|| Shree Shankargiri Maharaj Prasanna ||

DESHMUKH
CLASSES
Perfect
Theory Notes (Physics)
Rotational Dynamics
Part I

(Circular Motion)
For
XIIth

“There is no elevator to success.

You to have to take the stairs…...”

“Success in your hands”

Name of Student:________________________________
Date : ___/ ___/_____

By. Prof. Sarvat Deshmukh

B. E. (Mechanical), M. E. (CAD/CAM)
Mob. No. 8530102088, 7758990228

For, Private circulations only

 Index

→ Introduction .................................................................................................................... 3
→ Important Terms ............................................................................................................. 3
Radius vector ( 𝐫 ): .................................................................................................... 3
Angular displacement (θ) .......................................................................................... 2
Angular velocity (ω) :................................................................................................ 2
Angular acceleration (α) :.......................................................................................... 2
→ Derive Relation between linear velocity (v) and angular velocity (ω) .......................... 3
→ Derive an expression for resultant acceleration in non-uniform circular motion. ......... 6
→ Centripetal or Radial acceleration .................................................................................. 6
→ Centripetal force (𝐅𝐂𝐏) .................................................................................................. 6
→ Centrifugal force (𝐅𝐂𝐅) .................................................................................................. 7
→ Maximum speed of a car along curve or horizontal road ............................................... 9
→ Banking of road .............................................................................................................. 9
→ Conical pendulum ......................................................................................................... 12
→ Vertical Circular Motion .............................................................................................. 13
→ Expression for tension .................................................................................................. 14
→ Expression for velocity ................................................................................................. 15
→ Expression for ............................................................................................................... 16
(A) Kinetic energy ................................................................................................... 16
(B) Potential energy ................................................................................................ 16
(C) Total energy ...................................................................................................... 16
(D) Centripetal acceleration .................................................................................... 16
 Introduction
Define Circular motion. Give its examples.:
• The motion of an particle or object along circumference of a circle is called as
“Circular motion.”

Examples:
• Motion of earth around itself.
• Motion of electrons around the nucleus in an atom.
• Motion of tip of second hand of a clock.
• When a stone tied to a string and whirled in horizontal circle, then motion of stone
is circular motion.
• Motion of vehicle along curve road.
• Motion of tip of blades of fan.

Types of Circular motion:

I] Depend on plane of the motion.
1) Horizontal Circular Motion : Takes place in horizontal plane.
2) Vertical Circular Motion : Takes place in vertical plane.

II] Depend on speed of the particle ( object )

1) Uniform Circular Motion (U.C.M.)
2) Non-uniform Circular Motion (non-U.C. M. )
Note : Circular motion is two dimensional motion.

Define Uniform Circular Motion (U.C.M.). Give its example.

• “Motion of an particle (object) along circumference of circle with constant speed
is called as uniform circular motion.” OR
• “Motion of an particle (object) along circumference of circle with constant angular
velocity is called as uniform circular motion.”

Example :
1) Motion of the earth around itself .
2) Motion of electrons around the nucleus in an atom.
3) Motion of tip of second hand of clock.

Define Non-Uniform Circular Motion

• Motion of an particle (object) along circumference of circle with variable speed is
called as “non uniform circular motion”.
• Ex. Motion of tip of blades of fan just after start.

Important Terms
Radius vector ( 𝐫̅ ):
• “A vector drawn from centre of circle to position of particle
performing circular motion is called as radius vector or position
vector.”
• The magnitude of radius vector is constant and
is equal to radius of circle.
• But its direction change and is away from centre of circle.
(radially outward ).
• In figure ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅, ̅̅̅̅
OA, OB OC are radius vector of particles situated at A, B, C respectively.
 Circular Motion

• Unit SI: m C.G.S. : cm

• 0 1 0
Dimension : [ M L T ]

Angular displacement (θ)

• “The angle traced by radius vector within given interval of time at the centre of circle
is called as angular displacement.”
arc length s
Angular displacement = = − − − − − − (Scalar)
radius r

For infinitesimal ( very small ) time,

s
angular displacement.  = − − − − (Vector)
r
• Unit : SI : rad CGS : rad
• 0 0 0
Dimension (M L T ) ( dimensionless )
• Direction: The direction of angular displacement is given by right hand thumb rule.

State Right hand thumb rule:

• Suppose that axis of rotation is held in right hand
with fingers curled round axis and thumb is
stretched along the axis. If curled fingers denotes
the direction of rotation of particle then stretched
thumb denotes the direction of angular
displacement.

Angular velocity (ω) :

• Rate of change of angular displacement with time is called as angular velocity ( ω )
Angulardis placement
• Angular velocity =
Time
 d
• Angular velocity for finite time  =  =
t dt
• For a particle traveling for infinitesimal time i.e. instantaneous angular velocity is
given by

  = lim
t → 0 t
• Unit: SI: rad/s CGS : rad/s
• 0 0 –1
Dimensions : [ M L T ]
• Direction : The direction of angular velocity is given by right hand thumb rule.

Angular acceleration (α) :

• “'Rate of change of angular velocity with time is called as angular acceleration.”
Change inangular velocity
• Angular acceleration =
Time
 − 1
= 2
t
• Where, ω1 is initial angular velocity , ω2 is final angular velocity

• Instantaneous angular acceleration is given by  = lim
t → 0 t

• Unit :SI : rad/s2 CGS: rad/s2

• Dimensions: [ M0L0T – 2 ]
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 Circular Motion

• Direction: Direction angular acceleration is given by right hand thumb rule.

Characteristics of Angular acceleration (  ) :

1) If angular velocity is increases i.e. ω2 > ω1 , Angular acceleration (α) is positive.
(Acceleration)
2) If angular velocity is decreases i.e. ω2 < ω1 , Angular acceleration (α) is negative.
(Retardation)
3) In UCM ,ω is constant, i.e. ω2 – ω1 = 0 then α = 0. (Zero acceleration)
4) It is axial vector.
5) The direction of Angular displacement (𝜃) , Angular velocity (𝜔) and Angular
acceleration (𝛼) is perpendicular to plane of motion.

Derive Relation between linear velocity (v) and angular velocity (ω)

Note:
1) Linear velocity is cross product of angular velocity and radius vector.
2) Angle between linear velocity and angular velocity is 90°.
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 Circular Motion

Derive Relation between linear acceleration (a) and angular acceleration (α):

Note:
• In U.C.M. velocity of particle is always tangent to the circle
hence it is also called as tangential velocity.
• The magnitude of velocity is always constant.
• Its direction changes continuously.

Why U.C.M. is accelerated motion?

• In U.C.M. magnitude of velocity (speed) is always constant but, direction of linear
velocity goes on changing, i.e. linear velocity changes.
• The change in linear velocity is possible if the motion is accelerated. Hence UCM is
accelerated motion.

Define Periodic motion. Why UCM is periodic motion?

• The motion which repeats its self after equal interval of time is called as period motion
• Particle performing UCM repeats its motion after equal interval of time. Hence UCM
is periodic motion.

Note : UCM is periodic motion but every periodic motion is not UCM.

Define Period of revolution (T). State its unit and dimensions.

• “Time required by a particle performing U.C.M. to complete one revolution is called
as Period of Revolution (T).”
• It is scalar quantity.
• Unit: SI : second (S) CGS : second (S)
• Dimensions : [M L T ]
0 0 1

Derive an expression for period of revolution (T):

• Consider a particle is performing U.C.M. with constant angular velocity (ω) along a
circle of radius (r).
Distance covered
Velocity =
Time required
• In one complete revolution, distance covered by particle is circumference and time
required is period of revolution.

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 Circular Motion

Circumference
Velocity=
Period of revolution
2𝜋𝑟
∴𝑉=
𝑇
2πr
T=
V
2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋
𝑇= =
𝑟𝜔 𝜔

2
T=
 This is expression for period of revolution.

What is frequency of revolution (n or f )?

• No. (number) of revolution made by particle performing U.C.M. in one sec, is called
as Frequency of revolution ( n or f ). OR
• “Reciprocal of period of revolution is called as Frequency of revolution.”
No. of revolution
Frequency =
Time
N 1
n= =
t T
• Unit: SI: rev/sec ( r.p.s.) OR rot/sec. OR Hertz G.C.S. : Hertz (Hz)
• Dimensions: [M0L0T – 1]

Note : 1) Practical unit of frequency is rpm (rev/min)

1
2) 1 𝑟𝑝𝑚 = 𝑟𝑝𝑠
60
𝑥
𝑥 𝑟𝑝𝑚 = 𝑟𝑝𝑠
60

• Derive Relation between frequency and angular velocity & Angular displacement
and number of revolutions :
In U.C.M. frequency given by
1
Frequency =
Periodof revolution
1
n=  2 
T T = 
  
1 
n= n= 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑛
2π
2
ω
𝜃
But 𝜔 =
𝑡
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑛
𝜃 𝑁
= 2𝜋
𝑡 𝑡
𝜃 = 2𝜋𝑁

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 Circular Motion

Derive an expression for resultant acceleration in non-uniform

circular motion.

Centripetal or Radial acceleration

• “In U.C.M. the acceleration of particle which is directed towards centre of circle and
along the radius is called as radial or centripetal acceleration.”
• Formula :
1) a=vω
2) a= r ω2
v2
3) a=
r
Unit: SI : m/s2 CGS: cm/s2
Dimensions : [M0L1T – 2 ]

̅̅̅̅
Centripetal force (𝐅𝐂𝐏 )

• In U.C.M. the force which is directed towards centre of circle and along radius is called
as centripetal force.
• In Magnitude :
→F=mvω
→ F = m r ω2
mv 2
→F= r

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 Circular Motion

• In vector form
⃗F = −mvω r̂0
⃗F = −mvω2 r̂0
2
⃗ = − mv r̂0
F
r
Where, r̂0 is unit vector along radius. Negative signs shows that directions of
centripetal force and radius vector are opposite.
• Properties of centripetal force ( F ) :
→ It is a real force
→ It arises in inertia and non-inertial frame of reference.
→ It is responsible for maintaining U.C.M.
→ It is always directed towards the centre of circle.
→ Its magnitude is constant but direction changes continuously hence it is variable force.
Note : In U.C.M. force and velocity are perpendicular to each other. Hence work done
during UCM is always zero.

• Example of Centripetal force:

1) Motion of earth around the sun : In this case necessary centripetal force is provided by
gravitational force at attraction exerted by sun on the earth.
∴ Centripetal force of sun on earth = Gravitational force
2) Motion of moon around the earth : In this case necessary centripetal force is provided by
gravitational force of earth on moon.
∴ Centripetal force = Gravitational force of earth on moon
3) Motion of electrons around the nucleus : In this case necessary centripetal force is
provided by electrostatic force of attraction between nucleus and electrons.
∴ Centripetal force = Electrostatic force
4) Motion of a body tied to one end of the string and along horizontal circle : In this case
necessary centripetal force is provided by tension imparted by string on hand.
∴ Centripetal force = tension in the string
5) Motion of car along curved road : In this case necessary centripetal force is provided by
force of friction between wheels of car and surface of road.
∴ Centripetal force = Force of friction
6) Motion of bucket containing water, when revolve in vertical circle : In this case necessary
centripetal force is provided by weight of water.
∴ Centripetal force = Weight of water
7) Along curved banked road, necessary centripetal force is provided by horizontal
component of normal reaction.
∴ Centripetal force = N sin θ

̅̅̅̅
Centrifugal force (𝐅 𝐂𝐅 )

• In U.C.M. the force which is directed away from centre of circle and along radius is
called as centrifugal force
• In Magnitude :
F=mvω
F = m r ω2
mv 2
F=
r

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 Circular Motion

• In vector form
⃗F = m v ω r̂0
⃗F = mω2 r̂0
Where, 𝑟̂0 unit vector along radius.
• Properties of centrifugal force ( F ):
→ It is a Pseudo force.
→ It arises in non – inertial (accelerated) frame of reference.
→ It is not responsible for maintaining U.C.M.

• What are Example of centrifugal force?

→ Cyclist moving fast along curved road has to lean inward in order to maintain his
balance against outward centrifugal force.
→ When bus takes a sudden turn passengers in the bus experiences outward centrifugal
force.
→ A coin is placed on gramophone disc near axis of rotation and speed of rotation of
disc increases then coin slides away from centre due to centrifugal force.
→ Principle of dryer in washing machine is based on centrifugal force.
→ Principle of Governor of steam Engine is based on Centrifugal force.

• Distinguish between centripetal force and centrifugal force

Centripetal force Centrifugal force

1) It is directed towards centre of 1) it is directed away from the centre of
circle Circle
2) It is a real force 2) It is pseudo force
3) It arises in inertial and non-inertial 3) It arises only in non-inertial frame of
frame of reference. reference.
4) It is responsible for 4) It is not responsible for maintaining
maintaining U.C.M. U.C. M.
mv2
5) In vector form ⃗F = − . r̂0 2
r mv
5) In vector form ⃗F = + . r̂0
r

• Why centrifugal force is called as pseudo force?

→ A real force is that force which arises either due to gravitational or electrical or nuclear
interaction. But, centrifugal force does not produce due to any of these interactions.
→ It is produce due to accelerated frame of reference is non – inertial frame.
→ Hence, it is called as pseudo force.
Note : Force of friction = μ mg
Where, μ – Coefficient of friction
The value of μ is always less than one. ( μ < 1 )
It has no unit and dimension.

Types of road :
(1) Horizontal curve road
(2) Banked curve road

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 Circular Motion

Maximum speed of a car along curve or horizontal road

• Consider a vehicle of mass m is moving with speed (v)
along curved horizontal road of radius r
• Let μ, is coefficient of friction between wheels of vehicle
and surface of road.
• In this case necessary centripetal force is provided by
force of friction between wheels of vehicles and
surface of road.
• Centripetal force = force of friction.
mv 2
=  mg
r
v2
=g
r
v2 = μ r g
v = μrg
• This is maximum speed with which vehicle can be safely drive along curve or
horizontal road. It is not depend on mass of vehicle. It is depend upon
1) Coefficient of friction.
2) Radius curvature
3) Acceleration due gravity

Banking of road
• Definition
Along curved road, surface of road is kept inclined to horizontal with some suitable
angle so that outer edge of road is at higher level than its inner edge with suitable angle
is called as banking of roads. This arrangement of road is called as banking of road.
• Angle of banking (θ):
The angle between surface of road and horizontal is called as angle of banking
• Necessity of banking of road:
→ When a vehicle moves along horizontal curved road, necessary centripetal force is
supplied by the force of friction between the wheels of vehicle and surface of road.
→ Frictional force is not enough and reliable every time as its changes when road
becomes oily or wet in rainy season.
→ To increase the C.P.F., the road should be made rough. But it will cause wear and tear
of the tyres of the wheel.
→ Thus, due to lack of centripetal force vehicle tends to skid.
→ When the road is banked, the horizontal component of normal reaction provides
the necessary centripetal force required for circular motion of vehicle.
→ Thus, to provide the necessary centripetal force at the curved road banking of road is
necessary.

• Expression for angle of banking and maximum speed of vehicle

along curve banked road :
(i) State speed (without friction)
(ii) Maximum speed (with friction)
(iii) Minimum speed (with friction)

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 Circular Motion

Applied for all Engineering & Medical Entrance

By. Prof. Sarvat Deshmukh B.E. (Mechanical), M.E.(CAD/CAM) Mob. 8805349862
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 Circular Motion

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 Circular Motion

Conical pendulum
• Define
A small heavy sphere called bob suspended by a light and slightly extensible string from
a rigid support and revolving in a horizontal circle with a uniform speed is called a
conical pendulum

• Write expression for period of conical pendulum:

→ Consider a conical pendulum of mass m and length l. as
shown in figure.
→ Let, m = mass of bob
r = radius of circle
θ = angle made by string with vertical during
the motion of bob.
h = vertical height of conical pendulum.
There are two forces acting on bob are
→ Its weight mg is acting vertically downward.
→ Tension (T) in the string along the length of the string.

• Resolved Tension (T) into two components

i) Vertical components Tcosθ which balances weight of bob mg
∴ T cos θ = mg ------------------------ (1)
ii) Horizontal component T sin θ directed towards centre of circle
T sin θ = Centripetal force
mv 2
T sin θ = --------------------------------- (2)
r
eqn (2) ÷ eqn. (1)
mv2
T sin θ r
=
T cos θ mg
mv 2 1
tan θ = 
r mg
v2
tan θ = ------------------------------------- (3)
rg
If ω is angular velocity of bob of conical pendulum
r 22
∴ tan θ = v=rω
rg
r 2 g tan θ
tan θ = = ω2
g r

g tan 
=
r
2
T=

r
T = 2π
g tan 
r
But from fig. tan θ =
h
𝐡
𝐓 = 𝟐𝛑 √ ---------------------------------- (4)
𝐠
h
Also from fig. cos θ =
l

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 Circular Motion

∴ h = l cos θ
from equation (4)

𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅√ ------------------------------ (5)
𝐠

Equation (4 ) and (5) represents expression for period of conical pendulum.

→ The period of conical pendulum is depend upon
1) Length of pendulum (more the length more would be its period)
2) Acceleration due to gravity.
3) Height of conical pendulum.
4) Independent of ∠𝜃 (if 𝜃 is small)
“It is not depend upon mass of conical pendulum."

Squaring and adding eq. (1) and eq. (2)

2
2 2 2 2 mv2
T cos θ + T sin θ = (mg)2 +( )
r
2
mv2
T 2 = (mg)2 + ( ) -----------------------------(6)
r
v2
tan θ = (from eq. 3)
rg
from fig,
r
tan θ =
h
r v2
Thus, =
h rg
r2 g
v2 = -------------------------------- from eq. (6)
h
2
2 m r2 g
T = (mg)2 +[ ( )]
r h
r 2
T 2 = (mg)2 [1 + ( ) ]
h
𝐫 𝟐
𝐓 = (𝐦𝐠)√𝟏 + ( )
𝐡

Vertical Circular Motion

• Define vertical circular motion
→ The circular motion of particle in vertical plane is called as vertical circular motion.
→ Example : 1) Rotating wheels of an automobile on a road
▪ 2) Motion of bucket full of water in vertical circle.

• Effect of gravity on vertical circular motion :

[Why vertical circular motion is non-UCM?]
→ Consider a body of mass (m) is tied to one end of the string of length (r) and rotated
in vertical circle with centre O.
→ When body moves from bottom position (lowest position) to the highest position (top
position) then gravity opposes the motion of the body. Hence, speed of body
decreases.
→ When body moves from top position (highest position) to the bottom position (lowest
position) then gravity assists the motion of the body. Hence, speed of body increases.
→ Hence speed of body changes as position of body changes so the vertical circular
motion non uniform circular motion.

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 Circular Motion

Expression for tension

1) Any position 2) Bottom position 3) Top position 4) Horizontal position
• Consider a body of mass (m) is tied to one end of the string of length (r) and rotated in
vertical circle with centre O.
B
• Let θ be the angle made by string with vertical.
• At any position P forces acting on body are,
i) Its weight mg is acting vertically downward. O
ii) Tension (T) in the string along the length of the string, H
𝜃
• Weight mg is divided into two components. r
P
i) mg cos θ along the length of the string 𝜃
ii) mg sin θ perpendicular to length of string. A
𝑚g sin 𝜃 𝑚g cos 𝜃
∴ Centripetal force = T – mg cos θ 𝑚g
mv 2
∴ = T − mg cos 
r
𝐦𝐯 𝟐
𝐓= + 𝐦𝐠 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 ------------------------------- (1)
𝐫

Hence this is expression for tension in the string at any position (P).
1) At bottom position (A):
When body is at bottom position then –
θ=0
From equation (1)
mVA2
TA = + mg cos 0
r
But cos 0= 1
mVA2
TA = + mg
r
“Hence tension is maximum at bottom position”.

2) At Top position (B)

When body is at top position then
θ = 180°
From equation (1)
mVB2
TB = + mg cos180
r
But cos 180° = – 1
mVB2
TB = − mg
r
“Hence tension is minimum at top position.”

3) At horizontal position (H):

When body is at horizontal position then
θ = 90°
From equation (1)
mVH2
TH = + mg cos 90
r
But cos 90° = 0
mVH2
TH =
r
“Hence tension is equal to centripetal force horizontal position”
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 Circular Motion

Expression for velocity

1) Any position 2) Top position 3) Bottom position 4) Horizontal position
• Consider a body of mass (m) is tied to one end of the string B
of length (r) and rotated in vertical circle with centre O.
• We know that tension in the string at any position p is given
by the equation O
H
mv 2 𝜃
T= + mg cos  r
r P
𝜃
A
𝑚g sin 𝜃 𝑚g cos 𝜃
1) At top position (B): 𝑚g
• When body is at top position, to maintain the vertical circular
motion minimum tension in the string should be zero. Also θ is equal to 180.
From equation (1).
mVB2
0= + mg cos 180
r
But cos 180 = – 1
mVB2
∴ 0= − mg
r
mVB2
∴ mg =
r
∴ VB2 = gr

Taking square roots

VB = gr

This is expression for minimum velocity of body at top position.

2) At bottom position (A) :

• According to law of conservation energy. Total energy is conserved
• T.E. at bottom position = T.E. at top position
∴ ( K.E.)A + (P.E.)A = (K. E. )B + ( P. E. )B
1 1
mVA2 + mg(O) = mVB2 + mg(2r )
2 2
∴ h = 0 at bottom position
∴ h = 2r at top position
1 1
mVA2 = mVB2 + 2mgr
2 2
1 2 1 2
VA = VB + 2gr
2 2
1 2 1 2
VA = VB + 2gr
2 2
But VB = gr
1 2 1
VA = gr + 2gr
2 2
1 2 1 
VA =  + 2  gr
2 2 
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 Circular Motion

1 2  5
VA =   gr
2  2
VA = 5 gr
2

Taking square roots

𝐕𝐀 = √𝟓𝐠𝐫

This is expression for maximum velocity of body at bottom position

3) At horizontal position (H):

• According to law of conservation energy total energy is conserved
• T.E. at horizontal position = T.E. at top position
∴ ( K.E. )H + (P.E.)H = (K.E.)B + (P.E.)B
1 1
mVH2 + mg(r) = mVB2 + mg(2r)
2 2
∴ h = r at horizontal position
∴ h = 2r at top position
1 1
mVH2 + mgr = mVB2 + 2mgr
2 2
1 2 1 2
VH + gr = VB + 2gr
2 2
1 2 1 2
VH = VB + gr
2 2
But VB= gr
1 2 1
VH = gr + gr
2 2
1 2 1 
VH =  + 1 gr
2 2 
1 2  3
VH =   gr
2  2
VH = 3 gr
2

Taking square roots

VH = 3gr
This is expression for Middle velocity of body at horizontal position.

Expression for
(A) Kinetic energy (C) Total energy
(B) Potential energy (D) Centripetal acceleration
At
1) Bottom position 2) Top position 3) Horizontal position

At top position B
1
(a) Kinetic Energy : K.E. = mVB2
2
But VB = gr
1
= m gr
2
( ) 2

1
K.E. = mgr
2
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 Circular Motion

This is K.E. at top position.

“ Hence it is minimum at top position”

(b) Potential Energy :

P.E. = mgh
But at top position h = 2r
P.E. = 2 mgr
It is maximum at top poition

(c) Total Energy :

E = K.E. + P.E.
1
E= mgr + 2 mg r
2
5
E = mgr
2

At bottom position A
(a) Kinetic Energy :
1
K.E. = mV 2 A
2
But VA = ( 5gr )
2

5
K.E. = mgr
2
This is K.E. at bottom position.
“ Hence it is maximum at bottom position”

(b) Potential Energy :

P.E. = mgh
But at top position h = 0
P.E. = 0
“Hence it minimum at bottom position”

(c) T0otal Energy :

E = K.E. + P.E.
5
E= mgr + 0
2
5
E= mgr
2

At horizontal position H
(a) Kinetic Energy
1
K.E. = mV 2 H
2
But VH = 3gr
3
K.E. = mgr
2
This is K.E. at horizontal position
(b) Potential Energy
P.E. = mgh
But at horizontal position h = r
P.E. = mgr
(c) Total Energy
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 Circular Motion

E = K.E. + P.E.
3
=
mgr + mgr
2
5
E = mgr
2
In vertical circular motion

At top point B At bottom point At horizontal point

A H
mv 2 mv 2 mv 2
T= − mg T= + mg T=
r r r
Vmn = gr Vmn = 5gr Vmn = 3gr
Tmn = 0 Tmn = 6 mg Vmn= 3 mg
1 5 3
K.E. = mgr K.E. = mgr K.E. = mgr
2 2 2
P.E. = 2 mgr P.E. = 0 P.E. = mgr
5 5 5
E = mgr E = mgr E= mgr
2 2 2
a=g a=5g a=3g

Equation of kinematics in circular motion (Analogy of equations of motions in

rectilinear and circular motion)

i) In linear motion Where,

1 2 s = linear displacement
s = ut + at u = initial linear velocity
2
v = u + at v = final linear velocity
v2 = u2 + 2as a = linear acceleration
t = time
ii) In circular motion θ = angular displacement
1 2 ω = final angular velocity
θ = ω0 t + αt ω0 = initial angular velocity
2
ω = ω0 + αt2 𝛼 = angular acceleration
ω2 = ω02 + 2αθ

Space for Extra points :

1) Well (or wall) of death
2) Sphere of death
3) Vehicle on top of convex over bridge

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 Circular Motion

Applied for all Engineering & Medical Entrance

By. Prof. Sarvat Deshmukh B.E. (Mechanical), M.E.(CAD/CAM) Mob. 8805349862
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 Circular Motion

Practice Problems
Type I : Circular Motion
1. The bob of 1 pendulum swings through 0.25 m arc. Find the angle 𝜃, (i) in radian
(ii) in degree through its swings.
2. An aircraft takes a turn along a circular path of radius 1500 m, if the linear speed
of the air craft is 300 m/s. Find its angular speed and time taken by it to complete
(1/5)th of circular path
3. An aeroplane moving with a speed of 400 m/s takes a turn off radius 1600 m in
a horizontal plane. Calculate its angular speed and the time it takes to complete
a semicircle.

Type II : Uniform Circular Motion (Given : 𝐠 = 𝟗. 𝟖 𝐦/𝐬 𝟐 )

4. Find the angular speed of a minute hand of a clock.
5. A particle performs U.C.M. in a circle of radius 2 m. If its frequency of
revolution is 60 r.p.m. Find the (i) period of revolution, (ii) linear speed and (iii)
centripetal acceleration of the particle.
6. What is angular speed of a particle which is moving uniformly in a circle,
performs 240 r.p.m.?

Type III : Horizontal Curved Road

7. Find the maximum speed with which a car can be driven safely along a curved
path of radius 40 m. If the coefficient of friction between the tyres of the car and
the road surface is 0.3. (g = 9.8 m/s 2 )
8. A car can just go around a curve of 20 m radius without skidding when travelling
at 36 km/hr. If the road is plane, find the coefficient of friction between the road
surface and tyres.

Type IV : Some Case of Horizontal Curved Road

9. A cyclist can negotiate a circular track of length 440 m in a time 22 second. Find
the angle his bicycle makes with the vertical.

Type V : Banked Curved Road

10. A circular track of radius 200 m, is banked at an angle 10°, if the coefficient
of friction between wheels and road surface is 0.3. What is maximum
permissible speed to avoid skidding.
11. The distance between the two rails of a rail track is 1.6 m. along a curve of
radius 800 m, the outer rail is raised above the inner rail by 10 cm. With what
maximum speed a train be safely driven along the curve?
12. The radius of curvature of a meter gauge railway line at a place where the train
is moving at 36 km/hr is 50 m. If there is no side thrust on the rails, find the
elevation of the outer rail above the inner rail.

Type VI : Conical Pendulum

13. A conical pendulum has a length of 1m angle made by the string with the
vertical is 9°. The mass of bob is 50 gm. Find (i) tension in the string and
(ii) the period of circular motion of bob.
14. A conical pendulum has length of 100 cm and a bob of mass 100 gm is
suspended from it. When the bob is set swinging in horizontal circle it makes
10 revolution in15 sec. Find (i) radius of circular path (ii) tension in the string.
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 Circular Motion

Type VII : Rotor

15. On a well of death, motor cycle rider drives round the inner wall of a hollow
cylindrical chamber. If the radius of the cylindrical chamber is 12m. What
would be minimum speed of the rider to prevent him from sliding down? (𝜇 =
0.4)

Type VIII : Balance Condition at the top of Vertical circle

16. A motor rides in vertical circle in a hollow sphere of radius 3 m. Find the
minimum speed required, so that he does not lose contact with the sphere at
the highest point.
17. A physics teacher swings a pail of water in a vertical circle 1.2 m in radius at
constant speed. What is the maximum time period if the water is not to spill?

Type IX : Vertical Circular Motion

18. A body weighing 0.4 kg is whirled in a vertical circle making 2 rev/sec. if the
radius of the circle is 1.2 m. find the tension in the string at the top of the circle.
19. A 1 kg stone is tied at the end of a 1 m long string and it is whirled in vertical
circle with speed of 4 m/s. Find the tension in the string at the bottom of the
circle.
20. A 4 kg stone tied at end a string 1m long is whirled in a vertical circle. At the
instant when the string makes an angle 𝜃 with vertical the linear speed of the
stone is 4 m/s and the tension in the string is 103.2 N. Find the value of 𝜃.

Type X : Looping the loop

21. A body runs down an inclined track from a height 10 m and describe a looping
the loop. Calculate the velocity with which a body inclined from the track.
(g = 9.8)

Type XI : Acceleration of a body performing non-UCM

22. A car is moving along a circular road at a speed of 20 m/s. The radius of the
circular road is 10 m. If the speed is increased at the rate of 30 m/s 2 . What is
the resultant acceleration?

Type XII : Kinematical Equation

23. A wheel revolving at 300 rpm is slow down uniformly to 240 rpm while
making 20 revolutions. Find (i) angular acceleration and (ii) time taken for
revolution.

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 Circular Motion

Memory Map :
Circular Motion

Verticular Circular motion

(Energy conservation assumed)
Kinematics Dynamatics

Minimum Difference in
speeds tensions at the
Radius vector, 𝑟̅ Linear velocity 𝑣̅ top & bottom
Angular displacement, ̅̅ ̅̅
𝑑𝜃 Tangential acceleration, 𝑎ഥ𝑡
Angular velocity, 𝜔
ഥ Centripetal acceleration, ̅̅̅
𝑎𝑐
Angular acceleration, 𝛼̅ Total acceleration, 𝑎̅
At the At the Halfway
top bottom up
Relation between linear
and angular quantities
Centripetal Centrifugal
force force

Conical Road at a bend

UCM pendulum
(𝑣 and 𝜔
ഥ constant
𝑎𝑡 = 0, 𝑎 = 0)
Unbanked Banked
Kinematical Linear & Period & Tension in
equations angular speeds frequency the string
Maximum
safe speed
Period, T
Frequency, 𝑓

Angle of Optimum Maximum

banking speed safe speed

DON’T LET YOUR DREAM BE DREAMS !

~ All the best ~

Applied for all Engineering & Medical Entrance
By. Prof. Sarvat Deshmukh B.E. (Mechanical), M.E.(CAD/CAM) Mob. 8805349862
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