> Chapter 2 Simultaneous equations and quadratics solve simultaneous equations in two unknowns by elimination or substitution find the maximum and minimum values of a quadratic function sketch grephs of quadratic functions and find their range for a given domain sketch graphs of the function y = |{(x)| where f(x) is quadratic and solve associated equations determine the number of roots of a quadratic equation and the related conditions fora line to intersect, be a tangent or not intersect a given curve solve quadratic equations for real roots and find the solution set for quadratic inequalities.> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK Before you star... Cambridge IGCSE/O Level Mathematics Solve simultaneous ‘equations using the elimination method Use the elimination method to solv a 4x+3y 2x-3y Camibiidge IGCSE/O Level Mathertatics Solve simultaneous equations using the substitution method Cambridge IGCSE/O Level Mathematics Solve quadratic equations Using the factorisation method, Solve by factorisation: a x +x-6=0 10x +16=0 © 6x°+I1x-10=0 Cambridge IGCSE/O Level Mathematics Solve quadratic equations by completing the square. ‘2 Express 2x° + 7x-+ 3in the form a(x + BY +e b Use your answer to part a to solve the equation 2x" + 7x +3 =0. ‘Cambridge IGCSE/O Level Mathematics Solve quadratic equations Using the quadratic formula Solve 2x7 = 9x+8=0. Give your answers correct to 2 decimal places, are Solve each pair of simultaneous equations. Bx+5y Bet aypa7 [3x+y=10 2+ 5=a 2y= 15 - 6x 10~6y 4x Discuss your answers with your classmates. Discuss what the graphs would be like for each pair of equations. parabola minimum point maximum point turning point aU SpeeesenNt w= 8x41 Discuss your answers Solve each of these quadratic equations. =O PHaxta ith your classmates. Discuss what the graphs would be like for each of the functions y=1° = 8x + 15, y=2° + 4x +4 and y= x" + 2x +4. edt =0 stationary point completing the square roots discriminant tangent 2 >wultaneous equations and quadratics 2.1 Simultaneous equations (one linear and one non-linear) In this section you will learn how to solve simultaneous equations where one equation is linear and the second equation is not linear. 2 9 ‘The diagram shows the graphs of y=. I and y= ‘The coordinates of the points of intersection of the two graphs are (2, ~1) and (3, 4). ’ ‘We say that x= ~2, y= 1 and x =3, y =4 are the solutions of the simultaneous equations yoxtlandy=x°- 5, ‘The solutions can also be found algebraically: yest] yex-5 Q) Substitute for y from (1) into (2): x+1=-5 rearrange wa x-6 factorise (&+20-3) x Substituting, ‘Substituting x = 3 into (1) gives ‘The solutions are: x= ~2, y= —I and x=3,y=4,> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK cata) Solve the simultaneous equations, Q) 1-3 From (1),x= 5 ‘Substitute for x in (2): ‘7-2y eH =a S€. apa tracey 49-28) +4 Suara -4y°=8 multiply both sides by 4 49 - 2y + 4y?— 167 =32 rearrange 12y? + 28y-17=0 —_factorise (+ 1N@y- 1) =0 -23 ah 25 or y= Substituting y= + 2 The solutions are: x = 6: Exercise 2.1 Solve the following simultaneous equations. 1 ys 2 yax-6 5 =xt+6 x tay=8 6 ays4x-5 7 B x-y=2 10 y=2x 2+ 3xy=10 2x3)? = 15 H+ P38 Wo xy=2 12 13 x+3y=0 15 y=3x xty=3 ae+ay= ay? xp = 15 16 x-2y=1 AT 34+ xt+xy=0 ay 3. Qn + Sy Ge DQ +2)=15 19 Calculate the coordinates of the points where the line y = 1 ~ 2x cuts the curve x” + y" = 2. »>2 Simultaneous equations and quadratics 20 The sum of two numbers x and y is 11 ‘The product of the two numbers is 21.25. @ Write down two equations in x and y. Solve your equations to find the possible values of x and y. 21. The sum of the areas of two squares is 818cm* The sum of the perimeters is 160em, Find the lengths of the sides of the squares. 22 The line 2x cuts the curve 3x7 — Find the length of the line AB. atthe points 4 and B. 23. The line 2x + Sy = 1 meets the curve x* + Sxy ~ 4)" + 10= at the points 4 and B. Find the coordinates of the midpoint of 48. 24 Theline y =x 10 interscts the curve x? + y? + 4x + 6) — 40 = 0 atthe points and B, Find the length of the line A. 25. The straight line y = 2 ~ 2 intersects the curve x? ~ y= Sat the points 4 and B. Given that A lies below the x-axis and the point P lies on AB such that AP: PB=3: |, find the coordinates of P. 26 The line x ~ 2y = 2 intersects the curve x + y*= 10 at two points 4 and B. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line AB. 2.2 Maximum and minimum values of a quadratic function ‘The general equation of a quadratic function is f(x) = ax’ + bx + ¢, where a, band e are constants and a #0. ‘The graph of the function y = ax” + bx + cis called a parabola, The orientation of the parabola depends on the value of a, the coefficient of 27, If a>, the curve has a minimum point which occurs at the lowest point of the curve. If a<0, the curve has a maximum point which occurs at the highest point of the curve. ‘The maximum and minimum points are also called ‘turning points or stationary points. ‘Every parabola has a line of symmetry that passes through the maximum or minimum point.> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK Bae fQ@)=2-3x-4 xER Find the axis crossing points for the graph of y = f(x). Sketch the graph of. i(x) and use the symmetry of the curve to find the coordinates of the minimum point, State the range of the function f(x). Answers a ypaat-3x-4 When x= 0, y= When y = 0, Yoax-4= G+ DG-4) x=-lorx=4 ‘Axes crossing points are: (0, ~4), (-1, 0) and (4, 0). ‘The line of symmetry cuts the x-axis midway between —1 and 4. So, the line of symmetry is. When x= 1.5, y y Minimum point The range is f(x) > ~6.25 1s,-625) Completing the square If you expand the expressions (x + d)' and (x ~ d)' you obtain the results: (et dy sx? + 2dx +d? and (x= dy = 37 ~ Ide + Rearranging these give the following important results: Xt de = (xt dyad? = dix = (x dP a? This is known as completing the square.2 Simultaneous equations and quadratics To complete the square for x” + 8x: 8=2=4 “\ 48x (44h -F + 8r=(r + 4y 16 ‘To complete the square for x° + 10x — 3: 10+ =3 \ x +10x-3= (0457-9 -3 x + 10x ~3= (e+ 57-28 ‘To complete the square for 2x* — 8x ~ 14 you must first take a factor of 2 out of the expression: 2x? 8x + 14= 2x? = 4047] So, 2x? — 8x +6 = 2[6e~2F +3] = 2-2 +6 ‘You can also use an algebraic method for completing the square, as shown in. Worked example 3. Maas Express 2x” — 4x + 5 in the form p(x — g)? + 7, where p, q and rare constants to be found, Answers 2x 4x + S= peg +r Expanding the brackets and simplifying gives: 2x 4x + 5 = px? — 2pgxt pe +r Comparing coefficients of x”, coefficients of x and the constant gives: 2=p () ~4=—2pg 2) Sep tr (3) Substituting p = 2 in equation (2) gives q Substituting p = 2 and q = 1 in equation (3) gives r= 3 So 2x? — 4x 4 $= 2(x = 17 +3,> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ‘Completing the square for a quadratic expression or function enables you to: © write down the maximum or minimum value of the expression © write down the coordinates of the maximum or minimum point of the function © sketch the graph of the function ‘© write down the line of symmetry of the function ‘© state the range of the function. In Worked example 3 you found that: [This part of the expression isa square so ai-det5 Em it will always be = 0. The smallest value it can be is 0. This occurs when x= 1 = 3 and this minimum occurs when ‘The minimum value of the expression is 2x 0+ xl So, the function y = 2x ~ 4x + 5 will have a minimum at the point (1, 3). When x=0,)=5. ‘The graph of y = 2x 4x + 5 can now be sketched: 2x ae t5 oO The line of symmetry is x= 1 ‘The rangeis y = 3. ‘The general rule is For a quadratic function f(x) = ax" + bx + c that is written in the form F)= alor— hy +k, i if a> 0, the minimum point is (4, k) ii if a<0, the maximum point is (1, 4).2 Simultaneous equations and quadratics f(x) =2+8-2e eR a Find the value of a, the value of b and the value of ¢ for which f(x) = a — b (x + 0)’ b Write down the coordinates of the maximum point on the curve y = f(x), © Sketch the graph of y= f(x), showing the coordinates of the points where the graph intersects the cand y-axes. State the range of the function f(x). Answers a 2+8x- 2 =a— diet oy 24 8x— 2? =a He + ex +2) 2+ 8x — 2x7 = a— bx? — 2bex — be? ‘Comparing coefficients of 1°, coefficients of x and the constant gives: “6 () 8=-2he (2) 2=a-be (3) Substituting 6 = 2 in equation (2) gives Substituting 6 = 2 and ¢ = ~2 in equation (3) gives a= So, a= 10, b=2andc 0. ‘This part of the expression is a square so it will always be = 0, The smallest value it can be is 0. This occurs when x= 2. b y=10- ‘The maximum value of the expression is 10 ~ 2 x 0 = 10 and this maximum occurs when So, the function y = 2 + 8x ~ 2x* will have maximum at the point (2, 10). ¢ y=2+er-28 ' ‘When x =0, When , 10- 2x2 =0 2x = 27 = 10 (27 x- 2245 x=2av5 x=2-V5 or x=24V5 ee BIE (x= -0.236 or x= 4.24 to 3st) Axes crossing points are: (0, 2), (2+,/5, 0) and (2 - 3,0) The range is f(x) = 10.> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK Exercise 2.2 1. Use the symmetry of each quadratic function to find the maximum or minimum points. Sketch each graph, showing all axis crossing points. P=x-20 « Pt Ax = 21 P+ dytl # pats+2x—x8 a ysv-5e-6 ob d yax43r-28 ep 2 Express each of the following in the form (x — mi)" +n. a x 8r b x- 10x ca ie d ¢-3x e xt4x f Ham g 49x ho 43x 3. Express each of the following in the form (x =m)? +n. a x -8r+15 b x-10x-5 c wn Bxtd e +6045 f 46x49 9 h 45x46 4 Express each of the following in the form a(x ~ p)* + g. a 2x -8x+3 b 2? -12x41 © 3x*- 12x45 d e wWeaetl f wtIx-3 g wt-3x+5 h ae-x+6 5 Express each of the following in the form m ~ (x ~ ny’. a 6r-< b lor- © anv daa? 6 Express each of the following in the form a —(x + by. a 5-2x-x b 8-4x-x © 10-sx-x7 do 743x-8 7 Express each of the following in the form a — p(x +4)’. a 9 6x-2x* b 1-4x-27 © 7+8x-2y7 do 2+5x-3x7 8 a Express 4x’ + 2x +5 in the form a (x + b)' + ¢, where a, b and e are constants, Does the function y = 4x? + 2x + 5 meet the x-axis? Explain your answer. 9 1x)=2s"- Bet a Express 2x7 ~ x + 1 in the form a(x +4) + c, where a and b are integers. b Find the coordinates of the stationary point on the graph of y = f(x). 10 f@)=x°-x-SforxeR 2 Find the minimum value of f(x) and the corresponding value of x. b Hence write down a suitable domain for f(x) in order that £'(x) exists, 11 1@)=5-7x-2x' forxeR @ Write f(x) in the form p — 2(x — 9)’, where p and g are constants to be found, b Write down the range of the function f(x). ——eE——————— SS SSS % >2. Simultaneous equations and quadratics 12 f(x) = 14+ 6x ~ 2x" forx eR 2 Expmess 14 + 6x — 2x in the form a + b (x + )*, where a, b and care constants. Write down the coordinates of the stationary point on the graph of y = f(x). < Skoiah he graph of y= f(a). 13 f)=7 + Sx- x for0S x57 a Expcoid’7+ Sx—2? in the forma —(e-+6)', where a, and B are constants b Find the coordinates of the turning point of the function f(x), stating ‘whether it is a maximum or minimum point ¢ Find the range of f State, giving a reason, whether or not f has an inverse. 14 The function f is such that f(x) = 2x ~ 8x +3. ‘a Write f(x) in the form 2(x + a)? + 6, where « and 6 are constants to be found. b Write down a suitable domain for f so that f exists. 15. f(x) =4y" + Ge — 8 where x =m Find the smallest value of m for which f has an inverse. 16 {a1 t4x-x forx >? @ Express | + 4x ~ x" in the form a ~ (x + 5)”, where a and b are constants to be found b Find the coordinates of the turning point of the function f(x), stating whether it is a maximum or minimum point, ¢ Explain why f(x) has an inverse and find an expression for f~'(x) in terms of x. 2.3 Graphs of y = |f(x)| where f(x) is quadratic ‘To sketch the graph of the modulus function y = Jax? + by +e], you must: © first sketch the graph of y= ax” + bx +c © reflect in the x-axis the part of the curve y= ax? + bx + c that is below the x-axis, WORKED EXAMPLE 5 Sketch the graph of y = |x” - 2x ~ 3}. Answers First sketch the graph of y= x? = 2x-3. When x=0,y=—3. So, the p-intereept is ~3.> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK i INUED ‘When » = 0, Y-2v-3=0 (+ D@-3)=0 x=-1 or x=3. ‘The x-intercepts are —1 and 3. ‘The x-coordinate of the minimum point ‘The y-coordinate of the minimum point = (1)* ~ 21) ~ ‘The minimum point is (1, ~4). yest 2e3 a4 ‘Now reflect in the x-axis the part of the curve y = x — 2x ~3 that is below the axis, pe bet de 3] 4) ‘A sketch of the function y = |x” + 4x — 12] is shown below. be? 4e—13]2 Simultaneous equations and quadratics ‘Now consider using this graph to find the number of solutions of the equation |x? 44x ~12|=k, where k = 0. +4e- 1] cs ~ y=20 |x? 4y-12]=20has 2solutions fe y= 16 \x*+4x~12]=16has 3 solutions p27. [et #de- 12]=7 has 4 solutions e?+-4e— 121 Ohas 2 solutions ‘The conditions for the number of solutions of the equation |x” + 4x ~ 12] = kare: k> 16 k=0 0 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK Exercise 2.3 4. Sketch the graphs of each of the following functions. a ~ax¢3l bb y=le?—2e-3] § FSi d@oyslt-2x-8] e yalat-ur-6l y= [3x*+5x-2I 2 fy=1-4ax- 2? a Write f(x) in the form a - (x + 6), where a and b are constants. b Sketch the graph of y = f(x). © Sketch the graph of y =|1(s)] 3 f@)=27+x-3 @ Write f(x) in the form a (x + 6)* + c, where a, b and c are constants. b Sketch the graph of y = |1(3)] 4 a Find the coordinates of the stationary point on the curve y= |(x- 7)(x + I Sketch the graph of » = |(x- Dix + DI. Find the set of values of & for which |(x~ 7)(x + 1)| = k has four solutions, 5 @ Find the coordinates of the stationary point on the curve y = [(x + 5)(x + 1)]. bb Find the set of values of & for which |(x + 5)(x + 1)| = k-has two solutions, 6 a Find the coordinates of the stationary point on the curve y= (x ~ 8)(x~ 3). b Find the value of & for which |(x~ 8)(x ~ 3)| = k has three solutions. 7 Solve these equations. a |e-6l=10 b |?-21=2 do it+2rl=24 ee |x?~Sx+1]=3 g Ietax-dl=5 bh 2x?-3]=2x 8 CHALLENGE QUESTION Solve these simultaneous equations. a ysxtl b w= 1 [posal Le? sxl=6 I+ ax-11=3 IP -4x+71=4 wide ig. pe |st- 2-3] ’ 2.4 Quadratic inequalities You should already know how to solve linear inequalities. ‘Two examples are shown below. Solve 2x-5<9 expand brackets 2x-10<9 add 10t0 both sides 2x<19 divide both sides by 2 x<95 Solve 5-3x>17 subtract 5 from both sides By =12 divide both sides by 3 xs-4 SSS SS Eee 0 >2. Simultaneous equations and quadratics ft is very important that you remember the rule that when you multiply or divide both sides of an inequality by a negative number then the inequality sign must be reversed. This is illustrated in the second of these examples, when both sides of the inequality were divided by -3. Robert is asked to solve the inequality 2*=12 > 3, He writes: 7x +14 > 2 >I Sox>-3 ‘Anna checks his answer using the number ~4, She writes: when x = ~4, Ox CD 41D OD =) +4) Hence x = —4 a value of x that satisfies the original inequalty So Robert's ansiwer must be incorrect! Discuss Robert's working out with your classmates and explain Robert's error. Now solve the inequality 7 * 12 ee ‘Quadratic inequalities can be solved by sketching a graph and considering when the graph is above or below the x-axis, D EXAMPLE Solve x?-3x-4>0, Answers ‘Sketch the graph of y= x7 - 3-4. When y = 0,x7-3x-4=0 @HDE-4=0 =1 or x=4 So, the x-axis crossing points are ~1 and 4. For x’ ~ 3x~4> 0 youneed to find the range of values of x for which the ‘curve is positive (above the x-axis). ‘The solution is x <1 and x> 4,> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK elec Wipes Solve 2x? = 18 =x, Answers Rearranging: 2x” + x- 15<0. Sketch the graph of y = 2x" + x— 15. When y= 0,2x? + x= 1 2x5) +3)=0 x=25 oF 3 So, the x-axis crossing points are ~3 and 2.5, For 2x + x 15<¢0 you need to find the range of values of x for which the curve is either zeo or negative (below the x-axis). The solution is -3 0 b (-Na-)<0 © (3+) 0 d xe-3)<0 © GxtN@-)<0 Ff GB-HatDSO 9 Qxt3)e-5)<0 bh (x-S 20 i @-3<0 2 Solve. a x*+5x-146<0 b xtx-620 ¢ 2-9x+20<0 d x+2x-48>0 e 2xt-x-15<0 F Sx +9x44>0 3° Solve. a <18-3x b 1e1 © x@r-1)<1 and 7-2x<6 do -3x-10<0 andx*~10x+21<0 e@ tx-2>0 andx’-2x-320. wae eS a>2 Simultaneous equations and quadratics 5 Solve. a |e +2x-2)<13 bb |x7-8x4+6/<6 c [xe 6xt+4|<4 6 CHALLENGE QUESTION Find the range of values of x for which Look back at this exercise. 2 How confident do you feel in your understanding of this section? bb What can you do to increase your level of confidence? 2.5 Roots of quadratic equations ‘The solutions of an equation are ealled the roots of the equation. ‘Consider solving the following three quadratic equations using the quadratic formula =b +P aac ee x +2x-B=0 46x 4+9=0 24 (P-4%1%* C8) 626 -4x1x9 2x1 +V36 a no solutions ‘The part of the quadratic formula underneath the square root sign is called the discriminant. discriminant = b* ~ dace } The sign (positive, zero or negative) of the discriminant tells you how many roots there are for a particular quadratic equation. 2 real distinct roots 2 real equal roots <0 | Oreal roots ‘There is a connection between the roots of the quadratic equation ax" + bx += 0 and the corresponding curve y = ax’ + bx +c.> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK 2 real distinet roots | The curve cuts the x-axis at 2distinct points, | ee The curve touches the x-axis at | point. ‘The curve is entirely above or entirely below the aeanis 2 real equal roots O real roots Find the values of & for which x* — 3x + 6 = k(x ~ 2) has two equal roots. Answers w= 3+ 6=kGr=2) 3x +6 — kx + 2k=0 ¥-G+Wx+6+2k=0 For two equal roots, &?— Aae = 0. B+ 4x 1x 642)2. Simultaneous equations and quadratics Dieliesen = aio aa Find the values of k for which x° + (k ~2)x + 4 = 0 has two distinet roots Answers Pa k= Det 4=0 For two distinct roots b*- 4ac > 0. (k= D)- 4x1 xd >0 Bak +4-16>0 ak -12>0 (k+2k-9>0 Critical values are ~2 and 6. Sok<-2ork> 6. Exercise 2.5 1. State whether these equations have two distinet roots, wo equall roots or no roots. a v+axts=0 b ox +4x-21=0 cv +9xt1=0 d e x -6xt2=0 fax’ + 200425 g ho Sx*-2x-9=0 Find the values of k for which x? + kx + 9 =0 has two equal roots, Find the values of & for which kx" — 4x + 8 = 0 has two distinct roots. Find the values of & for which 3x° + 2x + k= 0 has no real roots. Find the values of & for which (k + 1)x* + k= 2k = hhas two equal roots. FFind the values of & for which kx? + 2(k + 3)x + k=0 has two distinct roots. Find the values of & for which 3x” ~ 4x + 5 ~ k= 0 has two distinet roots. Find the values of & for which 4x” ~ (k ~ 2)x + Find the values of for which 4x? + 4 (k= 2)x + O has two equal roots, thas two equal roots. poe vaouneon 0 Show that the roots of the equation x° + (k ~ 2)x ~ 2k = Oare real and distinet for all positive values of k. 411. Show that the roots of the equation kx" + Sx — 2k = O are real and distinet for all positive values of k(k #0).> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK 2.6 Intersection of a line and a curve ‘When considering the intersection of a straight line and a parabola, there are three possible See 2 points of intersection 1 point of intersection Opoinis of intersection The line cuts the curve at two | The line touches the curve at one point, The line does not intersect distinet points ‘This means thatthe line isa tangent to the curve,_| the curve, ‘You have already learned that to find the points of intersection of the line y= x ~ 6 with the parabola y= x* ~ 3x—4 you solve the two equations simultaneously. This would give x? -3x-4=x-6 x 4x+2=0. ‘The resulting quadratic equation can then be solved using the quadratic formula: V6? = 4ac a= 2a ‘The number of points of intersection will depend on the value of 6° ~ dac. ‘The different situations are given in the table below. >0 [2 real distinct roots 2 distinct points of intersection 0 2 real equal roots [point of intersection (line is a tangent) <0 J Oreal roots [no points of intersection aii Find the value of k for which y = 2x + kis a tangent to the curve y = x* -4x + 4, Answers ody t4adetk ¥ 6x4 (4-H =0 Since the line is tangent to the curve, 6? — dae = 0, C8) -4x1xG-H=0 36-16 +44 k2 Simultaneous equations and quadratics WORKED EXAMPLE 11 Find the range of values of & for which y =x ~ $ intersects the curve y = kx” ~ 6 at two distinet points. Answers ke 6=x-5 ke -x-150 Since the line intersects the curve at two distinct points, 6° ~ 4ac > 0. (IP -4xkx CD >0 1+4k>0 1 key [gs Mg an Find the values of & for which y= kx ~ 3 does not intersect the curve y= x7 2x + 1 Answers v1 Pa xQ+K +4 Since the line and curve do not intersect, b* ~ 4ac <0. Q+khP-4xix4 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK 6 Find the set of values of k for which the line p ke~ x cuts the curve x? — Tx + 4in two distinct points. 7 Find the values of & for which the line y = kx ~ 10 intersects the curve x + y= 10x, 8 Find the set of yalues of m for which the line » = mx ~ 5 does not intersect the curve y=.x7— 5x+4. 9 The line y = mx + 6 is a tangent to the curve y = x7 — 4x +7. Find the possible values of m. 2 real distinet roots ‘The curve cuts the x-axis at 2 distinet points, 2 real equal roots ogee 4 Fa @<0 ‘The curve touches the x-axis at 1 point, ‘The curve is entirely above or entirely below the x-axis,2 Simultaneous equations and quadratics CONTINUED fee eee ea ee eee aes 2 points of intersection 1 point of intersection 0 points of intersection ‘The line cuts the curve at two ‘The line touches the curve at one _ | The line does not intersect distinet points. point. This means that the line isa the curve. tangent to the curve, Remon ener Solving simultaneously the equation of the curve with the equation of the line will give a quadratic equation of ‘the form ax’ + bx + ¢ = 0. The discriminant 4° — 4ac, gives information about the roots of the equation and also about the intersection of the curve with the line. 2 distinct points of intersection 2 real equal roots 1 point of intersection (line is a tangent) no real roots no points of intersection ‘The condition for a quadratic equation to have real roots is b* — 4ac > 0. Past paper questions Worked example a Express $x” — 14x — 3 in the form p(x + 9)’ + r, where p, q and r are constants. BI b Sketch the graph of y =|5x? - 14x ~ 3] on the axes below. Show clearly any points where your graph meets the coordinate axes. a) y 3 + State the set of values of & for which |5x* ~ 14x ~ 3] = fc has exactly four solutions. 2 Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematies 0606 Paper 21 09 Jun 2018 ——————— ——————— aaa a2 >> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK Answers a se -14-3=3(7-48-3) s-39-) b First sketch the graph of y = Sx" - 14x - 3. When x =0, y= -3. So the y-intercept is ~3, When y= 0, So, the xintereepts are —$ and 3. Using the answer to part, the minimum point on the curve is (2 Graph of y= Sx” = 4x — is: Graph of y =|[5x? - Ldx - 3] is: y The values of & for which [5x ~ 14x ~ 3| = & has exactly four solutions are 0 < k <2 Simultaneous equations and quadratics 4 Find the set of values of & for which the line y= k (4x ~ 3) does not intersect the curve y= 4x" + 8x8. 15] Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematies 0606 Paper 11 Q4 Jun 2014 2 Find the set of values of x for which x(x +2) 12. io) Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 21 Ql Nov 2017 9 Solve the inequality (1 10 Solve the equations o xh ty? B-day I a Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 11 Ql June 2018 11. Find the valnes of k for which the line y= kx +3 is a tangent to the curve y= 2x" + 4x+k~ 1. ib] Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematies 0606 Paper 12 Q2 Mar 2020 >> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK 12. Find the values of the constant k for which the equation fx? ~ 3(k + I) +25 = O has equal roots, 4) Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 22 02 Mar 2021 13 Do not use a calculator in this question. The curve xy = Ix + 5 cuts the line y =x + 10 at the points 4 and B. ‘The mid-point of ABs the point C. Show that the point C'lies on the line x + y= 11. im Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 21 06 Nov 2019 14 @ Show that 2x’ + Sx —3 can be written in the form a(x + d+, where a, b and care constants. G1 b Hence, write down the coordinates of the stationary point on the curve with equation y = 2x*+5x-3. [2] © On the axes below, sketch the graph of y = |2x* + 5x ~3], stating the coordinates of the intercepts with the axes y a + 8) Write down the value of & for which the equation |2x* + 5x ~ 3] = k has exactly 3 distinct solutions. Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 12 04 Mar 2021 ‘Write x* ~ 9x + 8 in the form (x ~ p}’~ g, where p and q are constants. 2 Hence write down the coordinates of the minimum point on the curve y = x’ ~ 9x +8. 0 On the axes below, sketch the graph of y = |x" - 9x + 81, showing the coordinates of the points where the curve meets the coordinate axes. Bl iv Write down the value of k for which |x? ~ 9x + 8| = & has exactly 3 solutions. a Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 11 Q4 Nov 2018