About

We Will Learn

14 Shadow and
Light,
Reflection .
and Opaque
Shadow
Translucent
Transparent,
Objects

. PinholeCarnera
Learning Objectives . Mirror,Image
and

Reflection
The learners
willbe ableto
. differentiatebetween luminous and non-luminous
objects.

• luminous objects.
give examples ofnaturaland artificial
objects.
distinguish and opaque
translucent
between transparent,
of a shadow.
explainshadow formationand characteristics
• describethe working of a pinhole camera. mirror.
light of from aa
• explainthe phenomenon ofreflection by a
image formed
between a shadow and the
• differentiate
plane miror.

Things around Us ofthings around you.

the nature
Also,observe
youtosee.
Observethethings around which help
follow.
Then answer the questionsthat

youto see theobjectsaround.

1. Name the things which help
you use forseeing things around?
2. Which organ do with your hands?
coverthese organs
3. you be able to see anythingifyou
able to see itthrough
Will

the table, will you be

flowervase on
* T yOu keep a (c) a textbook?
a glass tumbler?
(a) a sheetof paper? (b)

196
 form of energy which helpsus to see
isa tosee anything, a source of
Liaht To be able light
sun, star,bulb and tubelight
things.the
as must be

such The objects which emit lightare called

avalable objects.
We onot need any other
do
source
tosee luminous objects.There aretwo
luminous
light
of of luminous objects--natural and artificial.
types Iikethe sun and starsand some
insects
Objects glow-worm and lanternfishemit light
ikefirefly,
on theirown, and thus are called natural
naturallyobjects.Objectss|
liketorch,bulband tube
luminous emit lightbut they are made by
a
talso man, and
light luminous objects.
artificial
arecalled
thus Fig.14.1:
like tables, chairsand books are not visible Luminous objects
Objects But we can see them in the presence
of a
indarkness. The objects that do not emitlight, Think and Answer HOTS
oflight. but
source when lightfalls
visible on them are callednon- What kind ofan objectis
become moonHuminous
objects. We are able to see non-luminous or non-luminous?
luminous
because theyreflect
lightfallingon them.
objects
Translucentand Opaque Objects
Transparent,
on theability the objects
toallowlightto passthroughthem, they are
of
Based classified
as transparent,
and opaque.
translucent
objects
whichto pass through them completely are called transparent
allowlight
The objects. We

coeclearly
throughobjectslike glass,
airand water,and hence they are classifiedas transparent
The objects which allow.only sonme amount of light
to passthrough them arecalledtranslucent
objects.
A blurred pictureis seen when we look throughthem. Oily or
objects. butter paper, muddy water and
glass are classifiedas translucentobjects.The objectswhich do not allow any light
smoked to pass
lroughthem are calledopaque objects.
We cannot see throughobjectslike wood, wall,book and
and they are classified
as opaque
some plastics, objects.

spectacles glass tumbler water bottle tissue clothes wooden door

Transparent objects Translucentobjects Opaque objects
Fig.14.2:
Transparent,translucent
and opaque objects
Luminous objects:The objectswhich emit lightoftheirown Transparentobjects:Objects thatallow lighttopassthrough them fully

Non-luminous objects:The objectsthatdo not have lightoftheirown but Translucent objects:

Objects thatallowlightto pass through them partially
are visible on them
when lightfalls Opaque objects:Objects thatdo not allowlightto pass through them

197
 Think and Answer
HOS
Are your eyelids
transparent,
translucentor opaque? Give reason foryour answer.

Doand Learn
likechalk,
Take objects
pen, milk, ruler,
box, plastic paper,handkerchios
schoolbag. glass eraser,geometry
wax,,spectacles,
tumbler and more.
Place a lit
candle on
that your eyes are at theflame's
a table,Place your face in level.Now,
each objectin a way bring
between yourface you are able tosee
flame through and the candle one by one. Observe whether the
the object or not.
Iftheflame
throughthe objectis visibleclearly,record it as a transparentobject.If theflaneis visible
but not clearly,
Ifthe flame
record it as a translucentobject. not visible at allthroughthe object,
is

recorditas an
opaque object.
Now, answer these
questions.
1. Name the objectswhich are transparent.
2. Name the objects which are translucent.
3. Name theobjectswhich are opaque.
4. What kind of an objectis a piece ofwood?

Shadow
An opaque objectblocks thelightfallingon
a surfacefrom a source oflight. Due to the
blockingof light, a dark shape is formed on

thesurfacewhich istheshadow oftheobject.

Therefore, the dark shape that is formed on
a surfacewhen an opaque objectcomes in
between a source of lightand the surface
is calleda shadow. Shadow formationis a Source of
light
natural phenomenon.
Opaque object A screen
There are three conditionswhich must be
fortheformationofa shadow.
fulfilled Fig.14.3:Conditionsforthe formationof a shadow

• The availability
ofa sourceoflight
An opaque objectthatobstructsthe lightofthe source
• A screen on which theshadow will be formed

Ifany ofthesethingsare not available,a shadow will not be formed.

Shadow: A dark shape produced when an opaque objectcomes in between the source of lightand the surface

198
 Shadow
a

dark or black in
alwaye
Its
colour. colour does not depend on thecolourofopaque
lourof lighttalingon it.The shadow of an opaque becausethe
the
shadoWis the objectis dark
or from sourceis completely blocked by the
object.The shadow of a translucent
otyect because thelightis only partially notformed
coming blocked by the object.A shadow is
Maht
vght is ol as it allowsthelightto
pass throughit
object completely.
transparentobject
a. chadow depends on thedistance between the It
with ofthe with source oflightand theobject.
decrease in distanceand
size vice versa.
1he bigger
shadow changes
ofthe with
becomes Learn More
position
of)
light.
The The length of the shadow changes with the tine
p
position not give detailsike size the
the does of the day.
Itislongerinthe morning and in
object.Itt only shows the
shadow of the evening,and shortestatthe noon.
,A coloUr object.
and fan opaque
of
shape

Learn ofashadow
and characteristics
DO studythe
To torch,a darkroom and a friend
A
Aim: Required:
Materials

room with your friend.

Procedure a dark
Go to stand at some
friend to
your off you.
Ask infront
distance and focusthe beam
thetorch
Take on him. A shadow forms
oflight
him.
behind and size of the
the colour
Observe

shadow.
towards your friend
moving
Start

step-by-step. ofthe
and colour
Observe the size
each step.
shadow with

does not change, i.e.itis blackthroughout.

Observation However,
of the shadow
observe thatthe colour
wwill
as the distance between you and your friend decreases.
on increasing
You

size keeps that

of the torch with respectto yourfriend such
its
Now stayatone place and change the position
is on him.
the focus of the torch
is changed.
Vuwillobserve thatthe position ofthe shadow changes as the positionof thetorch

199
 Try at Home
Go toa nearby
garden in the evening
is dark with two when it
ofyourfriends.
and asheet ofpaper Take a torch
with you.Make one of
vOur friendsstand in
frontof you keeping
some distance. Ensure that thereis
behind your friend,ie. nothing
no tree or building
Turn the torchon
and focus the beam
yourfriend's on
face.Ishershadow
visible?
Now, ask your otherfriend to
stand behind
your friendand hold
the sheet of paper as
shown. Now again shine the only on a screen.
torch lighton shadow isformed

A
herand observethe
shadow. of theactivity.
Now, answer the following questions based on your observations

1. What do you conclude from the activity

thefirst case?
Z. Why was the shadow not observed in

obtained in the second case?

3. What was the colour of theshadow

PinholeCamera thispropertyt
pinholecamera is an important applicationof
A
line.
a straight
Lightalways travelsin
light.

Try at Home
travels in a straight
Let'sobservethatlight
line.
through a
Fix a table.Look at the lightedcandle
litcandle on a

be clearly
will visible.
rubberpipe.The lightedcandle
the lightedcandle through it again.
Now bend the pipe.Look at
through the pipe.This
Thistime the candle will not be visible
line.
implies thatlighttravelsin a straight
property of lightwhen an
A shadow is formed because ofthis
opaque objectobstructsthepath of
light.
based on yourobservations.
Now, answer thefollowingquestions
oflight known as?
1.What is this property
was bent?
2. Why was thecandle not visiblewhen the pipe
3. Why is a shadow formed?
with hollow metalrod?
yoube abletoperform this activity a
4. Will

a lightproofbox Learn More

A pinholecamera is a simple camera made of
filmon the
and a translucent The tendencyof lighttotravelin
having a tinyholeatone ofitssides
on the
oppositeside.An invertedimage of an objectis formed a straightline is called rectilinear

rays travelthrough thehole. propagationof light.

filmas thelight

200
 made by thefollowingactivity.
can be

Oecmera,
Lab camera
a plnhole
nhe make Two empty bOxes that can slideinto one another(onebox
slightly biggertha
Required: tracingpaper,a lamp or a candleand a
cutter black cloth
Paper
ther)
Matetals,
and remove theirlids(or any
boxes
thetwo
Pocedure
Take
side) make a small
pinholeinthecentre
one largerbox,
the to the open side[Fig.
In sideopposite (b)].

on
the of the small box, cut out a square a) (b)
side
same
Onthe with a side of. about 5 to 6 cm.
centre
inthe paper, cOver the open
a trracing square and
Using itiin place by using some tape [Fig.
(d)].
secure box insidethelarger box
Put
the smaller keeping (c) (d)
with tracingpaper inside (Fig.
(e)].
theside
camera is now ready for use.
pinhole
The or a candle on a table.
a lamp
Place
atthe lamp from the open face of the
tolook (e)
Try
- box of the pinhole camera.
smaller
take a black cloth,and cover the pinholecamera
Now
head with it [Fig.(g)].
and your
of the pinhole canmera
the position by moving
Adjust
forward or backward to getan image of the
yourself
the tracing paper.
objecton
isformed on the tracing paper?
What kind ofimage
(f)
Observation from the
formed on thetracing paper is upside down, i.e.inverted.This is because light
The image bottom
travelsin a straightlinethroughthe pinhole and continues until it hits the
top of the object
the bottom of the objecthits the top of the tracing
of the tracing paper.Similarly,the light from
The image thus formed isinvertedin nature.
paper.

For this,make a small pinholein the

The ofthesun can alsobe seen with thepinholecamera.
image
thatitsshadow falls
Now hold thecardboard up in the sun such
centre ofa largesheet ofcardboard.
oftheshadow ofthecardboard
on a plaincleararea.A smallcircularimage ofthesun in the middle

be
will observed.
Beforetheeclipseoccurs,
The ofthesun duringthesolareclipsecan alsobe observed.
pinhole images
on the
not disturbthisarrangement. Look at the images
adjustthe pinholecamera and a screen. Do
sun gradually becomes
willobserve that a part ofthe image ofthe
screen as the eclipsestarts.
You

darkeras theeclipseprogresses.

201
 A pinhole
camera can alsobe observedin
nature.Some Learn More
small circular
patchesof sunlight are seen under trees eclipse,the moon
covered with large During a solar moves
number leaves.These smallcircular
of the sun and theearth.As aresuit
between
patches are the from the earth
pinhole
images of thesun. These are thesun is not visible
formed because the
gaps between
irregularly-shaped the gaps
theleavesact as circulareven though between
Theimages of the sun are always
pinholes.
theleavesareof
irregular
shape.

Mirror,
lmage and Reflection
of bouncing back of
When lightstrikes on the This phenomenon
it bounces back.
surface
e of an object, ofimage. When light
lightisknown as helpsintheformation rays
reflection This
offlight. phenomenon
fall
on a mirror,theyget
reflected. HOTS
Think and Answer
A highly polishedand snmooth surfacewhich forms an
The moon is a non-luminous
image by reflectionof light
is known asa mirror.An image S object.
How are you able to see
it?
formed when thelightcoming from an illuminated objectis
reflectedby the surfaceofthe mirror.
thereIs
A mirrorforms laterallv
a invertedimage. This means that
leftbetween the objectand the image Reflection noitsIts
an interchange ofrightand of
i nversion,stand in front
observe lateral
ToTmed in the mirror.To to liftits
amirrorand lift
your left hand. The image formed appears Fig.14.4:
Lateralinversion

righthand. This is due to lateralinversion.

by a plane mirror.
difference between theshadow and the image formed
Let'sunderstand the
with the positionofthe
The lengthofa shadow varies
of light.However,
objectwith respectto the source
formed in a mirror is always
the length ofthe image in all
same size,i.e.
ofthe same as the size of object

positions.
colourirrespective ofthe
• A shadow is always black in
of light.It does not
colourof objectand the colour
On the other
providethe detailsabout the object.
has thesame colouras the
hand, theimage in a mirror
can be seen in its
objectand the detailsoftheobject
image.
inversionin
no lateral a shadow, while the
There is

image formed in amirroris laterallyinverted.

Fig.14.5:
Lateralinversion

from the surface ofan object

The phenomenon ofbouncing back of light
Reflection:
image by reflecting light
Mirror:A smooth and highly polished surface which forms

202
 reflectionof light.

and and go to a dark room

understand
1Homeand atorch, to hold a mirror and
friendi
Ask
your some distance,Point
observe keeping
miirorof you
mirror.

n hoto thhe
Iight wall the room
observe? opposite of
the
on mirror the light
reflects
the
ows that
direction
of the mirror. What
shO the
This
change
noy2 Some otherwall of the
ow but on
seen
observeis a mirror changes the direction
that
on it.
hofloht
shows
falling
Thiss questions based on your observations.
n following
rays
ight ifanother friendstands in frontof themirror?
happen
inthisactivity?
s the source
would source oflight natural or artificial?
What the is ofthis activity?
What conclusion.
the
is
What

Check the given sentences.

to complete
Ouick blanks are man-made luminous objects.
inthe and
FIl
when an objectobstructs
the path oflight.
isformed
shacdow by a pinhole camera is in nature.
2A formed
image in colour.
The
3 isalways
Ashadow

Recap
louick energy which helps us to see things around us.
of
isa form Sources of light,
whereas bulb,tubelightand candle are artificial
Light
and starsare natural
The
sun
oflight.
.sources as transparent,translucentand opaque based
are classified
Objects
the lightto
them.
pass through
on theirability
to allow

.
.
A shadow

A shadow
isformed only when

is always dark
thereisa source
or
light,an opaque objectand a screen.
of

of the colourof objector the colour

black in colour,irrespective
formed in the direction oppositeto the directionof light.
Itis
oflight.
line.An application rectilinear propagationof lightisthe
travelsin a straight
of
Lightalwayys
pinhole camera.
inage is formed by of light.
the reflection Reflectioncan occurwhen lightrays fallon a

mirror.

203
 D. Reason Out (HOTS)
Think carefully
and answer the followingquestions.
patients, Why?
1. The word 'AMBULANCE' is spelled out backwards on vehiclescarrying

2. Why birdsflyinghigh in thesky do not cast a shadow?

ableto view your
3. When a mirror is keptin frontof you in a darkroom, are you reflection
in
the mirror?Why or why not?
kind of
4. Sonmetimes, the sun is visibleeven itis behind the clouds.VWhat objects are
when
clouds transparent,
translucentor opaque?
5. How are non-luminous objectsvisible
to us?

SkillsCovered Critical and logical

thinking Analytical thinking

E. Link and Learn (GeneralAwareness)

are based on the reflectionoflight
Recallthe devices likekaleidoscope and periscope.They by
Then answer theTollOWing questio
plane mirrors.Find outmore ab0ut then from theInternet.

1. What does a kaleidoscopedo?

2. What is a periscope?
3. Statethe use of a periscope.
4. Out ofthe two, which one has more mirrors?

SkillsCovered and logicalthinking

• Critical •Investigation

F. Mind Map
Includethe types of objectshacaa
your own mind map on the topicTypes of Objects.
Prepare to pass lightthroughthem. Write
hu

they emit or
light not and based on theirability
on whether Is easy to comprehend
examples of each type ofobject.Make it ina systematicmanner that

thinking
SkillsCovered • Observation Criticaland logical

ICT
G. Integrating
of reflectionin thesethings,Then
Observe the things around you. Find any two applications
Reflectionin Everyday Life'in MS PowerPoint
or
create a presentation on the topic"Uses of your
insertingpicturesfrom the Internet.
P resent
LibreOfficeImpress.Make itmore descriptiveby
work in the class.

Covered
Skills • Applicativethinking • Investigation• Digitalliteracy

206
 (Very Short Answer
Stop and Reflect Questions)

A. Choose the correctanswer.

them are called objects.
1. Objectswhich
allowonlysome lightto passthrough
(b) opaque
(a)transparent
(c) (d) translucent
luminous
2. Which ofthe object?
followingisa non-luminous
(a) Glow-worm (b) Goldfish
(d) Lanternfish
(c) Firefly
a plane mirror
isincorrect about the image formed by
ofthe following aboutthe obiect
D. Which (b) Itgivesthe details
(a) It is laterally
inverted. these
(d) None of
(c) Itis of the same sizeas theobject.
oflateral inversion?
is not an example
4. Which of the following
of a mirror, it
appears as ifthe lefteye is closed.
eye in front
(a) When a person closesthe right
letterd in frontofa mirror.
(b)The letterb appears as
carrying patients.
is writtenon vehicles
(c) 3MAJUAMA ofa mirror.
is on the top
when he stands in front
(d) person's face
A
is/arerequiredto geta shadow?
5. Which of the following (b) An opaque object
(a) source of light
(d) Allof these
A
(c) A screen
Also, the incorrectstatements.
rectify
B. Write True or False.
object.
1. An aluminium foilis a translucent
of light.
of reflection
camera works on the principle
2.A pinhole
the lightcoming from a
is formed when a transparentobjectblocks
3. A shadow
sOurce of light.
inverted.
is not laterally
4. A shadow
positionof light.
does not change with the
5. The positionof the shadow
C. Match the columns.
Column B
Column A
(a) Mirror
1. Moon
(b) Non-luminous object
2. Bouncing of light
in the
3. Interchangeofthe sides of an object
(c) Opaque object
image formed by a mirror
(d) Reflection
4. CD
(e) Lateralinversion
5. A polishedsurface

208
 tocomplete the givensentences.
blanks of
lightare examples
nthetube objects
and
L Bulb tosee the directly.
sunsafe isan example of an
bat object.
A cricket objectdoes not form a
4 shadow.
is a smooth, polishedsurface
4A which changes the dírectionof light on it.
falling
5.A
of the words given belowthat are formed afterreflectionfroma mirror.Theseimages
theimages images.Remember thattheimage formed by a plane
write mirror mirrorislaterally
inverted.One
called foryou.
done
been
has 101iM Transparent
Mirror
Translucent
Source

Shadow
Opaque

(ShortAnswer Questions)
and Accurate
crisp terms.
the following
Define
object
1. Luminous

2. Light
oflight
3. Reflection
object
4. Transparent

5.Shadow
thefollowingquestions briefly.
B. Answer
of light
1 Name two naturalsources
in the dark?
2. Why is shadoW notformed
a

2 Why is frostedglasscalleda translucentobject?

pinhole camera?
What kind of image is formed by a
A
s How can you observe solareclipsewith the help of a pinholecamera?
a

(Long Answer Questions)

Think and Explain
questionsin detail.
Answer the following
show thatlighttravelsin a straightline.
1.With the help of an activity

2. Differentiate to letlight pass through them.

between the types of objectsbased on theirability
of a shadow.
3. Stateand explainthe characteristics

4,Explain the constructionand working of a pinhole camera.

5. Distinguish between the image formed by a mirrorand the shadow of an object.

209