Circular Motion

CIRCULAR MOTION
———————————————————————————————————


CIRCULAR MOTION :
When a particle moves in a plane such that its distance from a fixed (or moving) point remains constant,
then its motion is known as circular motion with respect to that fixed (or moving) point. The fixed point is
called centre, and the distance of particle from it is called radius.

1. KINEMATICS OF CIRCULAR MOTION :

1.1 Variables of Motion :
(a) Angular Position : To decide the angular position of a point in space we need to specify (i)
origin and (ii) reference line.
The angle made by the position vector w.r.t. origin, with the reference line is called angular position.
Clearly angular position depends on the choice of the origin as well as the Y

reference line.
P'
Circular motion is a two dimensional motion or motion in a plane. P

Suppose a particle P is moving in a circle of radius r and centre O.

The angular position of the particle P at a given instant may be described O r X
by the angle  between OP and OX. This angle  is called the angular
position of the particle.
(b) Angular Displacement :
Definition : Angle through which the position vector of the moving particle rotates in a given time
interval is called its angular displacement. Angular displacement depends on origin, but it does not
depends on the reference line. As the particle moves on above circle its angular position  changes.
Suppose the point rotates through an angle  in time t, then  is angular displacement.
 Important points :
  Angular displacement is a dimensionless quantity. Its SI unit is radian, some other units are degree
and revolution.
2 rad = 360° = 1 rev
  Infinitesimally small angular displacement is a vector quantity, but finite angular displacement is a
scalar, because while the addition of the Infinitesimally small angular displacements is commutative,
addition of finite angular displacement is not.
d1  d2  d2  d1 but 1  2  2  1
  Direction of small angular displacement is decided by right hand thumb rule. When the fingers are directed
along the motion of the point then thumb will represents the direction of angular displacement.
(c) Angular Velocity 
(i) Average Angular Velocity
Angular displacement
av =
Total time taken
2  1 
av  
t 2  t1 t
where 1 and 2 are angular position of the particle at time t1 and t2. Since angular displacement
is a scalar, average angular velocity is also a scalar.
(ii) Instantaneous Angular Velocity : It is the limit of average angular velocity as t approaches
 d
zero. i.e.  = lim =
t 0 t dt
Since infinitesimally small angular displacement d is a vector quantity, instantaneous angular
velocity  is also a vector, whose direction is given by right hand thumb rule.

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Circular Motion
 Important points :
 Angular velocity has dimension of [T–1] and SI unit rad/s.
  For a rigid body, as all points will rotate through same angle in same time, angular velocity is a
characteristic of the body as a whole, e.g., angular velocity of all points of earth about earth’s axis is
(2/24) rad/hr.
  If a body makes ‘n’ rotations in ‘t’ seconds then average angular velocity in radian per second will be
2n
av 
t
2
If T is the period and ‘f’ the frequency of uniform circular motion av = = 2f
T

Example 1. If angular displacement of a particle is given by  = a – bt + ct2, then find its angular velocity.
d
Solution :   b  2ct
dt
Example 2. Is the angular velocity of rotation of hour hand of a watch greater or smaller than the angular
velocity of Earth’s rotation about its own axis ?
Solution : Hour hand completes one rotation in 12 hours while Earth completes one rotation in 24 hours.
 2 
So, angular velocity of hour hand is double the angular velocity of Earth.    .
 T 
———————————————————————————————————
(d) Angular Acceleration 
(i) Average Angular Acceleration : Let 1 and 2 be the instantaneous angular speeds at times t1
  1 
and t2 respectively, then the average angular acceleration av is defined as av  2 
t 2  t1 t
(ii) Instantaneous Angular Acceleration : It is the limit of average angular acceleration as t
 d
approaches zero, i.e.,   lim 
t0 t dt
d d d 
2
d
since   ,   = = 2 , Also   
dt dt dt d
 Important points :
  Both average and instantaneous angular acceleration are axial vectors with dimension [T –2] and
unit rad/s2.
 If  = 0, circular motion is said to be uniform.
1.2 Motion with constant angular velocity
 = t,  = 0
1.3 Motion with constant angular acceleration
0  Initial angular velocity
  Final angular velocity
  Constant angular acceleration
  Angular displacement
Circular motion with constant angular acceleration is analogous to one
dimensional translational motion with constant acceleration. Hence
even here equation of motion have same form.
1 2
 = 0 + t ;  = 0t + t
2
   0 
2 = 02 + 2  ;   =   t
 2 

nth = 0 + (n – n-1)
2
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Circular Motion
2. RELATION BETWEEN SPEED AND ANGULAR VELOCITY :
v   r
Here, v is velocity of the particle,  is angular velocity about centre of circular motion and ‘ r ’ is
position of particle w.r.t. center of circular motion.
Since   r
v =  r for circular motion.

Example 3. A particle is moving with constant speed in a circular path. Find the ratio of average velocity to

its instantaneous velocity when the particle describes an angle  =
2
 R R
Solution : Time taken to describe angle , t = = =
 v 2v
Total displacement 2 R 2 2
Average velocity = = = v
Total time R / 2v 
Instantaneous velocity = v
2 2
The ratio of average velocity to its instantaneous velocity = Ans.

Example 4. A fan is rotating with angular velocity 100 rev/sec. Then it is switched off. It takes 5 minutes to
stop. (a) Find the total number of revolution made before it stops. (Assume uniform angular
retardation) (b) Find the value of angular retardation (c) Find the average angular velocity
during this interval.
   0   100  0 
Solution : (a)  =   t =  2  × 5× 60 = 15000 revolution.
 2   
1
(b)  = 0 + t  0 = 100 –  ( 5 × 60)   = rev./sec2
3
Total Angle of Rotation 15000
(c) av  = = 50 rev./sec.
Total time taken 50  60
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3. RELATIVE ANGULAR VELOCITY
Just as velocities are always relative, similarly angular velocity is also always relative. There is no such
thing as absolute angular velocity. Angular velocity is defined with respect to origin, the point from
which the position vector of the moving particle is drawn.
 Consider a particle P moving along a circular path shown in the
figure given below.
Here angular velocity of the particle P w.r.t. ‘O’ and ‘A’ will be
different
d
Angular velocity of a particle P w.r.t. O, PO =
dt
d
Angular velocity of a particle P w.r.t. A, PA =
dt
Definition :
Angular velocity of a particle ‘A’ with respect to the other moving particle ‘B’ is the rate at which position
vector of ‘A’ with respect to ‘B’ rotates at that instant. (or it is simply, angular velocity of A with origin
fixed at B). Angular velocity of A w.r.t. B, AB is mathematically define as
Component of relative velocity of A w.r.t. B, perpendicular to line (VAB )
AB = =
seperation between A and B rAB

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Circular Motion
Important points:
  If two particles are moving on two different concentric circles with different velocities then angular
velocity of B as observed by A will depend on their positions and velocities. Consider the case
when A and B are closest to each other moving in same direction as shown in figure. In this
situation

(VAB) = vrel | vB  v A | vB  v A
Separation between A and B is rBA = rB – rA
(VAB ) v  vA
so, AB = = B
rAB rB  rA
  If two particles are moving on the same circle or different B
B
coplanar concentric circles in same direction with different 
A
 A
uniform angular speed A and B respectively, the rate of O
O Initial line
Initial line
change of angle between OA and OB is
d
=B – A
dt
So the time taken by one to complete one revolution
around O w.r.t. the other
2 2 TT
T   1 2
rel 2  1 T1  T2
  B – A is rate of change of angle between OA and OB . This is not angular velocity of B w.r.t. A.
(Which is rate at which line AB rotates)

Example 5. Find the angular velocity of A with respect to B in the figure given below:

Solution : Angular velocity of A with respect to B ; 1

(VAB ) VA
AB =  A
rAB
VA

VB
 (VAB) = VA sin 1  VB sin 2 
sin

   r
1

2
    rAB = r
VB
sin

v A sin 1  vB sin 2 B
AB =
2

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Circular Motion
Example 6. Find the time period of meeting of minute hand and second hand of a clock.
2 2 Ref. line
Solution : min = rad/min., sec = rad/min
60 1
sec min = 2 (for second and minute hand to meet again)
(sec – min) t = 2
60
2(1 – 1/60) t = 2  t = min.
59

Example 7. Two particle A and B move on a circle. Initially Particle A and B are diagonally opposite to each
other. Particle A move with angular velocity  rad/sec., angular acceleration /2 rad/sec2 and
particle B moves with constant angular velocity 2 rad/sec. Find the time after which both the
particle A and B will collide.
Solution : Suppose angle between OA and OB =  then, rate of
change of ,
 = B– A2 –  = rad/sec

   B – A = – rad/sec2
2
If angular displacement is 
1
  t  t 2
2
for A and B to collide angular displacement  = 
1    2
  = t +  t  t2 – 4t + 4 = 0  t = 2 sec. Ans.
2  2 
Example 8. A particle is moving with constant speed in a circle as shown, find the angular velocity of the
particle A with respect to fixed point B and C if angular velocity with respect to O is .

(v AO ) v
Solution : Angular velocity of A with respect to O is ; AO = = = 
rAO r
(v AB ) v  (v ) v 
 AB = = = and AC = AC  = =
rAB 2r 2 rAC 3r 3

Example 9. Particles A and B move with constant and equal speeds in a circle as shown, find the angular
velocity of the particle A with respect to B, if angular velocity of particle A w.r.t. O is .

(v AO ) v
Solution : Angular velocity of A with respect to O is ; AO = = = 
rAO r
(v AB )
Now, AB = vAB = 2v, Since vAB is perpendicular to rAB,
rAB
(v AB ) 2v
 (v AB) = vAB = 2v ; rAB = 2r  AB = = =
rAB 2r
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Circular Motion
Example 10. Find angular velocity of A with respect to O at the instant shown in the figure.

Solution : Angular velocity of A with respect to O is ;

(v )
 AO = AO 
rAO
v
vAO = v, (vAO) =
2

rAO = d 2
(v AO ) v/ 2 v
AO = = =
rAO d 2 2d

———————————————————————————————————
4. RADIAL AND TANGENTIAL ACCELERATION
There are two types of acceleration in circular motion ; Tangential acceleration and centripetal
acceleration.
(a) Tangential acceleration : Component of acceleration directed along tangent of circle is called
tangential acceleration. It is responsible for changing the speed of the particle. It is defined as,
dv d|v |
at = = = Rate of change of speed.
dt dt
at = r
 IMPORTANT POINT
(i) In vector form a t =   r
(ii) If tangential acceleration is directed in direction of velocity then the speed of the particle increases.
(iii) If tangential acceleration is directed opposite to velocity then the speed of the particle decreases.
(b) Centripetal acceleration : It is responsible for change in direction of velocity. In circular motion,
there is always a centripetal acceleration.
Centripetal acceleration is always variable because it changes in direction.
Centripetal acceleration is also called radial acceleration or normal acceleration.
(c) Total acceleration : Total acceleration is vector sum of centripetal acceleration and tangential
acceleration.
dv
a = ar  at
dt
a = a a
2 2 
t r

a
tan  = r
at
 IMPORTANT POINT
(i) Differentiation of speed gives tangential acceleration.
(ii) Differentiation of velocity ( v ) gives total acceleration.
dv d| v | dv
(iii) & are not same physical quantity. is the magnitude of rate of change of velocity, i.e.
dt dt dt
d| v |
magnitude of total acceleration and is a rate of change of speed, i.e. tangential acceleration.
dt
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Circular Motion
4.1 Calculation of centripetal acceleration :
Consider a particle which moves in a circle with constant speed v as shown in figure.

x
 change in velocity between the point A and B is ;

  v = vB  v A
Magnitude of change in velocity.
v  vB  v A  vB2  v 2A  2v A vB cos (  )
(v A = vB = v, since speed is same)

 | v | = 2v sin
2
Distance travelled by particle between A and B = r
r
Hence time taken, t =
v
v 2v sin  / 2 v 2 2sin  / 2
Net acceleration, anet =  =
t r / v r 

If t 0, then  is small, sin (/2) = /2

v dv v 2
lim  
t0 t dt r

v2 dv
i.e. net acceleration is but speed is constant so that tangential acceleration, at = = 0.
r dt

v2
 anet = ar =
r
** Through we have derived the formula of centripetal acceleration under condition of constant speed,
the same formula is applicable even when speed is variable.

 IMPORTANT POINT
In vector form ac   v

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Circular Motion

Example 11. The speed of a particle traveling in a circle of radius 20 cm increases uniformly from 6.0 m/s to
8.0 m/s in 4.0 s, find the angular acceleration.
Solution : Since speed increases uniformly, average tangential acceleration is equal to instantaneous
tangential acceleration
 The instantaneous tangential acceleration is given by
dv v  v1 8.0  6.0
at = = 2 = m/s2 = 0.5 m/s2.
dt t 2  t1 4.0
0.5m / s2
The angular acceleration is  = at / r = = 2.5 rad/s2.
20cm
Example 12. A particle is moving in a circle of radius 10 cm with uniform speed completing the circle in 4s,
find the magnitude of its acceleration.
Solution : The distance covered in completing the circle is 2r = 2 × 10 cm. The linear speed is
2  10cm
v = 2r/t = = 5 cm/s.
4s
v2 (5  cm / s) 2
The acceleration is a = = = 2.52 cm/s2.
r 10cm
Example 13. A particle moves in a circle of radius 2.0 cm at a speed given by v = 4t, where v is in cm/s and t
is in seconds.
(a) Find the tangential acceleration at t = 1s.
(b) Find total acceleration at t = 1s.
Solution : (a) Tangential acceleration
dv d
at = or at = (4t) = 4 cm/s2
dt dt
v2 (4)2
aC = = = 8 cm/s2  a = a2t  aC
2
 (4)2  (8)2  4 5 cm/s2
R 2
Example 14. A particle begins to move with a tangential acceleration of constant magnitude 0.6 m/s2 in a
circular path. If it slips when its total acceleration becomes 1 m/s2, Find the angle through which
it would have turned before it starts to slip.
Solution : aNet = a2t  ac2  2 = 2 + 2
 = 0 so 2 = 2 
2R = 2 (R)
ac = 2R = 2at
1= 0.36  (1.2 )2  1 – 0.36 = (1.2 )2 
0.8 2
       radian Ans.
1.2 3
———————————————————————————————————
5. DYNAMICS OF CIRCULAR MOTION :
If there is no force acting on a body it will move in a straight line (with constant speed). Hence if a body
is moving in a circular path or any curved path, there must be some force acting on the body.
If speed of body is constant, the net force acting on the body is along the inside normal to the path of
the body and it is called centripetal force.
mv 2
Centripetal force (Fc) = mac = = m 2 r
r
However if speed of the body varies then, in addition to above centripetal force which acts along inside
normal, there is also a force acting along the tangent of the path of the body which is called tangential force.
dv
Tangential force (Ft) = Mat = M = M  r ; where  is the angular acceleration
dt
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Circular Motion
 IMPORTANT POINT
mv 2
Remember is not a force itself. It is just the value of the net force acting along the inside normal
r
which is responsible for circular motion. This force may be friction, normal, tension, spring force,
gravitational force or a combination of them.
So to solve any problem in uniform circular motion we identify all the forces acting along the normal
mv 2
(towards center), calculate their resultant and equate it to .
r
If circular motion is non uniform then in addition to above step we also identify all the forces acting
mdv md | v |
along the tangent to the circular path, calculate their resultant and equate it to or .
dt dt

6. CIRCULAR MOTION IN HORIZONTAL PLANE :

Example 15. A block of mass 2kg is tied to a string of length 2m, the other end of which is fixed. The block is
moved on a smooth horizontal table with constant speed 5 m/s. Find the tension in the string.

Solution :

here centripetal force is provided by tension.

mv 2 2  52
T= = = 25 N
r 2

Example 16. A block of mass m moves with speed v against a smooth, fixed vertical circular groove of radius
r kept on smooth horizontal surface.

Find :
(i) normal reaction of the floor on the block.
(ii) normal reaction of the vertical wall on the block.
Solution : Here centripetal force is provided by normal reaction of vertical wall.
(i) normal reaction of floor NF = mg
mv 2
(ii) normal reaction of vertical wall NW = .
r

Example 17. A block of mass m is kept on the edge of a horizontal turn table of radius R, which is rotating
with constant angular velocity  (along with the block) about its axis. If coefficient of friction is ,
find the friction force between block and table
Solution : Here centripetal force is provided by friction force.
Friction force = centripetal force = m2R

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Circular Motion
Example 18. Consider a conical pendulum having bob of mass m is suspended from a ceiling through a
string of length L. The bob moves in a horizontal circle of radius r. Find (a) the angular speed of
the bob and (b) the tension in the string.
Solution : The situation is shown in figure. The angle  made by
the string with the vertical is given by
L2  r 2
sin = r / L, cos  = h/L = ...(i)
L
The forces on the particle are

(a) the tension T along the string and

(b) the weight mg vertically downward.
The particle is moving in a circle with a constant speed
v. Thus , the radial acceleration towards the centre has
magnitude v 2 / r. Resolving the forces along the radial
direction and applying Newton’s second law,
Tsin  = m(v2 / r) ....(ii)
As there is no acceleration in vertical direction, we have from Newton’s law,
Tcos  = mg ....(iii)
Dividing (ii) by (iii),
v2
tan  = or, v = rg tan
rg
v g tan  g g g
 = = = = = 1
Ans.
r r h L cos
(L2
 r2)2
mg mgL
And from (iii), T = = Ans.
cos  1
2
(L  r2)2
Example 19. A block of mass m is tied to a spring of spring constant k, natural length ,
and the other end of spring is fixed at O. If the block moves in a circular
path on a smooth horizontal surface with constant angular velocity , find
tension in the spring.
Solution : Assume extension in the spring is x.
Here centripetal force is provided by spring force.
m2
Centripetal force, kx = m2( + x)  x =
k  m2
km 2
therefore, tension = kx = Ans.
k  m2
Example 20. A string breaks under a load of 50 kg. A mass of 1 kg is attached to one end of the string 10 m
long and is rotated in horizontal circle. Calculate the greatest number of revolutions that the
mass can make in one second without breaking the string.
Solution :   = 2n,
Tmax = 500 N, r = L sin  
Tsin = m2r 
    T = m2 L
 Tmax = m max
2
L
 Tmax = m(2nmax)2 L
1 Tmax 1 500 50
nmax = = = revolution per second. Ans.
2 mL 2 1 10 2
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Circular Motion
Example 21. A boy whirls a stone in a horizontal circle of radius 2 m and at height 4.9 m above level ground.
The string breaks, and the stone files off horizontally and strikes the ground at a point which is
10 m away from the point on the ground directly below the point where the string had broken.
What is the magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of the stone while in circular motion?
(g = 9.8 m/s2)
Solution :

2h 2  4.9
t=   1s
g 9.8
10 v2
v= = 10 m/s ; a = = 50 m/s2
t R

Example 22. A hemispherical bowl of radius R is rotating about its axis of symmetry which is kept vertical. A
small ball kept in the bowl rotates with the bowl without slipping on its smooth surface and the
angle made by the radius through the ball with the vertical is . Find the angular speed at which
the bowl is rotating.

Solution : Let  be the angular speed of rotation of the bowl. Two
force are acting on the ball.
1. Normal reaction N R 
2. weight mg N
The ball is rotating in a circle of radius r (= R sin ) with r A

centre at A at an angular speed . Thus, mg

N sin  = mr2 = mR2 sin 
N = mR2 .....(i)
and N cos  = mg .....(ii)
1 R2
Dividing Eqs. (i) by (ii), we get  
cos  g
g
    
R cos
———————————————————————————————————
7. RADIUS OF CURVATURE
Any curved path can be assumed to be made of infinite circular arcs. Radius of curvature at a point is
the radius of the circular arc at a particular point which fits the curve at that point.

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Circular Motion
If R is radius of the circular arc at a given point P, where velocity is v , then centripetal force at that
point is,
mv 2 mv 2
Fc =  R=
R FC
Now centripetal force Fc is simply the component of force perpendicular to velocity (let us say F ).
mv 2 v2
 R=  R=
F a
Where, aComponent of acceleration perpendicular to velocity. 
 If a particle moves in a trajectory given by y = f(x) then radius of curvature at any point (x, y) of the
3/2
  dy 2 
1    
  dx  
trajectory is given by  R=
d2 y
dx 2

Example 23. A particle of mass m is projected with speed u at an angle  with the horizontal. Find the radius
of curvature of the path traced out by the particle at the point of projection and also at the
highest point of trajectory.
Solution : at point of projection u
mv 2 mu2
R= =
F mg cos  

R=
u2
Ans. 
gcos  F=mgcos
at highest point F = mg
v 2
u cos 
2 2
a = g, v = ucos : R= = Ans.
a g

Example 24. A particle moves along the plane trajectory y(x) with constant speed v. Find the radius of
curvature of the trajectory at the point x = 0 if the trajectory has the form of a parabola y = ax 2
where ‘a’ is a positive constant.
Solution : If the equation of the trajectory of a particle is given we can find the radius of trajectory of the
instantaneous circle by using the formula
3/2
  dy 2 
1    
  dx  
R=
d2 y
dx 2
dy d2 y
As ; y = ax2  = 2ax = 0 (at x = 0) and = 2a
dx dx 2
Now radius of trajectory is given by
[1  0]3 / 2 1
R= =
2a 2a
v2
Aliter : This problem can also be solved by using the formula : R = . y = ax2, differentiate
a
dy dx
with respect to time = 2ax ....(1)
dt dt
dy
at x = 0, vy = = 0 hence v x = v
dt
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Circular Motion
since v x is constant, ax = 0
2
d2 y d2 x  dx 
Now, differentiate (1) with respect to time = 2ax + 2a  
dt 2 dt 2  dt 
at x = 0, v x = v
net acceleration, a = ay = 2av 2 (since ax = 0)
this acceleration is perpendicular to velocity (v x). Hence it is equal to centripetal acceleration
v2 v2 1
R= =  Ans.
a 2av 2 2a

———————————————————————————————————
8. MOTION IN A VERTICAL CIRCLE :
Let us consider the motion of a point mass tied to a string of
length  and whirled in a vertical circle. If at any time the body
is at angular position , as shown in the figure, the forces
acting on it are tension T in the string along the radius towards
the center and the weight of the body mg acting vertically
down wards.
Applying Newton’s law along radial direction
mv 2
T – mg cos  = m.ac =

mv 2
or T = + mg cos  .....(1)
The point mass will complete the circle only and only if tension
is never zero (except momentarily, if at all) if tension becomes
zero at any point, string will go slack and subsequently, the
only force acting on the body is gravity. Hence its subsequent
motion will be similar to that of a projectile.
From equation ...(1), it is evident that tension decreases with increase in  because cos  is a
decreasing function and v decreases with height. Hence tension is minimum at the top most point. i.e.
Tmin = Ttopmost.
T > 0 at all points.  Tmin > 0.
However if tension is momentarily zero at highest point the body would still be able to complete the
circle.
Hence condition for completing the circle (or looping the loop) is
Tmin  0 or Ttop  0.
mv 2top
Ttop + mg = .....(2)
Equation...(2) could also be obtained by putting  =  in equation ..(1).
For looping the loop, Ttop  0.

mv 2top
  mg  vtop  g .................(3)

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Circular Motion
Condition for looping the loop is vtop  g .
If speed at the lowest point is u, then from conservation of mechanical energy between lowest point and
top most point.
1 1
mu2 = m v 2top + mg . 2
2 2
using equation ..(3) for vtop we get u  5g
i.e., for looping the loop, velocity at lowest point must be  5g .

 If velocity at lowest point is just enough for looping the loop, value of various quantities. (True for a point
mass attached to a string or a mass moving on a smooth vertical circular track.)
P.E. = 0
By energy conservation, v =
2

T–mg =
could also be obtained by

anet = 5 g anet = g 10

C
v
aC
T=0
O aC = g
Ref.line at = 0

Fig. (3)

by energy conservation
+

A B,D C P(generalpo int)

1 Velocity 5g  3 g g g(3  2 cos )
2 Tension 6mg 3mg 0 3mg(1  cos )
3 PotentialEnergy 0 mg 2mg mg(1  cos )
4 Radial acceleration 5g 3g g g(3  2 cos )
5 Tangentialacceleration 0 g 0 g sin 
Note : From above table we can see, Tbottom – Ttop = TC – TA = 6 mg , this difference in tension remain
same even if V > 5g
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Circular Motion

Example 25. Find minimum speed at A so that the ball can reach at point B as shown in figure. Also discuss
the motion of particle when T = 0, v = 0 simultaneously at  = 90º.

Solution : From energy conservation

1
mv 2A + 0 = 0 + mg (for minimum speed v B = 0)
2
vmin = 2g
at the position B, v = 0 and T = 0 (putting v B = 0 or  = 90º , in equation ............(1) )
ball will return back, motion is oscillatory
———————————————————————————————————
8.1. CONDITION FOR OSCILLATION OR LEAVING THE CIRCLE :
In case of non uniform circular motion in a vertical plane if velocity of body at lowest point is lesser than
5g , the particle will not complete the circle in vertical plane. In this case, the motion of the point
mass which depend on ‘whether tension becomes zero before speed becomes zero or vice versa.

Case : (Speed becomes zero before tension)

In this case the ball never rises above the level of the center O i.e. the body is confined to move within
C and B, (|  | < 90°) for this the speed at A, v < 2g (as proved in above example)
In this case tension cannot be zero, since a component of gravity acts radially outwards.
Hence the string will not go slack, and the ball will reverse back as soon as its speed becomes zero.
Its motion will be oscillatory motion.
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Circular Motion
Case : (Tension becomes zero before speed)
In this case the ball rises above the level of center O i.e. it goes beyond point B ( > 90°) for this
v > 2g (as proved in above example)

In this case a component of gravity will always act towards center, hence centripetal acceleration or
speed will remain nonzero. Hence tension becomes zero first.
As soon as, Tension becomes zero at any point, string will go slack and subsequently, the only force
acting on the body is gravity. Hence its subsequent motion will be similar to that of a projectile. In this
case motion is a combination of circular and projectile motion.

8.2 CONDITION FOR LOOPING THE LOOP IN SOME OTHER CASES

Case 1 : A mass moving on a smooth vertical circular track.

Case 2 : A particle attached to a light rod rotated in vertical

circle. Condition for just looping the loop, velocity v = 0 at
highest point (even if tension is zero, rod won’t slack, and a
compressive force can appear in the rod).
By energy conservation,
velocity at lowest point = 4g
Vmin  4g (for completing the circle)

Case 3 : A bead attached to a ring and rotated.

Condition for just looping the loop, velocity v = 0 at highest point (even if normal is zero, the bead will
not lose contact with the track, normal can act radially outward). By energy conservation,

velocity at lowest point = 4g

Vmin  4g (for completing the circle)

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Circular Motion
Case 4 : A block rotated between smooth surfaces of a pipe.
Condition for just looping the loop, velocity v = 0 at highest point (even if
normal is zero, the bead will not lose contact with the track, normal can act
radially outward).
By energy conservation, velocity at lowest point = 4g

Vmin  4g (for completing the circle)

Example 26. If a particle of mass M is tied to a light inextensible string fixed at

point P and particle is projected at A with velocity VA= 4gL as
shown. Find :
(i) velocity at points B and C
(ii) tension in the string at B and C
Assume particle is projected in the vertical plane.
Solution : VB = 2gL (from energy conservation) ; VC = 6gL
MvB2
TB + Mg =
L
TB = Mg
Mv C2
TC – Mg = ; TC = 7Mg (where M  Mass of the particle)
L
Example 27. Two point mass m are connected the light rod of length  and it is free to rotate in vertical plane
as shown. Calculate the minimum horizontal velocity is given to mass so that it completes the
circular motion in vertical lane.

Solution : Here tension in the rod at the top most point of circle can be zero or negative for completing the
loop. So velocity at the top most point is zero.
2
1 1 v 48g
From energy conservation mv 2 + m = mg(2) + mg(4) + 0  v = Ans.
2 2 4 5
Example 28. You may have seen in a circus a motorcyclist driving in vertical loops inside a ‘death well’
(a hollow spherical chamber with holes, so that the cyclist does not drop down when he is at
the uppermost point, with no support from below. What is the minimum speed required at the
uppermost position to perform a vertical loop if the radius of the chamber is 25 m?
Solution : When the motorcyclist is at the highest point of the death-well, the normal reaction R on the
motorcyclist by the ceiling of the chamber acts downwards. His weight mg also act downwards.
mv 2
Fnet = mac  R + mg =
r
Here v is the speed of the motorcyclist and m is the mass of the motorcyclist (including the mass
of the motor cycle). Because of the balancing of the forces, the motorcyclist does not fall down.
The minimum speed required to perform a vertical loop is given by equation (1) when R = 0.
2
mv min
    mg = or v2min = gr or vmin = gr = 9.8  25 m s–1 = 15.65 ms–1.
r
So, the minimum speed, at the top, required to perform a vertical loop is 15.65 m s–1.

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Circular Motion
Example 29. Prove that a motor car moving over a convex bridge is lighter than the same car resting on the
same bridge.
Solution : The motion of the motor car over a convex bridge AB is the R

motion along the segment of a circle AB (Figure) ;

The centripetal force is provided by the difference of weight mg
of the car and the normal reaction R of the bridge. A mg
B
2 2
mv mv
 mg – R = or R = mg –
r r
Clearly R < mg, i.e., the weight of the moving car is less
than the weight of the stationary car.

Example 30. Prove that a motor car moving over a concave bridge is heavier than the same car resting on
the same bridge.

Solution : The motion of the motor car over a concave bridge AB is R B

A
the motion along the segment of a circle AB (Figure) ;
The centripetal force is provided by the difference of
normal reaction R of the bridge and weight mg of the car. mg
2 2
mv mv
 R – mg = or R = mg +
r r
Clearly R > mg, i.e., the weight of the moving car is greater than the weight of the stationary car.

Example 31. A car is moving with uniform speed over a circular bridge of radius R which subtends an angle.
of 90° at its centre. Find the minimum possible speed so that the car can cross the bridge
without losing the contact any where.
Solution : Let the car losses the contact at angle  with the vertical
mv 2
mgcos – N =
R
mv 2
N = mgcos – ..........(1)
R
for losing the contact N = 0 ,
 v= Rgcos (from (1) )
for minimum speed, cos should be minimum so that  should be maximum.
1
max = 45°  cos 45° =
2
1/ 2
 Rg 
vmin =   Ans.
 2
So that if car cannot lose the contact at initial or final point, car cannot be lose the contact
anywhere.

Example 32. A block of mass m is released from the top of a frictionless fixed hemisphere as shown. Find
(i) the angle with the vertical where it breaks off. (ii) the velocity at the instant when it breaks off.
(iii) the height where it breaks off.
A

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Circular Motion
Solution : At B ; N = 0 A N
mvB2
 mgcos  =
>
B
R
R  h
 vB = gRcos ........... (1) mg vB
O
1 2
Now by equation of energy between A and B we have ; 0 + mgR = mvB + mgh
2
put vB from (1) and h = R cos 
2 2R
 vB = gR and h = from the bottom
3 3
Example 33. Consider a simple pendulum having a bob of mass m suspended by string of length L fixed at
its upper end. The bob is oscillating in a vertical circle. It is found that the speed of the bob is v
when the string makes an angle  with the vertical. Find (i) tension in the string and (ii)
magnitude of net force on the bob at the instant.
Solution : (i) The forces acting on the bob are :
(a) the tension T (b) the weight mg
/////////////
As the bob moves in a circle of radius L with centre

mv 2
at O. A centripetal force of magnitude is
L
required towards O. This force will be provided by T
the resultant of T and mg cos . Thus,
mv 2  v2 
or T – mg cos  = T = m  gcos    
L  L  mg sin 
 mg cos 
mg
2
 v2  v4
g sin 
2
(ii) anet = a2t  ar2 =    | Fnet | = manet = m g2 sin2  Ans.
  L2
 

Example 34. A particle is projected with velocity 3gL at point A (lowest point of the circle) in the vertical
plane. Find the maximum height above horizontal level of point A if the string slacks at the point
B as shown.

Solution : As tension at B ; T = 0
2
mvB
 mgcos  =
L
 vB = gL cos  .....(1)
Now by equation of energy between A and B.
1 1 2
0 + m 3gL = mvB + mgL (1+cos )
2 2
put vB
1
 cos  =
3
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Circular Motion
 height attend by particle after the point B where the string slacks is ;
v 2 sin2  gL cos (1 cos2  ) 4L
h’ = B = =
2g 2g 27
L 4L 40L
 Maximum height about point A is given by ; Hmax = L + Lcos  + h’ = L + + =
3 27 27
———————————————————————————————————
9. CIRCULAR TURNING ON ROADS :
When vehicles go through turnings, they travel along a nearly circular arc. There must be some force
which will produce the required centripetal acceleration. If the vehicles travel in a horizontal circular
path, this resultant force is also horizontal. The necessary centripetal force is being provided to the
vehicles by following three ways.
1. By friction only
2. By banking of roads only.
3. By friction and banking of roads both.
In real life the necessary centripetal force is provided by friction and banking of roads both. Now let
us write equations of motion in each of the three cases separately and see what are the constant in
each case.

9.1 By Friction Only

Suppose a car of mass m is moving at a speed v in a horizontal circular arc of radius r. In this case, the
necessary centripetal force to the car will be provided by force of friction f acting towards center
mv 2
Thus, f 
r
Further, limiting value of f is N or fL  N  mg (N = mg)
mv 2 mv 2 v2
Therefore, for a safe turn without sliding  fL or  mg or  or v  rg
r r rg
Here, two situations may arise. If  and r are known to us, the speed of the vehicle should not exceed
v2
rg and if v and r are known to us, the coefficient of friction should be greater than .
rg

Example 35. A bend in a level road has a radius of 100 m. Calculate the maximum speed which a car turning
this bend may have without skidding. Given :  = 0.8.
Solution : Vmax = rg = 0.8  100  10 = 800 = 28 m/s

———————————————————————————————————
9.2. By Banking of Roads Only
Friction is not always reliable at circular turns if high speeds and sharp turns
are involved to avoid dependence on friction, the roads are banked at the
turn so that the outer part of the road is some what lifted compared to the
inner part.
Applying Newton’s second law along the radius and the first law in the
vertical direction.

mv 2
Nsin   or N cos = mg
r
from these two equations, we get

v2
tan   or v  rgtan 
rg
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Circular Motion

Example 36. What should be the angle of banking of a circular track of radius 600 m which is designed for
cars at an average speed of 180 km/hr ?
Solution : Let the angle of banking be . The forces on the car are (figure)
(a) weight of the car Mg downward and
(b) normal force N.
For proper banking , static frictional force is not needed.
For vertical direction the acceleration is zero. So,
Ncos  = Mg .....(i)
For horizontal direction , the acceleration is v 2 / r towards the centre ,
so that
Nsin = Mv 2/r .....(ii)
From (i) and (ii), tan  = v2 / rg
180(km / h)2
Putting the values, tan = = 0.4167 = 22.6º.
(600m)(10m / s2 )

———————————————————————————————————
9.3 By Friction and Banking of Road Both
If a vehicle is moving on a circular road which is rough and banked also, then three forces may act on
the vehicle, of these the first force, i.e., weight (mg) is fixed both in magnitude and direction.
N f N
 


mg f mg
 
Figure (i) Figure (ii)
The direction of second force, i.e., normal reaction N is also fixed (perpendicular to road) while the
direction of the third force i.e., friction f can be either inwards or outwards while its magnitude can be
varied upto a maximum limit (f L = N). So the magnitude of normal reaction N and directions plus
mv 2
magnitude of friction f are so adjusted that the resultant of the three forces mentioned above is
r
towards the center. Of these m and r are also constant. Therefore, magnitude of N and directions plus
magnitude of friction mainly depends on the speed of the vehicle v. Thus, situation varies from problem
to problem. Even though we can see that :
(i) Friction f will be outwards if the vehicle is at rest v = 0. Because in that case the component of
weight mg sin is balanced by f.
(ii) Friction f will be inwards if v  rgtan 
(iii) Friction f will be outwards if v  rg tan  and
(iv) Friction f will be zero if v  rgtan 
(v) For maximum safe speed (figure (ii)
mv 2
N sin + f cos = ........(i)
r
N cos – f sin = mg .......(ii)
As maximum value of friction
f = N
sin    cos  v2 rg(tan    )
 =  vmax =
cos    sin  rg (1   tan )
rg(tan    )
Similarly ; vmin =
(1   tan )
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Circular Motion

Note :
v2
 The expression tan  = also gives the angle of banking for an aircraft, i.e., the angle through
rg
which it should tilt while negotiating a curve, to avoid deviation from the circular path.
v2
 The expression tan  = also gives the angle at which a cyclist should lean inward, when
rg
rounding a corner. In this case,  is the angle which the cyclist must make with the vertical which
will be discussed in chapter rotation.

———————————————————————————————————
10. CENTRIFUGAL FORCE :
When a body is rotating in a circular path and the
centripetal force vanishes, the body would leave the
circular path. To an observer A who is not sharing the
motion along the circular path, the body appears to fly
off tangentially at the point of release. To another
observer B, who is sharing the motion along the circular
path (i.e., the observer B is also rotating with the body
which is released, it appears to B, as if it has been
thrown off along the radius away from the centre by
some force. This inertial force is called centrifugal
force.)
mv 2
Its magnitude is equal to that of the centripetal force. = = m2r. Direction of centrifugal force, it is
r
always directed radially outward.

Centrifugal force is a fictitious force which has to be applied as a concept only in a rotating frame of
reference to apply Newton’s law of motion in that frame. FBD of ball w.r.t. non inertial frame rotating
with the ball.
Suppose we are working from a frame of reference that is rotating at a constant, angular velocity  with
respect to an inertial frame. If we analyses the dynamics of a particle of mass m kept at a distance r
from the axis of rotation, we have to assume that a force mr2 react radially outward on the particle.
Only then we can apply Newton’s laws of motion in the rotating frame. This radially outward pseudo
force is called the centrifugal force.

Example 37. A ring which can slide along the rod are kept at mid point of a smooth rod of length L. The rod
is rotated with constant angular velocity  about vertical axis passing through its one end. Ring
is released from mid point. Find the velocity of the ring when it just leave the rod.

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Circular Motion
Solution : Centrifugal force m2x = ma
vdv
2x =
dx
L v


L/2
2 x dx = v
0
dv (integrate both side.)

L v
 x2   v2 
2   =  
 2   2 
 L / 2  0
 L2 L2  v2
2    =
 2 8 2
 
3
v= L.
2
Velocity at time of leaving the rod
2
 3  7
v´ = (L)2   L  = L Ans.
 2  2
 
———————————————————————————————————
11. EFFECT OF EARTHS ROTATION ON APPARENT WEIGHT :
The earth rotates about its axis at an angular speed of one revolution per
24 hours. The line joining the north and the south poles is the axis of rotation.
Every point on the earth moves in a circle. A point at equator moves in a
circle of radius equal to the radius of the earth and the centre of the circle is
same as the centre of the earth. For any other point on the earth, the circle
of rotation is smaller than this. Consider a place P on the earth (figure).
Draw a perpendicular PC from P to the axis SN. The place P rotates in a
circle with the centre at C. The radius of this circle is CP. The angle
between the line OM and the radius OP through P is called the latitude of
the place P. We have
CP = OP cos or, r = R cos
where R is the radius of the earth and  is colatitude angle.
If we work from the frame of reference of the earth, we shall have to assume the existence of pseudo
force. In particular, a centrifugal force mw2r has to be assumed on any particle of mass m placed at P.
If we consider a block of mass m at point P then this block is at rest with respect to earth. If resolve the
forces along and perpendicular the centre of earth then

N + mr2 cos  = mg 
  N = mg – mr2 cos  
  N = mg – mR cos  2 2

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Circular Motion

Note : At equator ( = 0) W app. is minimum and at pole ( = /2) W app. is maximum.

This apparent weight is not along normal but at some angle  w.r.t. it. At all point except poles and
equator ( = 0 at poles and equator)

Example 38. A body weighs 98N on a spring balance at the north pole. What will be the reading on the same
scale if it is shifted to the equator? Use g = GM/R2 = 9.8 m/s2 and Rearth = 6400 km.
Solution : At poles, the apparent weight is same as the true weight.
Thus, 98N = mg = m(9.8 m/s2)
At the equator , the apparent weight is
mg’ = mg – m2 R
The radius of the earth is 6400 km and the angular speed is 
2rad
     = = 7.27 × 10–6 rad/s
24  60  60s
mg’ = 98N – (10 kg) (7.27 × 10–5 s–1)2 (6400 km) = 97.66N Ans.

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Problem 1. A fan rotating with  = 100 rad/s, is switched off. After 2n rotation its angular velocity becomes
50 rad/s. Find the angular velocity of the fan after n rotations.
Solution : 2 = 02 + 2 
502 = (100)2 + 2 (2 . 2n) .....(1)
If angular velocity after n rotation is n
n2 = (100)2 + 2 (2n) .....(2)
from equation (1) and (2)
502  1002 2(2 .2n) 502  1002
= =2  2n   = 25 10 rad/s Ans.
n2  100 2
22n 2
Problem 2. Find angular velocity of A with respect to B at the instant shown in the figure.

(v AB )
Solution : Angular velocity of A with respect to B is;AB =
rAB

vAB = 2 v = (v AB)  rAB = 2d

(v ) v 2 v
  AB = AB  = =
rAB d 2 d
Problem 3. A particle is moving with a constant angular acceleration of 4 rad./sec2 in a circular path. At
time t = 0 particle was at rest. Find the time at which the magnitudes of centripetal acceleration
and tangential acceleration are equal.
v2 2R 2t 2
Solution : at = R  v = 0 + Rt ac = =
R R
R t
2 2 2
1 1 1
|at| = |ac|  R =   t2 = =  t = sec. Ans.
R  4 2
Problem 4. The coefficient of friction between block and table is µ. Find the tension in the string if the block
moves on the horizontal table with speed v in circle of radius R.

mv 2
Solution : The magnitude of centripetal force is .
R
mv 2
(i) If limiting friction is greater than or equal to , then static friction alone provides
R
centripetal force, so tension is equal to zero.
T = 0 Ans.
mv 2
(ii) If limiting friction is less than , then friction as well as tension both combine to provide
R
the necessary centripetal force.
mv 2
T + fr = . In this case friction is equal to limiting friction, f r = mg
R
mv 2
 Tension = T = – mg Ans.
R
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Circular Motion
Problem 5. A block of mass m is kept on rough horizontal turn table at a distance r from centre of table.
Coefficient of friction between turn table and block is µ. Now turn table starts rotating with
uniform angular acceleration .
(i) Find the time after which slipping occurs between block and turn table.
(ii) Find angle made by friction force with velocity at the point of slipping.
Solution : (i) at = r
dv
speed after t time = r  v = 0 + rt
dt
v2
Centripetal acceleration ac = = 2rt2
r
Net acceleration anet = a2t  ac2 = 2r 2  4r 2t 4
block just start slipping
µmg = manet = m 2r 2  4r 2t 4
1/ 4
 µ2g2  2r 2 
1/ 4
 µg 2  1 2 
t=   t =  2      Ans.
 4r 2   r     
 
ac 2rt 2
(ii) tan =  tan  =   = tan–1 (t2) Ans.
at r
Problem 6. A block is released from the top of a smooth vertical track, which ends in a circle of radius r as shown.

(i) Find the minimum value of h so that the block completes the circle.
(ii) If h = 3r, find normal reaction when the block is at the points A and B.
(iii) If h = 2r, find the velocity of the block when it loses the contact with the track.
Solution : (i) For completing the circle, velocity at lowest point of circle (say A) is 5gr
1
  5r
2
from energy conservation mgh = m 5gr  h= Ans.
2 2
(ii) h = 3r
From energy conservation velocity at point A and B are
1
mg.3r = mvA2  vA = 6gr
2
1
mg.3r = mg2r + mvB2  vB = 2gr
2
Therefore normal reaction at A and B is -
2
mv A
NA – mg =  NA = 7mg
r
2
mvB
NB + mg =  NB = mg
r
(iii) h = 2r
It loses contact with the track when normal reaction is zero
mv 2
 mg cos  ......(1)
r
from energy conservation
1
mgh = mgr (1 + cos ) + mv2 .......(2)
2
2g(h  r) 2gr
from (1) and (2) ; v = = Ans.
3 3
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Problem 7. A point mass m connected to one end of inextensible string of length  and other end of string
is fixed at peg. String is free to rotate in vertical plane. Find the minimum velocity give to the
mass in horizontal direction so that it hits the peg in its subsequent motion.

Solution : Tension in string is zero at point P in its subsequent motion, after this point its
motion is projectile.
mv 2
Velocity at point P, T = 0  mgcos =  v = g cos 
Assume its projectile motion start at point P and it passes through point C. So that
equation of trajectory satisfy the co-ordinate of C (sin , – cos)
Equation of trajectory
gx 2
y = xtan –
2v 2 cos2 
g( sin )2
–  cos = sin tan –
2(g cos )cos2 
sin2  1 sin2 
 – cos = –
cos  2 cos3 
 – 2 cos  = 2sin  cos2 – sin2
4 2
 sin2 = 2sin2 cos2 + 2cos4
 sin2 = 2cos2 (sin2 + cos2)  tan2 = 2
1 2
 tan  = 2    cos = , sin  =
3 3
From energy conservation between point P and A.
1 1
mu2 = mv2 + mg (1+cos)  u2 = v2 + 2g (1 + cos )
2 2

 
1 1/ 2
 u2 = 2g + 3gcos  u2 = 2g + 3g u =  2  3 g  Ans.
3  

Problem 8. A simple pendulum of length  and mass m free to oscillate in vertical plane. A nail is located at
a distance ‘d =  – a’ vertically below the point of suspension of a simple pendulum. The
pendulum bob is released from the position where the string makes an angle of 90° from
vertical. Discuss the motion of the bob if (a)  = 2a, (b)  = 2.5 a.
Solution : (a)  = 2a, Velocity at lowest point from energy conservation
1
0 + mg2a = mv2
2
v = 4ga
Here radius of circle is ‘a’ about nail and velocity at lowest point is not sufficient to complete
the loop. Therefore motion of bob is combination of circular and projectile motion. Because
velocity at lowest point is lie between 3ga and 5ga .
(b)  = 2.5 a, Velocity at lowest point from energy conservation
1
0 + mg(2.5a) = mv2  v = 5ga
2
here radius of circle is ‘a’ about nail and velocity at lowest point is just sufficient to complete
the loop so that here looping the loop about nail.

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 Marked Questions can be used as Revision Questions.

PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Section (A) : Kinematics of circular motion
A-1. Figure shows a circular path taken by a particle. If the instantaneous velocity of the particle is
v = (2m /s) î – (2 m/s) ĵ . Through which quadrant is the particle moving when it is travelling
(a) clockwise and (b) counter clockwise around the circle?
y

A-2. Find the ratio of angular speeds of minute hand and hour hand of a watch and also find the angular
speed of the second's hand in a watch.

A-3. A wheel is subjected to uniform angular acceleration about its axis. Initially its angular velocity is zero.
In the first 2 seconds, it rotates through an angle 1. In the next 2 seconds, it rotates through an
additional angle 2. Find the ratio of 2/1.
A-4. If the equation for the angular displacement of a particle moving on a circular path is given by
() = 2t3 + 0.5, where  is in radians and t in seconds, then find the angular velocity of the particle after
2 seconds from its start.
A-5. The length of second’s hand in a watch is 1 cm. Find the magnitude of change in velocity of its tip in
15 seconds. Also find out the magnitude of average acceleration during this interval.

Section (B) : Radial and Tangential acceleration

B-1. A particle moves uniformly in a circle of radius 25 cm at two revolution per second. Find the
acceleration of the particle in m/s2.
B-2. A car is moving with speed 30 m/sec on a circular path of radius 500 m. Its speed is increasing at the
rate of 2 m/sec2. What is the acceleration of the car at that moment?

B-3. A particle moves in a circle of radius 1.0 cm at a speed given by v = 2.0 t where v is in cm/s and t in
seconds.
(a) Find the radial acceleration of the particle at t = 1s.
(b) Find the tangential acceleration at t = 1s
(c) Find the magnitude of the acceleration at t = 1s.
Section (C) : Circular Motion in Horizontal plane
C-1. A small sphere of mass 200 gm is attached to an inextensible string of length 130 cm whose upper end
is fixed to the ceiling. The sphere is made to describe a horizontal circle of radius 50 cm. Calculate the
time period of this conical pendulum and the tension in the string. (2 = 10)
C-2. A motorcyclist wants to drive on the vertical surface of wooden ‘well’ of radius 5 m, in horizontal plane
with speed of 5 5 m/s. Find the minimum value of coefficient of friction between the tyres and the wall
of the well . (Take g = 10 m/s2)
C-3. A mass is kept on a horizontal frictionless surface. It is attached to a string and rotates about a fixed
centre at an angular velocity 0. If the length of the string and angular velocity are doubled, find the
tension in the string which was initially T0.

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C-4. A ceiling fan has a diameter (of the circle through the outer edges of the three blades) of 120 cm and
rpm 1500 at full speed. Consider a particle of mass 1g sticking at the outer end of a blade. What is the
net force on it, when the fan runs at full speed ? Who exerts this force on the particle ? How much force
does the particle exert on the blade in the plane of motion ?

Section (D) : Radius of curvature

D-1. A ball is projected with initial speed u and making an angle  with the vertical. Consider a small part of
the trajectory near the highest position and take it approximately to be a circular arc. What is the radius
of this circle? This radius is called the radius of curvature of the curve at the point.

D-2 A particle is projected with initial speed u and at an angle with horizontal. What is the radius of
curvature of the parabola traced out by the projectile at a point where the particle velocity makes an
angle /2 with the horizontal?

Section (E) : Circular motion in vertical plane

E-1. A weightless thread can support tension upto 30 N. A stone of mass 0.5 kg is tied to it and is revolved
in a circular path of radius 2 m in a vertical plane. If g = 10 m/s2, find the maximum angular velocity of
the stone.
E-2. A simple pendulum oscillates in a vertical plane. When it passes through the mean position, the tension
in the string is 3 times the weight of the pendulum bob. What is the maximum angular displacement of
the pendulum of the string with respect to the downward vertical?
E-3. A small body of mass m hangs at one end of a string of length a, the other end of which is fixed. It is
given a horizontal velocity u at its lowest position so that the string would just becomes slack, when it
makes an angle of 60° with the upward drawn vertical line. Find the tension in the string at point of
projection.

E-4. A body attached to a string of length  describes a vertical circle such that it is just able to cross the
highest point. Find the minimum velocity at the bottom of the circle.
Section (F) : Motion of a vehicle, Centrifugal force and rotation of earth
F-1. When the road is dry and coefficient of friction is , the maximum speed of a car in a circular path is
10 ms–1. If the road becomes wet and coefficient of friction become /2, what is the maximum speed
permitted?
F-2 Find the maximum speed at which a car can turn round a curve of 30 m radius on a level road if the
coefficient of friction between the tyres and the road is 0.4 [g = 10 m/s2]
F-3. A train has to negotiate a curve of radius 400 m. By how much height should the outer rail be raised
with respect to inner rail for a speed of 48 km/hr ? The distance between the rails is 1 m :
F-4. A road surrounds a circular playing field having radius of 10 m. If a vehical goes around it at an average
speed of 18 km/hr, find proper angle of banking for the road. If the road is horizontal (no banking), what
should be the minimum friction coefficient so that a scooter going at 18 km/hr does not skid.
F-5. A circular road of radius 1000 m has banking angle 45°. Find the maximum safe speed of a car having
mass 2000 kg, if the coefficient of friction between tyre and road is 0.5.
F-6. In the figure shown a lift goes downwards with a constant retardation. An
observer in the lift observers a conical pendulum in the lift, revolving in a
horizontal circle with time period 2 seconds. The distance between the centre of
the circle and the point of suspension is 2.0 m. Find the retardation of the lift
in m/s2. Use 2 = 10 and g = 10 m/s2
F-7. A turn of radius 20 m is banked for the vehicles going at a speed of 36 km/h. If the coefficient of static
friction between the road and the tyre is 0.4, what are the possible speeds of a vehicle so that it neither
slips down nor skids up ?
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PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE
Section (A) : Kinematics of circular motion
A-1. Two racing cars of masses m 1 and m2 are moving in circles of radii r and 2r respectively and their
angular speeds are equal. The ratio of the time taken by cars to complete one revolution is :
(A) m1 : m2 (B) 1 : 2 (C) 1 : 1 (D) m1 : 2m2

A-2. A wheel is at rest. Its angular velocity increases uniformly with time and becomes 80 radian per second
after 5 second. The total angular displacement is :
(A) 800 rad (B) 400 rad (C) 200 rad (D) 100 rad

 20 
A-3. A particle moves along a circle of radius   m with tangential acceleration of constant magnitude. If
  
the speed of the particle is 80 m/s at the end of the second revolution after motion has begun, the
tangential acceleration is:
(A) 160  m/s2 (B) 40  m/s2 (C) 40 m/s2 (D) 640  m/s2

A-4. During the circular motion with constant speed :

(A) Both velocity and acceleration are constant
(B) velocity is constant but the acceleration changes
(C) acceleration is constant but the velocity changes
(D) velocity and acceleration both change

Section (B) : Radial and Tangential acceleration

B-1. Two particles P and Q are located at distances r P and rQ respectively from the axis of a rotating disc
such that rP > rQ :
(A) Both P and Q have the same acceleration (B) Both P and Q do not have any acceleration
(C) P has greater acceleration than Q (D) Q has greater acceleration than P

B-2. Let ar and at represent radial and tangential acceleration. The motion of a particle may be circular if :
(A) ar = 0, at = 0 (B) ar = 0, at  0 (C) ar  0, at = 0 (D) none of these

B-3. A particle is going with constant speed along a uniform helical and spiral path separately as shown in
figure (in case (a), verticle acceleration of particle is negligible)

(b)
(A) The velocity of the particle is constant in both cases
(B) The magnitude of acceleration of the particle is constant in both cases
(C) The magnitude of accleration is constant in (a) and decreasing in (b)
(D) The magnitude of accleration is decreasing continuously in both the cases
B-4. If the radii of circular paths of two particles of same masses are in the ratio of 1 : 2, then in order to
have same centripetal force, their speeds should be in the ratio of :
(A) 1 : 4 (B) 4 : 1 (C) 1 : 2 (D) 2 : 1

Section (C) : Circular Motion in Horizontal plane

C-1. A stone of mass of 16 kg is attached to a string 144 m long and is whirled in a horizontal smooth
surface. The maximum tension the string can withstand is 16 N. The maximum speed of revolution of
the stone without breaking it, will be :
(A) 20 ms–1 (B) 16 ms–1 (C) 14 ms–1 (D) 12 ms–1
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C-2. On horizontal smooth surface a mass of 2 kg is whirled in a horizontal circle by means of a string at an
initial angular speed of 5 revolutions per minute. Keeping the radius constant the tension in the string is
doubled. The new angular speed is nearly:
(A) 14 rpm (B) 10 rpm (C) 2.25 rpm (D) 7 rpm

C-3. A particle is kept fixed on a uniformly rotating turn-table As seen from the ground , the particle goes in
a circle, its speed is 10 cm/s and acceleration is 10 cm/s2.The particle is now shifted to a new position
to make the radius half of the original value.The new values of the speed and acceleration will be
(A) 20 cm/s, 20 cm/s2 (B) 5 cm/s, 5 cm/s2 (C) 40 cm/s, 10 cm/s2 (D) 40 cm/s, 40 cm/s2

C-4. A coin placed on a rotating turntable just slips if it is placed at a distance of 16 cm from the centre. If the
angular velocity of the turntable is doubled, it will just slip at a distance of
(A) 1 cm (B) 2 cm (C) 4 cm (D) 8 cm

C-5. A rod of length L is hinged at one end and it is rotated with a constant angular velocity in a horizontal
plane. Let T1 and T2 be the tensions at the points L/4 and 3L/4 away from the hinged end.
(A) T1 > T2 (B) T2 > T1 (C) T1 = T2
(D) The relation between T1 and T2 depends on whether the rod rotates clockwise or anticlockwise

Section (D) : Radius of curvature

D-1. A stone is projected with speed u and angle of projection is . Find radius of curvature at t = 0.
u2 cos2  u2 u2 u2 sin2 
(A) (B) (C) (D)
g gsin gcos  g

D-2. A particle of mass m is moving with constant velocity v on smooth horizontal surface. A constant force
F starts acting on particle perpendicular to velocity v. Radius of curvature after force F start acting is :
mv 2 mv 2 mv 2
(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these
F Fcos  Fsin

Section (E) : Circular motion in vertical plane

E-1. A car is going on an overbridge of radius R, maintaining a constant speed. As the
car is descending on the overbridge from point B to C, the normal force on it :
(A) increase (B) decreases
(C) remains constant (D) first increases then decreases.
E-2. In a circus, stuntman rides a motorbike in a circular track of radius R in the vertical plane. The minimum
speed at highest point of track will be :
(A) 2gR (B) 2gR (C) 3gR (D) gR
E-3. A particle is moving in a vertical circle. The tensions in the string when passing through two positions at
angles 30° and 60° from downward vertical are T1 and T2 respectively. Then
(A) T1 = T2 (B) T2 > T1
(C) T1 > T2 (D) Tension in the string always remains the same
E-4. A bucket is whirled in a vertical circle with a string attached to it.The water in bucket does not fall down
even when the bucket is inverted at the top of its path. In this position choose most appropiate option if
v is the speed at the top.
mv 2 mv 2
(A) mg = (B) mg is greater than
r r
2
mv mv 2
(C) mg is not greater than (D) mg is not less than
r r

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Circular Motion
Section (F) : Motion of a vehicle, Centrifugal force and rotation of earth
F-1. A train A runs from east to west and another train B of the same mass runs from west to east at the
same speed with respect to earth along the equator. Normal force by the track on train A is N1 and that
on train B is N2:
(A) N1 > N2 (B) N1 < N2 (C) N1= N2
(D) the information is insufficient to find the relation between N1 and N2.

F-2. If the apparent weight of the bodies at the equator is to be zero, then the earth should rotate with
angular velocity
g 2g g 3g
(A) rad/sec (B) rad/sec (C) rad/sec (D) rad/sec
R R 2R 2R

PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN

1. Each situation in column I gives graph of a particle moving in circular path. The variables ,  and t
represent angular speed (at any time t), angular displacement (in time t) and time respectively. Column
 gives certain resulting interpretation. Match the graphs in column  with statements in column  and
indicate your answer by darkening appropriate bubbles in the 4 × 4 matrix given in the OMR.
Column-I Column-II

 (A) (p) Angular acceleration of particle is uniform

2

(B) (q) Angular acceleration of particle is non-uniform


2 -  graph


(C) (r) Angular acceleration of particle is directly proportional to t.

t
 - t graph


(D) (s) Angular acceleration of particle is directly proportional to .

2
t
 - t2 graph

2. A particle is moving with speed v = 2t 2 on the circumference of circle of radius R. Match the quantities
given in column-I with corresponding results in column-II
Column-I Column-II
(A) Magnitude of tangential acceleration of particle (p) decreases with time.
(B) Magnitude of Centripetal acceleration of particle (q) increases with time
(C) Magnitude of angular speed of particle (r) remains constant
with respect to centre of circle
(D) Angle between the total acceleration vector (s) depends on the value of radius R
and centripetal acceleration vector of particle

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Circular Motion

 Marked Questions can be used as Revision Questions.

PART - I : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE
1. Three point particles P, Q, R move in a circle of radius ' r ' with different but
constant speeds. They start moving at t = 0 from their initial positions as shown
in the figure. The angular velocities (in rad/sec) of P, Q and R are 5 , 2  & 3 
respectively, in the same sense. The time at which they all meet is:

(A) 2/3 sec (B) 1/6 sec (C) 1/2 sec (D) 3/2 sec
2. The kinetic energy K of a particle moving along a circle of radius R depends on the distance covered s
as K = as2 where a is a positive constant. The total force acting on the particle is :
1/ 2
s2  s2  R2
(A) 2a (B) 2as  1  2  (C) 2 as (D) 2a
R  R  s
 

3. A spot light S rotates in a horizontal plane with a constant angular velocity of 0.1 rad/s. The spot of light
P moves along the wall at a distance 3 m. What is the velocity of the spot P when  = 45° ?

(A) 0.6 m/s (B) 0.5 m/s (C) 0.4 m/s (D) 0.3 m/s

4. The velocity and acceleration vectors of a particle undergoing circular motion are v = 2iˆ m/s and
a = 2iˆ + 4 ˆj m/s2 respectively at an instant of time. The radius of the circle is
(A) 1m (B) 2m (C) 3m (D) 4m
5. A particle moves with deceleration along the circle of radius R so that at any moment of time its
tangential and normal accelerations are equal in magnitude. At the initial moment t = 0 the speed of the
particle equals v 0, then :
(i) the speed of the particle as a function of the distance covered s will be
(A) v = v0 e–s/ R (B) v = v0 es/ R (C) v = v0 e–R/s (D) v = v0 eR/s
(ii) the total acceleration of the particle as function of velocity.
v2 v2 2v 2 2 2v 2
(A) a = 2 (B) a = (C) a = (D) a =
R R R R
6. A particle A moves along a circle of radius R = 50 cm so that its radius vector r relative to the fixed point
O (Figure) rotates with the constant angular velocity  = 0.40 rad/s. Then modulus v of the velocity of
the particle, and the modulus a of its total acceleration will be

(A) v = 0.4 m/s, a = 0.4 m/s2 (B) v = 0.32 m/s, a = 0.32 m/s2
(C) v = 0.32 m/s, a = 0.4 m/s2 (D) v = 0.4 m/s, a = 0.32 m/s2
7. A boy whirls a stone in a horizontal circle 1.8 m above the ground by means of a string with radius
1.2 m. It breaks and stone flies off horizontally, striking the ground 9.1 m (horizontal range) away. The
centripetal acceleration during the circular motion was nearly: (use g = 9.8 m/s2)
(A) 94 m/s2 (B) 141 m/s2 (C) 188 m/s2 (D) 282 m/s2

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Circular Motion
8. A large mass M hangs stationary at the end of a light string that passes through a smooth fixed ring to a
small mass m that moves around in a horizontal circular path. If  is the length of the string from m to
the top end of the tube and  is angle between this part and vertical part of the string as shown in the
figure, then time taken by m to complete one circle is equal to

m m
(A) 2  (B) 2  (C) 2  (D) 2 
gsin  gcos  g Msin  g M

9. Three identical particles are joined together by a thread as

shown in figure. All the three particles are moving on a smooth
horizontal plane about point O. If the speed of the outermost
particle is v 0, then the ratio of tensions in the three sections of
the string is : (Assume that the string remains straight)
(A) 3 : 5 : 7 (B) 3 : 4 : 5 (C) 7 : 11 : 6 (D) 6 : 5 : 3
10. A Toy cart attached to the end of an unstretched string of length a, when revolved moves on a smooth
horizontal table in a circle of radius 2a with a time period T. Now the toy cart is speeded up until it
moves in a circle of radius 3a with a period T’. If Hook’s law holds then (Assume no friction) :
3  3 3
(A) T’ = T (B) T’ =   T (C) T’ =   T (D) T’ = T
2  2
 2 
10
11. A stone of mass 1 kg tied to a light inextensible string of length L = m, whirling in a circular path in a
3
vertical plane. The ratio of maximum tension in the string to the minimum tension in the string is 4, If g
is taken to be 10 m/s2, the speed of the stone at the highest point of the circle is :
(A) 10 m/s (B) 5 2 m/s (C) 10 3 m/s (D) 20 m/s
12. A small frictionless block slides with velocity 0.5 gr on the horizontal surface as shown in the Figure.
The block leaves the surface at point C. The angle  in the Figure is :

(A) cos–1 (4/9) (B) cos–1 (3/4) (C) cos–1 (1/2) (D) none of the above

13. A sphere of mass m is suspended by a thread of length ‘’ is oscillating in a vertical plane, the angular
amplitude being 0. What is the tension in the thread when it makes an angle  with the vertical during
oscillations ? If the thread can support a maximum tension of 2 mg, then what can be the maximum
angular amplitude of oscillation of the sphere without breaking the rope?
(A) 3 mg cos – 2mg cos00 = 600 (B) 3 mg cos + 2mg cos0, 0 = 600
(C) 2mg cos – 3mg cos00 = 30 0
(D) 2mg cos + 3mg cos0, 0 = 300

14. The figure shows the velocity and acceleration of a point like body at the initial moment of its motion.
The acceleration vector of the body remains constant. The minimum radius of curvature of trajectory of
the body is

(A) 2 meter (B) 4 meter (C) 8 meter (D) 16 meter.

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Circular Motion
15. A particle is projected horizontally from the top of a tower with a velocity v 0. If v be its velocity at any
instant, then the radius of curvature of the path of the particle at that instant is directly proportional to:
(A) v3 (B) v2 (C) v (D) 1/v
16. A racing car moves along circular track of radius b. The car starts from rest and its speed increases at a
constant rate . Let the angle between the velocity and the acceleration be  at time t. Then (cos ) is :
b b
(A) 0 (B) t2/b (C) (D)
b  t 2
  b  t
2
1
2 4 2
 
PART - II : NUMERICAL VALUE TYPE
1. A solid body rotates with deceleration about a stationary axis with an angular deceleration   
where  is its angular velocity. If at the initial moment of time its angular velocity was equal to 0 then
the mean angular velocity of the body averaged over the whole time of rotation till it comes to rest is
0
where n is.
n

2. A particle moves clockwise in a circle of radius 1 m with centre at (x, y) = (1m, 0). It starts at rest at the

origin at time t = 0. Its speed increases at the constant rate of   m/s2. If the net acceleration at
2

t = 2 sec is

2
 
1  N2 then what is the value of N ?

3. Two particles A and B move anticlockwise with the same speed v in a circle of radius R and are
diametrically opposite to each other. At t = 0, A is imparted a tangential acceleration of constant
72v 2 5 R
magnitude at = . If the time in which A collides with B is , the angle traced by A during this
25R N1v

11 17v 289 v 2

time is , its angular velocity is and radial acceleration at the time of collision is .
N2 N3R 5RN4
Then calculate the value of N1 + N2 + N3 + N4.

4. A block of mass m = 1kg moves on a horizontal circle against the wall of a cylindrical room of radius

R = 2 2 m. The floor of the room on which the block moves is smooth but the friction coefficient
between the wall and the block is µ= 1. The block is given an initial speed v 0. If speed at a instant is
v = 2m/s then calculate resultant acceleration of block in m/s2 at that instant

5. A car goes on a horizontal circular road of radius R = 27 meter, the speed increasing at a constant
rate dv/dt = a = 1 m/s2, starting from rest. The friction coefficient between the road and the tyre is
= 0.2. Find the time at which the car will skid.

6. A small body of mass m = 0.5 kg is allowed to slide on an inclined frictionless track from rest position as
shown in the figure. (g = 10 m/s2)

If h is double of that minimum height required to complete the loop successfully, calculate resultant
force on the block at position H in newton

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Circular Motion
7. A nail is located at a certain distance vertically below the point of suspension of a simple pendulum.
The pendulum bob is released from the position where the string makes an angle of 60° from the
vertical. Calculate the value of x if distance of the nail from the point of suspension is x/10 such that the
bob will just perform revolution with the nail as centre. Assume the length of pendulum to be 1m.

8. A smooth semicircular wire-track of radius R is fixed in a vertical plane shown in fig.

One end of a massless spring of natural length (3R/4) is attached to the lower point O
of the wire track. A small ring of mass m, which can slide on the track, is attached to
the other end of the spring. The ring is held stationary at point P such that the spring R
C m
makes an angle of 60° with the vertical. The spring constant K = mg/R. Consider the ring

60° P
x 3g
instant when the ring is released. If the tangential acceleration of the ring is O
8
y mg
and the normal reaction is then calculate value of x + y.
8
9. Two particles A and B each of mass m are connected by a massless A
string. A is placed on the rough table. The string passes over a small, 
smooth peg. B is left from a position making an  with the vertical. If B
the minimum coefficient of friction between A and the table is
min = 3 – N cos  so that A does not slip during the motion of mass B.
Then calculate the value of N
10. A particle moves along the plane trajectory y (x) with velocity v whose modulus is constant. Find the
curvature radius of the trajectory at that point x = 0, if the trajectory has the form of a parabola
1 2
y= x.
10
11. A particle of mass m is suspended by string of length  from a fixed rigid support. A sufficient horizontal
velocity v 0 = 3g is imparted to it suddenly. Calculate the angle (in degree) made by the string with
the vertical when the acceleration of the particle is inclined to the string by 45º.

12. A uniform metallic chain in a form of circular loop of mass m = 3 kg with a length  = 1 m rotates at the
rate of n = 5 revolutions per second. Find the tension T (in Newton) in the chain.

13. A 4 kg block is attached to a vertical rod by means of two strings of equal length. When the system
rotates uniformly about the axis of the rod, the strings are extended as shown in figure. If tension in
upper and lower chords are 200 newton and 10x newton respectively and angular velocity of particle is
y
than calculate value of x + y.
2

5m


8m A

14. A simple pendulum is suspended from the ceiling of a car taking a turn of radius 10 m at a speed of 36
km/h. Find the angle (in degree) made by the string of the pendulum with the vertical if this angle does
not change during the turn. Take g = 10 m/s2.
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Circular Motion
PART - III : ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS CORRECT TYPE
1. A stone is projected from level ground at t = 0 sec such that its horizontal and vertical components of
initial velocity are 10 m/s and 20 m/s respectively. Then the instant of time at which magnitude of
tangential and magnitude of normal components of acceleration of stone are same is: (neglect air
resistance) g = 10 m/s2.
1
(A) sec (B) 1 sec (C) 3 sec (D) 4 sec.
2
2. A heavy particle is tied to the end A of a string of length 1.6 m. Its other end O is fixed. It revolves as a
conical pendulum with the string making 60o with the vertical. Then (g = 9.8 m/s2)
4
(A) its period of revolution is sec.
7
(B) the tension in the string is double the weight of the particle
(C) the speed of the particle = 2.8 3 m/s
(D) the centripetal acceleration of the particle is 9.83 m/s2.

3. A car of mass M is travelling on a horizontal circular path of radius r. At an instant its speed is v and
tangential acceleration is a :
(A) The acceleration of the car is towards the centre of the path
mv 2
(B) The magnitude of the frictional force on the car is greater than
r
(C) The friction coefficient between the ground and the car is not less than a/g.
v2
(D) The friction coefficient between the ground and the car is  = tan–1
rg

4. A machine, in an amusement park, consists of a cage at the end of one arm, hinged at O. The cage
revolves along a vertical circle of radius r (ABCDEFGH) about its hinge O, at constant linear speed
v = gr . The cage is so attached that the man of weight ‘w’ standing on a weighing machine, inside the
cage, is always vertical. Then which of the following is/are correct

(A) the reading of his weight on the machine is the same at all positions
(B) the weight reading at A is greater than the weight reading at E by 2 w.
(C) the weight reading at G = w
(D) the ratio of the weight reading at E to that at A = 0
(E) the ratio of the weight reading at A to that at C = 2.

5. A car is moving with constant speed on a road as shown in figure. The normal reaction by the road on
the car is NA, NB and NC when it is at the points A, B and C respectively.

(A) NA = NB (B) NA > NB (C) NA < NB (D) NC > NA

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Circular Motion
6. Assuming the motion of Earth around the Sun as a circular orbit with a constant speed of 30 km/s.
(A) The average velocity of the earth during a period of 1 year is zero
(B) The average speed of the earth during a period of 1 year is zero.
(C) The average acceleration during first 6 monts of the year is zero
(D) The instantaneous acceleration of the earth points towards the Sun.

7. A car of mass m attempts to go on the circular road of radius r, which is banked for a speed of 36
km/hr. The friction coefficient between the tyre and the road is negligible.
(A) The car cannot make a turn without skidding.
(B) If the car turns at a speed less than 36 km/hr, it will slip down
mv 2
(C) If the car turns at the constant speed of 36 km/hr, the force by the road on the car is equal to
r

(D) If the car turns at the correct speed of 36 km/hr, the force by the road on the car is greater than mg
mv 2
as well as greater than .
r
8. A particle is attached to an end of a rigid rod. The other end of the rod is hinged and the rod rotates
always remaining horizontal. It’s angular speed is increasing at constant rate. The mass of the particle
is 'm'. The force exerted by the rod on the particle is F , then :
(A) F mg
(B) F is constant
(C) The angle between F and horizontal plane decreases.
(D) The angle between F and the rod decreases.
9. A particle starting form rest at the highest point slides down the outside of a smooth vertical circular
track of radius 0.3 m. When it leaves the track its vertical fall is h and the linear velocity is v. The angle
made by the radius at that position of the particle with the vertical is . Now consider the following
observation : (g = 10 m/s2)
() h = 0.1 m and cos  = 2/3. () h = 0.2 m and cos = 1/3v = 2 m/s–1. (V) After leaving the
circular track the particle will describe a parabolic path. Therefore,
(A) () and () both are correct (B) only () is incorrect
(C) only () is correct (D) (V) is correct

10. A particle moves along a horizontal circle such that the radial force acting on it is directly proportional to
square of time. Then choose the correct option :
(A) tangential force acting on it is directly proportional to time
(B) power developed by total force is directly proportional to time
(C) average power developed by the total force over first t second from rest is directly proportional to time
(D) angle between total force and radial force decreases with time

PART - IV : COMPREHENSION
Comprehension-1
A particle undergoes uniform circular motion. The velocity and angular velocity of the particle at an
instant of time is v  3 ˆi  4ˆj m/s and   x ˆi  6ˆj rad/sec.

1. The value of x in rad/s is

(A) 8 (B) – 8 (C) 6 (D) can't be calculated

2. The radius of circle in metres is

(A) 1/2 m (B) 1 m (C) 2 m (D) can't be calculated
3. The acceleration of particle at the given instant is
(A) 50kˆ (B) 42kˆ (C) 2iˆ  3ˆj (D) 50kˆ

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Circular Motion
Comprehension-2
A small block of mass m is projected horizontally from the top of the smooth and fixed hemisphere of

radius r with speed u as shown. For values of u  u0, (u0 = gr ) it does not slide on the hemisphere.

[i.e., leaves the surface at the top itself ]

4. For u = 2 u0, it lands at point P on ground. Find OP.

(A) 2 r (B) 2 r (C) 4r (D) 2 2 r

5. For u = u0/3, find the height from the ground at which it leaves the hemisphere.
19 r 19 r 10r 10r
(A) (B) (C) (D)
9 27 9 27

6. Find its net acceleration at the instant it leaves the hemisphere.
(A) g/4 (B) g/2 (C) g (D) g/3

Comprehension - 3
A bus is moving with a constant acceleration a = 3g/4 towards right. In the bus, a ball is tied with a rope
of length  and is rotated in vertical circle as shown.

 a=3g/4

7. At what value of angle , tension in the rope will be minimum

(A)  = 37º (B)  = 53º (C)  = 30º (D)  = 90º

8. At above mentioned position, find the minimum possible speed Vmin during whole path to complete the
circular motion :

5 5g
(A) 5g (B) g (C) (D) g
2 2

9. For above value of Vmin find maximum tension in the string during circular motion.
117 15 17
(A) 6 mg (B) mg (C) mg (D) mg
20 2 2

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Circular Motion

 Marked Questions can be used as Revision Questions.

* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.

PART - I : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

1. A ball of mass (m) 0.5 kg is attached to the end of a string having length (L) 0.5 m. The ball is rotated
on a horizontal circular path about vertical axis. The maximum tension that the string can bear is 324 N.
The maximum possible value of angular velocity of ball (in radian/s) is : [JEE 2011, 3/160, –1]

(A) 9 (B) 18 (C) 27 (D) 36

2. Two identical discs of same radius R are rotating about their axes in opposite directions with the same
constant angular speed . The disc are in the same horizontal plane.At time t = 0, the points P and Q
are facing each other as shown in the figure. The relative speed between the two points P and Q is v r.
as function of times best represented by [IIT-JEE-2012, Paper-2; 3/66, –1]

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

3. A wire, which passes through the hole is a small bead, is bent in the form of quarter of a circle. The wire
is fixed vertically on ground as shown in the figure. The bead is released from near the top of the wire
and it slides along the wire without friction. As the bead moves from A to B, the force it applies on the
wire is [JEE (Advanced)-2014, 3/60, –1]

(A) always radially outwards

(B) always radially inwards
(C) radially outwards initially and radially inwards later
(D) radially inwards initially and radially outwards later.
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Circular Motion
PART - II : JEE (MAIN) / AIEEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)
1. A point P moves in counter-clockwise direction on a circular path as shown in the figure. The movement
of ‘P’ is such that it sweeps out a length s = t 3 + 5, where s is in metres and t is in seconds. The radius
of the path is 20 m. The acceleration of ‘P’ when t = 2 s is nearly. [AIEEE - 2010, 4/144]

(1) 13 m/s2 (2) 12 m/s2 (3) 7.2 m/s2 (4) 14 m/s2

2. For a particle in uniform circular motion, the acceleration a at a point P (R, ) on the circle of radius R
is (Here  is measured from the x-axis) [AIEEE - 2010, 4/144]
2 2 2 2
v v v v
(1) – cos  î + sin  ĵ (2) – sin  î + cos  ĵ
R R R R
v2 v2 v2 v2
(3) – cos  î – sin  ĵ (4) î + ĵ
R R R R

3. Two cars of masses m 1 and m2 are moving in circles of radii r1 and r2, respectively. Their speeds are
such that they make complete circles in the same time t. The ratio of their centripetal acceleration is :
[AIEEE 2012 ; 4/120, –1]
(1) m1 r1 : m2 r2 (2) m1 : m2 (3) r1 : r2 (4) 1 : 1

4. A particle is moving with a uniform speed in a circular orbit of radius R in a central force inversely
proportional to the nth power of R. If the period of rotation of the particle is T, then :
[JEE (Main) 2018; 4/120, –1]
n
1
(1) T R(n+1)/2 (2) T Rn/2 (3) T R3/2 For any n. (4) TR 2

k
5. A particle is moving in a circular path of radius a under the action of an attractive potential U = – .
2r 2
Its total energy is : [JEE (Main) 2018; 4/120, –1]
3 k k k
(1) zero (2) – 2
(3) – 2 (4)
2a 4a 2a2
6. A smooth wire of length 2r is bent into a circle and kept in a vertical plane. A bead 
can slide smoothly on the wire. When the circle is rotating with angular speed about
the vertical diameter AB, as shown in figure, the bead is at rest with respect to the A
r
circular ring at position P as shown. Then the value of  is equal to :
2
O
[JEE (Main) 2019; 4/120, –1]
2g 3g r/2
(1) (2)
r 2r B
(g 3 ) 2g
(3) (4)
r r 3
7. A spring mass system (mass m, spring constant k and natural length ) rests in equilibrium on a
horizontal disc. The free end of the spring is fixed at the centre of the disc. If the disc together with
spring mass system, rotates about it's axis with an angular velocity , (k>> m2) the relative change in
the length of the spring is best given by the option : [JEE (Main) 2020, 09 January; 4/100, –1]
 2 
2  m  m 2
2m 2
m 2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3  k  3k k k

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Circular Motion

Section (E) :
EXERCISE # 1 E-1. (B) E-2. (D) E-3. (C)
PART - I E-4. (C)
Section (A) : Section (F) :
A-1. (a) first (b) third. F-1. (A) F-2 (A)
 PART - III
A-2. 12 : 1, rad/sec. A-3. 3:1
30 1. (A) q,s (B) p (C) p (D) q,r
A-4. 24 rad/sec 2. (A) q (B) q, s (C) q, s (D) p, s
 2  2
EXERCISE # 2
A-5. cm/sec, cm/s2
30 30  15
Section (B) : PART - I
B-1. 42 1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (A)
4. (A) 5. (A) 6. (D)
 181  7. (C) 8. (D) 9. (D)
B-2.  m / sec 2 

 5  10. (B) 11. (A) 12. (B)
13. (A) 14. (C) 15. (A)
B-3. (a) 4.0 cm/s2 , (b) 2.0 cm/s2, (c) 20 cm/s2 16. (D)
Section (C) PART - II
6 13 1. 3.00 2. 4.00 3. 22.00
C-1. 2 sec., N (with 2 = 10)
5 6 4. 2.00 5. 3.00 6. 30.00
C-2. 2/5 C-3. 8 T0 7. 8.00 8. 8.00 9. 2.00
10. 5.00 11. 90.00 12. 75.00
152 152 13. 50.00 14. 45.00
C-4. = 14.8N, = 14.8 N.
10 10 PART - III
1. (BC) 2. (ABCD) 3. (BC)
Section (D) : 4. (BCDE) 5. (BD) 6. (AD)
u2 sin2  u2 cos2  7. (BD) 8. (ACD) 9. (ABD)
D-1. D-2 10. (BCD)
g gcos3 ( / 2)
Section (E) : PART - IV
E-1. 5 rad/s E-2. 90° 1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (A)
9 4. (D) 5. (B) 6. (C)
E-3. mg E-4. 5g 7. (B) 8. (C) 9. (C)
2
Section (F) :
F-1. 5 2 ms–1 F-2 120 m/s
EXERCISE # 3
PART - I
2
F-3. m F-4. tan–1(1/4) , 1/4 1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (D)
45
F-5. 100 3 m/s F-6. 10 m/s2 PART - II
1. (4) 2. (3) 3. (3)
50 18
F-7. Between  = 14.7 km/h 4. (1) 5. (1) 6. (4)
3 5 7. (4)
and 54 km/hr
PART - II
Section (A) :
A-1. (C) A-2. (C) A-3. (C)
A-4. (D)
Section (B) :
B-1. (C) B-2. (C) B-3. (C)
B-4. (C)
Section (C) :
C-1. (D) C-2. (D) C-3. (B)
C-4. (C) C-5. (A)
Section (D) :
D-1. (C) D-2. (A)
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Circular Motion

SUBJECTI VE QUESTIONS
1. A particles of mass m is attached at one end of a light, inextensible string of length 
whose other end is fixed at the point C. At the lowest point the particle is given
minimum velocity to complete the circular path in the vertical plane. As it moves in
the circular path the tension in the string changes with .  is defined in the figure.
As  varies from ‘0’ to ‘2’ (i.e. the particle completes one revolution) plot the
variation of tension ‘T’ against ‘’.
2. A person stands on a spring balance at the equator. (a) By what percentage is the balance reading less
than his true weight ? (b) If the speed of earth’s rotation is increased by such an amount that the
balance reading is half the true weight, what will be the length of the day in this case ?

3. A track consists of two circular parts ABC and CDE of equal radius
100 m and joined smoothly as shown in fig. Each part subtends a
right angle at its centre. A cycle weighing 100 kg together with the
rider travels at a constant speed of 18 km/h on the track.
(a) Find the normal contact force by the road on the cycle when it is
at B and D. (b) Find the force of friction exerted by the track on the
tyres when the cycle is at B, C and D.
(c) Find the normal force between the road and the cycle just, before and just after the cycle crosses C.
(d) What should be the minimum friction coefficient between the road and the tyre, which will ensure
that the cyclist can move with constant speed ? Take g = 10m/s2.
4. A ring of radius R is placed such that it lies in a vertical plane. The ring is
fixed. A bead of mass m is constrained to move along the ring without
any friction. One end of the spring is connected with the mass m and
other end is rigidly fixed with the topmost point of the ring. Initially the
spring is in un-extended position and the bead is at a vertical distance R
from the lowermost point of the ring. The bead is now released from rest.
(a) What should be the value of spring constant K such that the bead is just able to reach bottom of the ring.
(b) The tangential and centripetal accelerations of the bead at initial and bottommost position for the
same value of spring constant K.
5. Wheel A of radius rA = 10cm is coupled by a belt C to another wheel of
radius rB = 25 cm as in the figure. The belt does not slip. At time
t = 0 wheel A increases it’s angular speed from rest at a uniform rate of
/2 rad/sec2. Find the time in which wheel B attains a speed of 100 rpm
(wheel are fixed).
6. A rod AB is moving on a fixed circle of radius R with constant velocity ‘v’ as shown
in figure. P is the point of intersection of the rod and the circle. At an instant the rod
3R
is at a distance x = from centre of the circle. The velocity of the rod is
5
perpendicular to the rod and the rod is always parallel to the diameter CD.
(a) Find the speed of point of intersection P.
(b) Find the angular speed of point of intersection P with respect to centre of
the circle.
7. A chain of mass m forming a circle of radius R is slipped on a smooth round cone with half-angle .
Find the tension of the chain if it rotates with a constant angular velocity  about a vertical axis
coinciding with the symmetry axis of the cone.

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Circular Motion
8. A small sphere of mass m suspended by a thread is first taken aside so that the thread forms the right
angle with the vertical and then released, then :
(i) Find the total acceleration of the sphere and the thread tension as a function of , (the
angle of deflection of the thread from the vertical)
(ii) Find the angle  between the thread and the vertical at the moment when the total acceleration
vector of the sphere is directed horizontally
(iii) Find the thread tension at the moment when the vertical component of the sphere’s velocity
is maximum
9. Find the magnitude and direction of the force acting on the particle of mass m during its motion in the
plane xy according to the law x = a sint, y = bcost, where a, b and  are constants.
10. A chain of length  is placed on a smooth spherical surface of radius R with one of its ends fixed at the
top of the sphere. What will be the acceleration a of each element of the chain when its upper end is
1
released? It is assumed that the length of the chain < R
2
11. A point moves in the plane so that its tangential acceleration  = a, and its normal acceleration n= bt4,
where a and b are positive constants, and t is time. At the moment t = 0, the point was at rest. Find how
the curvature radius R of the point’s trajectory and the total acceleration  depend on the distance
covered s.
12. A block of mass m is kept on a horizontal ruler. The friction coefficient between the ruler and the block
is = .5. The ruler is fixed at one end and the block is at a distance L =1 m from the fixed end. The
ruler is rotated about the fixed end in the horizontal plane through the fixed end. If the angular speed of
the ruler is uniformly increased from zero at a constant angular acceleration = 3 rad/sec2. Find the
angular speed at which block will slip. (g = 10m/s2)
13. A particle moves along the plane trajectory y(x) with velocity v whose modulus is constant. Find the
acceleration of the particle at the point x = 0 and the curvature radius of the trajectory at that point if the
trajectory has the form
(a) of a parabola y = ax 2.
(b) of an ellipse (x/a)2 + (y/b)2 = 1; a and b are constants here.

14. A particle moves in the plane xy with velocity v = a î + bx ĵ , where î and ĵ are the unit vectors of the
x and y axes and a and b are constants. At the initial moment of time the particle was located
at the point x = y = 0. Find:
(a) the equation of the particle's trajectory y (x);
(b) the curvature radius of trajectory as a function of x.
15. A simple pendulum is vibrating with an angular amplitude of 90º as shown in the given figure. For what
value of , is the acceleration directed?

(i) vertically upwards (ii) horizontally (iii) vertically downwards

16. A car moving at a speed of 36 km/hr is taking a turn on a circular road of

radius 50 m. A small wooden plate is kept on the seat with its plane
perpendicular to the radius of the circular road (figure). A small block of mass
100g is kept on the seat which rests against the plate. The friction coefficient
1 O
between the block and the plate is  = = 0.58.
3
(a) Find the normal contact force exerted by the plate on the block.
(b) The plate is slowly turned so that the angle between the normal to the
plate and the radius of the road slowly increases. Find the angle at which the
block will just start sliding on the plate

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Circular Motion
17. A hemispherical bowl of radius r = 0.1m is rotating about its axis (which is vertical) with an angular
velocity . A particle of mass 10-2kg on the frictionless inner surface of the bowl is also rotating with the
same . The particle is at a height h from the bottom of the bowl. (a) Obtain the relation between h and
. What is the minimum value of needed in order to have a nonzero value of h. (b) It is desired to
measure ‘g’ using this setup by measuring h accurately. Assuming that r and are known precisely and
that the least count in the measurement of h is 10-4 m. What is minimum error g in the measured value
of g. [g = 9.8m/s2] [JEE 1993]

18. A block is placed inside a horizontal hollow cylinder. The cylinder is rotating with constant angular
speed one revolution per second about its axis. The angular position of the block at which it begins to
slide is 30° below the horizontal level passing through the center. Find the radius of the cylinder if the
coefficient of friction is 0.6. What should be the minimum constant angular speed of the cylinder so that
the block reaches the highest point of the cylinder? [REE 2001]

19. A table with smooth horizontal surface is fixed in a cabin that rotates
with a uniform angular velocity in a circular path of radius R (figure).
A smooth groove AB of length L(< < R) is made on the surface of the
table .The groove makes an angle  with the radius OA of the circle in
which the cabin rotates. A small particle is kept at the point A in the
groove and is released to move along AB. Find the time taken by the
particle to reach the point B.
20. A smooth rod PQ is rotated in a horizontal plane about its mid point M
which is h = 0.1 m vertically below a fixed point A at a constant angular
velocity 14 rad/s. A light elastic string of natural length 0.1 m requiring 1.47
N/cm has one end fixed at A and its other end attached to a ring of mass
m = 0.3 kg which is free to slide along the rod. When the ring is stationary
relative to rod, then find inclination of string with vertical, tension in string,
force exerted by ring on the rod. (g = 9.8 m/s2)
21. A mass m 1 lies on fixed, smooth cylinder. An ideal cord attached to m 1 string is in contact

passes over the cylinder and is connected to mass m 2 as shown in the

figure. Find the value of  in degree (shown in diagram) for which the
system is in equilibrium if m1 = 2 kg and m2 = 1 kg

22. In above question if m 1 = 5 kg, m2 = 4kg. The system is released from rest when  = 30º. Find the value
N
of N if the magnitude of acceleration of mass m 1 just after the system is released is m/s2 .
9
23. Two identical rings which can slide along the rod are kept near the mid
point of a smooth rod of length 2(  = 1 m) The rod is rotated with
constant angular velocity  = 3 radian/ sec about vertical axis passing
through its centre. The rod is at height h = 5 m from the ground. Find
the distance (in meter) between the points on the ground where the
rings will fall after leaving the rods.
24. A table with smooth horizontal surface is placed in a cabin which moves in a circle of a large radius R
(figure). A smooth pulley of small radius is fastened to the table. Two masses m and 2m placed on the
table are connected through a string over the pulley. Initially the masses are held by a person with the
string along the outward radius and then the system is released from rest (with respect to the cabin).
T
Find the value of where a is the magnitude of the initial acceleration of the masses as seen from
ma
the cabin and ‘T’ is the tension in the string.

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Circular Motion

2R 2R
1. 2. (a) × 100 = 0.34% , (b) 2 = 2.0 hour
g g

3. (a) 975N, 1025 N, (b) 0,707N, 0, (c) 682N , 732 N , (d ) 1.037

mg
4. (a) K = (b) at intial instant at = g, ac = 0 at bottommost position at = 0 ac = 0
R (3  2 2)
5 V 5V
5. 50/3 sec. 6. (a) VP = V (b)  = P =
4 R 4R
7. T = (cot + 2R / g) mg / 2 ]
1
8. (i) g 1  3cos2  , T = 3mg cos  (ii) cos  = (iii) mg 3
3
9. F = –m2 r , where r is the radius vector of the particle relative to the origin of coordinates;
F = m2 x 2  y 2

10. a = [1 – cos(/R)] Rg/] 11. R = a3 / 2bs,  = a 1  (4bs2 /a3 )2 ]

1
12. 2 rad/sec. 13. (a)  = 2av 2, R = ; (b)  = bv 2 / a2, R = a2 / b ]
2a
14. (a) y = (b/2a)y2 , (b) R = v2 / n = v2 / 2  2 = (a/b) [1 + (xb/a)2]3/2 ]
 1 
15. (i) 0º, (ii) cos–1   , (iii) 90º 16. (a) 0.2N, (b) 30º
 3
17. (a) 7 2 rad/ s (b) –9.8 x 10-3 m/s2 18. 0.24m, 8.9rad/sec
2L 147
19. 20. cos  = 3/5 , T = 9.8 N , N = = 2.94 N
 R cos 
2
50
21. 45 22. 15 23. 10
24. 4

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