gos tan?
1 cos" > CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK
4 Find the exact value of each of the following.
a tands*cos60° b tan*60" ©
cos*30”
0845" + co360°
5 Find the exact value of each of the following,
sin d5* + cos 30°
7 cos™ 2
asin cos: b sin’y e
1 1
= FT cost Tint
sing sing ; tan § sing
9.2 The general definition of an angle
‘You need to be able to use the three basic trigonometric functions for any angle,
To do this you need a general definition for an angle:
”
SECOND FIRST
QUADRANT QUADRANT
urd FOURTH
QUADRANT QUADRANT
An angle is a measure of the rotation of a line OP about a fixed point O,
‘The angle is measured from the positive x-direction,
An anticlockwise rotation is taken as positive and a clockwise rotation is taken as negative.
‘The Cartesian plane is divided into four quadrants and the angle @ is said to be in the
quadrant where OP lies. In the diagram above, 0s in the first quadrant, 9 Trigonometry
Draw a diagram showing the quadrant in which the rotating line OP lies for each
of the following angles. In each case find the acute angle that the line OP makes
with the x-axis,
a 240° b 70° 490° de
b -70°is a clockwise rotation
Y
P
acute angle = 60° acute angle = 70°
¢ 490°isan anticlockwise rotation dis an anticlockwise rotation
490° = 360° + 130°
2a
a
acute angle = 50° acute angle =F
Exercise 9.2
1 Draw a diagram showing the quadrant in which the rotating line OP lies for each
of the following angles. Tn each question, indicate clearly the direction of rotation
‘and find the acute angle that the line OP makes with the x-axis,
a 110° b -60° © 220° a -fe e -300°
a so, We
a Fa gs6 hy i fh
2 — State the quadrant that OP lies in when the angle that OP makes with the positive x-axis is
a 10° b 300° ie d 245° e -5S00°
= Ln Sm 13m
Tg 36 Ase |g i > CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK
9.3 Trigonometric ratios of general angles
In general, trigonometric ratios of any angle @ in any quadrant are defined as:
where x and y are the coordinates of the point P and r is the length of OP and r= x" +9".
‘You need to know the signs of the three trigonometric ratios in the four quadrants
In the first quadrant, all three ratios are positive, (Since x, y and r are all positive.)
By considering the sign of x and y you can find the sign of each of the three trigonometric
ratios in the other three quadrants.
By considering the sign of yin the second, third and fourth
‘quadrants, determine the signs of the sine ratio in each of
these quadrants.
By considering the sign of x in the second, third and fourth
quadrants, determine the signs of the cosine ratio in each of
these quadrants,
By considering the sign of x and y in the second, third and
fourth quadrants, determine the signs of the tangent ratio in
‘each of these quadrants. What happens to the tangent ratio
when x = 0?
tan 0
On a copy of the diagram, record which ratios are
positive in each quadrant.
The first quadrant has been completed for you.
(All three ratios are positive in the first quadrant) 9 Trigonometry
‘The results of the class discussion can be summarised as: so
y
‘You can memorise this diagram using a mnemonic such as
“All Students Trust Cambridge’. sin all
180" 0°, 360°
Tan Cos
270°
The mnemonic ‘All Students Trust Cambridge’ was suggested for remembering
the sign of trigonometric functions in each quadrant of the plane.
2 Explain to a friend how this mnemonic works.
b Make up your own mnemonic for remembering these facts.
pac anaes
Express in terms of trigonometric ratios of acute angles.
a cos(-110") b sin 125°
Answers
a The acute angle made with the positive
x-axis is 70°.
In the third quadrant only tan is positive,
‘50 cos is negative.
‘608(-110*) = cos 70°
b The acute angle made with the positive
_xwaxis is 55°.
In the second quadrant sin is positive.
sin 125° = sin 55° > CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK
WORKED EXAMPLE 5
Given that sin@= ~2 and that 180° << 270°, find the value of tan Band the
value of cos 0.
Answers
is in the third quadrant.
tan is positive and cos is negative in this quadrant.
Exercise 9.3
1 Express the following as trigonometric ratios of acute angles.
a sin220° b cos325* estan 40" ed cos(-25°)
nf? Tn A
fe tan600* sink 9 tn bh cos(—4)
i n2Z i sin2Z
2 and that 270° = 0 360°, find the value of
a tand b sing
3. Given that tan @=—V3 and that 90° = 0 180°, find the value of
a sind bcos
4 Given that sin = and that 0is obtuse, find the value of
a cod b tang
5S Given that tan @=4 and that Gis reflex, find the value of
a sino b cose
6 Given that tan
find the value of
a sind
Jp Where A and Bare in the same quadrant,
© sinB do tanB
7 Given that sind =
find the value of
a cos
Where A and # are in the same quadrant,
© sinB dane
200 > 9.4 Graphs of trigonometric functions
Petsson
‘Consider taking a ride on a Ferris wheel,
with radius 50 metres, which rotates at a
constant speed.
You enter the ride from a platform that is
level with the centre of the wheel and the
wheel tums in an anticlockwise direction.
Sketch the following two graphs and
discuss their properties:
* agreph of you
from the centre of the wheel plotted against angle turned through
a graph of your horizontal displacement from the centre of the wheel
plotted against angle turned through.
The graphs of y = sinx and y = cosx
Suppose that OP makes an angle of x with
the positive horizontal axis and that P moves
around the unit circle, through one complete Tiers ay
revolution, The coordinates of P will be K\
(osx, sin.)
‘The height of P above the horizontal axis changes from 0 —+ 1+ 0-1 +0,
‘The graph of sin.x against x for 0° = x < 360° is:
9 Trigonometry
201 > > CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK
‘The distance of P from the vertical axis changes from 1 —» 0» 1 +0 1,
The graph of cos. against x for 0° = x < 360? is:
4:
‘The graphs of y = sin.x and y = cos.x can be continued beyond 0° = x = 360°:
: yesins
Y
IR 20 fo 450 50 = A ° 10 fin 360
7
‘The sine and cosine functions are called periodic functions because they repeat
themselves over and over again.
‘The period of a periodic function is defined as the length of one repetition or cycle.
‘The basic sine and cosine functions repeat every 360°.
We say they have a period of 360°. (Period = 27, if working in radians)
‘The amplitude of a periodic function is defined as the distance between a maximum
(or minimum) point and the principal axis.
‘The basic sine and cosine functions have amplitude 1.
The graph of y = tanx
‘The tangent function behaves very differently to the sine and cosine functions.
“The tangent function repeats its cycle every 180° so its period is 180°,
‘The red dashed lines at x= +90, x= 270° and x = 450° are asymptotes. The branches
of the graph get closer and closer to the asymptotes without ever reaching them.
‘The tangent function does not have an amplitude,
ee]
202 9 Trigonometry
The graphs of y = asinbx + c, y= acosbx + ¢
and y = atanbx+c
‘You have already learned about the graphs of y= sin.x, y = cos. and y= tanx,
{In this section you will learn how to sketch the graphs of y = asinbx + ¢, y= acoshx +e
and y=atanbx + 6, where a and b are positive integers and cis an integer.
‘You can use graphing software to observe how the values of a, b and c affect the
trigonometric functions,
The graph of y = asinx
Using graphing software, the graphs of y = sinx and y = 2sin.x are:
+1
2
‘The graph of = 2sin.xis a stretch of the graph of y= sin.x
It has been stretched from the x-axis with a stretch factor of 2.
‘The amplitude of y= 2sin.x is 2 and the period is 360°.
‘Similarly, it can be shown that the graph of y = 3sin.vis a stretch of y = sinx from the
‘x-axis with stretch factor 3, The amplitude of y = 3sin.x is 3 and the period is 360°,
ACTIVITY
Use graphing software, to confirm that:
© y=2cos.visa stretch of y= cosx from the x-axis with stretch factor 2
3) = 3e0s.x is a stretch of y= cos. from the x-axis with stretch factor 3
p= 2tan.xisa stretch of y= tanx from the x-axis with stretch factor 2
y= Blan.xisa stretch of y= tanx from the x-axis with stretch factor 3.
203 > > CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK
The graph of y = sin bx
‘Using graphing software, the graphs of y = sinx and y = sin2x are:
y
fi bo
1
ye sin 20 y= sin x
‘The graph of »
thas been stretched from the y-axis with a stretch factor of
‘The amplitude of y= sin2xis | and the period is 180°
Similarly, the graph of y
‘The amplitude of y= sin3x is 1 and the period is 120°,
in2x is a stretch of the graph of y = sinx,
in.x with stretch factor 5.
in is a stretch, from the y-axis, of y=
Use graphing software, confirm that:
© y= cos2visa stretch of y= cosx from the y-axis with stretch factor 5
© y=cos3xisa stretch of y = cos.x from the y-axis with stretch factor +
3
and
© y=tan2visa stretch of y= tanx from the y-axis with stretch factor 5
© y=tan3xisa stretch of y= tan.xfrom the penis with stretch factor 5
The graph of y= sinx +c
Using graphing software, the graphs of y = sinx and y= sinx + | are:
‘The graph of y = sinx +1 isa translation of the graph of y = sinx.
208 > Teas been translated by the vector (?)
‘The amplitude of y= sinx-+ | is 1 and the period is 360°,
Similarly, the graph of y= sinx + 2s. translation of y = sinx by the vector (9)
‘The amplitude of y = sinx + 2s 1 and the period is 360°,
Reming
Use graphing software, confirm that:
+ y=e0sx + Lisa translation of y = cos x by the vector (7)
© y=c08x +2is a translation of y =cosx by the vector ()
+ y=e0sx—3is a translation of y= cos. by the vector (_$)
and
+ y= tans + 1is a translation of y= tan.x by the vector (
3. pane faa wanton ofp may by iaseder( 8)
Inconclusion,
yeasinbx + c
|
ates afieis aftets
amplitude period vertical translation
lampinude= 0 (wanstaio = °)
affects affects
amplitude Vertical translation
(amplitude = a) (transtation= (°))
stretches the graph
9 Trigonometry > CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK
Sketching trigonometric functions
‘The sketch graph of a trigonometric function, such as y = 2eos3x~ 1 for 0° CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK
@ y= 3sin2v-+1 is a translation of the graph y = 3sin2x by the veetor(?)
Ccaae ener
@ On the same grid, sketch the graphs of y = sin2x and y= 1 + cos2x for
0° =x 360",
b State the number of roots of the equation sin2x = I + cos2x for O° 9 Trigonometry
2 a The following functions are defined for 0 = x = 2r.
For each function, write down the amplitude, the period and the coordinates
of the maximum and minimum points,
i f(x) =4sinx ii fx)
Ww fi) =3eorke —¥ T)annze+3 w fe)=4ou2e
ISB iii 1x) = 2sin3x
1
b Sketch the graph of each function in part a and use graphing software to
check your answers,
2
This is the graph of y= a+ bsinex, for 0< x7.
‘Write down the value of a, the value of b and the value of ¢.
a
6 90 us 10 *
Here is part of the graph of y = asinbx +c.
‘Write down the value of a, the value of b and the value of ¢,
Sy
Sue Wale GtS
Ta?
o oo wo 30340 *
This is the graph of y = a + beosex, for 0° < x < 360°.
‘Write down the value of a, the value of # and the value of e.
SS Se ey > CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND 0 LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSESOOK
6 @ The following functions ate defined for O° CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK
a On the same grid, sketch the graphs of y = |sin2x| and y = cos. for
0° = x = 360
b State the number of roots of the equation |sin 2x| = cos x for 0° = x = 360°.
Answers.
a For y=|sin2x|, sketch the graph of y = sin2x and then reflect in the x-axis
the part of the curve y = sin 2x that is below the x-axis.
b The graphs of y= |sin 2x] and y = cosx intersect each other at 4 points in
the interval
Hence, the number of roots of |sin2x| = cos.xis 4
Exercise 9.5
‘Use graphing software to check your graphs in this exercise.
41 Sketch the graphs of each of the following functions, for 0° CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK
9.6 Trigonometric equations
Consider the right-angled triangle:
divide both sides by r?
use =cosdand = sind
These two important rules will be needed to solve some trigonometric equations later
in this section.
Consider solving the equation: sinx=0.5
x=sin'@,5)
A calculator will give the answer: x= 30°
‘There are, however, many more values of x for which sin.x = 0.5
Consider the graph of y = sin.x for ~360° = x = 360°: 9 Trigonometry
The sketch graph shows there are four values of x, between —360° and 360°, for which
sinx = 0.5,
‘You can use the calculator value of x = 30°, together with the symmetry of the curve
to find the remaining values.
Hence the solution of sin.x = 0.5 for ~360° < x < 360°
330°, -210°, 30° o 150°
Solve cos x = ~0.4 for 0° < x = 360°,
Answers
cosx = 0.4
x= 113.6"
use a calculator to find cos“(-0.4) to 1 decimal place
The sketch graph shows there are two values of x, between 0° and 360°, for which
cosx = = 0.4,
Using the symmetry of the curve, the second value is (360° ~ 113.6%) = 246.4°
Hence the solution of cos x = —0.4 for 0° = x = 360°is,
X= 113.6" or 246.4° > CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSESOOK
tan24=-18 let =24
fanx= 1.8 sea calculator to find tan (1.8)
R= 760.95"
x= -60.95 19.05 + 180)
099.05
Using x= 24,
24=-6095 2A = 119.05 24 = 299.05
30.5 A=595 A= 149.5
Hence the solution of tan24 = 1.8 for 0° < x < 180° is
A= 59.5? or A= 149.5" Ms
6 for 0< A CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK
‘The solution of sin? x ~ 2sinxcosx = 0 for 0° = x = 3607 is
= 0°, 634°, 180%, 243.4° or 360°
Solve | + cos. = 3sin®x for 0° =x = 360°.
Answers
1+ cosx = 3sin’x use sin?x = I~ cos*x
1 + 608x= 3(1 ~cos*x) expand brackets and collect terms
3oos"x + cosx —
Goos.x ~ 2)(c0sx + 1)=0
0 factorise
3eosx-2=0 or cosx+
a2
ees
= 48.2° oF 360 = 48.2
x= 48.2° or 311.8"
‘The solution of 1 + cosx = 3sin®x for 0° < x = 360° is
x= 48.2", 180° or 311.8° 9 Trigonometry
Exercise 9.6
1 Solve cach of these equations for 0° = x < 360%
b cosx=0,2 © tanx=2
@ tanx=-14 f sinx=-08
bh 2cosx+1=0
b wnx=0.2 © siny=2
e siny=-0.75 f cosx= 0.55
ho Ssinx+2=0
3 Solve each of these equations for 0” CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK
9.7 Trigonometric identities
sin?x + cos’x = 1 is called a trigonometric identity because it is true for all values of x.
In this section you will learn how to prove more complicated identities involving sin x,
cos.x and tanx.
‘When proving an identity, itis usual to start with the more complicated side of the
identity and prove that it simplifies to the less complicated side. This i illustrated in the
next example,
| viORKED EXAWPLEIS
Prove the identity (1 + sin.x)?+ (1 ~ sin.x)’ + 2cos*x = 4
Answers
LHS = (1 + sin.x)? + (1 ~ sinx)? + 2cos*x
+ sinx)(I + sing) + (I -sin 91
+ 2sinx + sin?x + I~ 2sinx +
inx) + 2cos?x expand brackets
x+2cos*x —_colllect like terms
+ 2sin?x + 2e0s"x
+ 2(sin? x + cos?x)
+2x1
HS
Prove the identity —— — cosx = sin xtanx
osx
Answers
LHS = =~ osx
1 _ cost
* cos” cos
cos?
osx
_sintx
cose
osx
= sinxtanx
RHS
20) 9 Trigonometry
Equivalent trigonometric expressions
sin? x + sin x cos? x
tan? x cost.x
tan x (I — sin? x) sine
‘COs
Discuss why each of the trigonometric expressions in the blue boxes simplify to sin x,
Create as many trigonometric expressions of your own which simply to tan x.
(Your expressions must contain at least two diferent trigonometric ratios)
‘Compare your answers with your classmates.
Exercise 9.7
1 Prove each of these identities.
a osx
tanx
1 = sin?x
ap seo
cosy
@ (Sina + cosxy’ = 1 + 2sinxcosx
2 Prove each of these identities.
03? x =
© cos'x+ sin’ xcos?x = cos*x
© 2=(sinx + cosx)’ = (sinx ~ cosx)?
a cos’x—sin?x
3 Prove each of these identities,
cos? ~ sin?x
osx + sin
cos x = sinx
cos ~ sin
c ~tan?x
cos. sin
= sin?
tanx
costx—sin?x
ASS + sin = cosx
cosx + sinx
tan’ ~ sin’ = tan? xsin*x
cos? x~ sin? = 1 ~ 2sinty
2(1 + cosx) ~ (1 + cosy)”:
cos'x + sin?x = sin'x + cos*x
sinx ,1+cosx_ 2
T+cosx ” sinx ~ sinx
sin?x(1 ~ cos*x) P
ee = tants
cos? (1=sin?x) > CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK
9.8 Further trigonometric equations
The cosecant, secant and cotangent ratios
‘There are a total of six trigonometric ratios. You have already met the ratios sine,
cosine and tangent. In this section you will learn about the other three ratios, which are
‘coseeant (cosee), secant (Sec) and cotangent (cot). These three ratios are defined as:
atl
cosee # seco=t coto= ot
sind cos 6 tand
Consider the right-angled triangle:
x
sing=” cos =~ tano=
7 x
r x L
cose @= seco =~ cota ,
‘The following rules can be found from this triangle:
x? +y?= 7? divide both sides by x”
1+ f= (Gf ase2=taneana=sc0
1+ tant@=
x+y? divide both sides by y*
me nes o
(F) +1 (GP wet =coraand [= cosece
, bp) “y y
cot? 6+ 1 = cosec?@
‘These important identities will be needed to solve trigonometric equations in this section.
222) 9 Trigonometry
Wel taenseN nese
Solve 2cosec” x + cox ~ 8 = O for 0° = x = 360°
Answers
2eosec?x teaty-8=0 use 1 + cot? x= eosec*x
2(1 + cot*x) + cotx—8=0 expand brackets and collect terms
2oot”x + cotx-6=0 fuctorise
Qootx = 3)(eotx +2)=0
2eotx-3=0 or cotx+2=0
cot cotx =
X= 33.7 oF (33.7 + 180) x = ~26.6 or (-26.6 + 180) or (~26.6 + 360)
3.79 or 213.7 x= 153.4° or 333.4” (since ~26.6° is out of range)
‘The solution of 2cosec"x + cotx ~ 8 = 0 for 0° = x = 360° is
x= 33.7%, 1534", 213.7° oF 333.47
Exercise 9.8
11 Solve each of these equations for 0° = x = 360°,
d 3seex-5=0
a cotx=03 © cosecx =
2 Solve each of these equations for 0 < x <2n.
a cosecx=5 b cotx=08 ¢ secx=-4 d 2cotx+3=0
3. Solve each of these equations for 0° CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK
6 Solve each of these equations for 0° = x = 360°.
a 3tan?x—secx—1=0 b dtan?x + 8secx= 1
© 2sechx=Stanx+5 d 2cot’x — Seosecx
© Geosx + 6secx = 13 £ cotx+ 6sinx ~2cosx=3
g 3eotx= hh 12seex~ 10cosx ~ 9tanx =0
9.9 Further trigonometric identities
In this section you will learn how to prove trigonometric identities that involve any of
the six trigonometric ratios.
(Odd one out
Find the trigonometric expression that does not match the other
six expressions.
sin? x + cos? x
‘cose x
‘cose x ~ cot x 608.
Create as many expressions of your own to match the ‘odd one out’
{Your expressions must contain at least two different trigonometric ratios.)
Compare your answers with your classmates. 9 Trigonometry
1+seex
tanx > sinx
Prove the identity
Answers
el seox
an? tan x + sinx
1
iets
wae 08. ‘multiply numerator and denominator by cos.x
cose
cosy +1
Six + sin.e cos
coax +L
Sinx (cose +1)
+ sine
factorise the denominator
divide numerator and denominator by (cosx + 1)
1
Use cosee.x = ——
sine
Exercise 9.9
1 Prove each of these identities.
a tanx + cotx = secxcoseex b sinx + cos.xcot.
© cosee.x ~ sin.x = cos.xcot.x d seexcoseex — cotx = tan.x
2 Prove cach of these identities.
a (1 + seex)(coseex ~ cot.x) = tan.x
bb (+ seex}(1 ~ cosx) = sinx tanx
€ tan’x~ sec?x+2=cosec?x~ cot*x
(cot + tnx) (cotw — tan.x) = cose? x = seo? x
3 Prove each of these identities.
1
coseex
a + sinxcosx b
tan.x + eotr
sin'x cos + cos?
ce Sm Reset os x a
sine
1+ tan’
e 11H x sec xeoseex f
tan
sinxtan?x_ 5
g SStin® = sin h
1+ tan?x
1+ sin. , _cosxeotx
i ~ = (tanx + sec)? i SON = see tan x
1 sinx cosx + cot > CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK
4 Prove each of these identities.
sinx , cosx
a SOE 4 SRK = sce-veoseex b 5 cx
‘eos.x * sin a Tiny = 2100s
1 2 cosx sin
. = oe = sinx + vos
Toone * Tooonx = 2008" dF TLtan eT core = sin t os
cosx_,_cosx cosx Bae et
© Tsing *T= sina = 7°°* ¥ Soseex #1 * Goscex 1 = 2"
5 Show that (3 + 2sin x)" + (3 2sinx)’ + 8cos*x has a constant value for all
and state this value.
6 2 Express Ssia’x— 2cos?x in the form a + bsin’x.
b State the range of the function f(x) = Ssin’x — 2cos*x for 0 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND'O\LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK
4 Solve Asinx= eosetst for 0"! =< 360°. a
b Solve tan*3y— 2see3y ~2=0 for 0°