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NDA Chemistry Chapter Notes

The document outlines key concepts in chemistry, including atomic structure, chemical bonding, periodic trends, stoichiometry, gas laws, thermodynamics, equilibrium, redox reactions, organic chemistry, environmental chemistry, and properties of metals and non-metals. It covers essential theories and laws such as Bohr's model, VSEPR theory, and the ideal gas law, as well as important definitions like mole and limiting reagent. Additionally, it discusses the significance of carbon compounds and environmental issues like pollution and greenhouse effects.

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65 views2 pages

NDA Chemistry Chapter Notes

The document outlines key concepts in chemistry, including atomic structure, chemical bonding, periodic trends, stoichiometry, gas laws, thermodynamics, equilibrium, redox reactions, organic chemistry, environmental chemistry, and properties of metals and non-metals. It covers essential theories and laws such as Bohr's model, VSEPR theory, and the ideal gas law, as well as important definitions like mole and limiting reagent. Additionally, it discusses the significance of carbon compounds and environmental issues like pollution and greenhouse effects.

Uploaded by

lokendrasinghshekhawat1666
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NDA Chemistry Important Chapter Notes

Structure of Atom
- **Bohr's Model**: Electrons revolve in fixed orbits with quantized energy levels.
- **Quantum Numbers**: Describe position and energy of electrons (n, l, m, s).
- **Electronic Configuration**: Distribution of electrons in shells/subshells.
- **Isotopes/Isobars**: Isotopes = same atomic number, different mass; Isobars = same mass, different atomic numbers.

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure


- **Ionic Bonds**: Formed by transfer of electrons.
- **Covalent Bonds**: Formed by sharing electrons.
- **VSEPR Theory**: Predicts molecular shape based on electron repulsion.
- **Hybridization**: Mixing of orbitals (sp, sp2, sp3).

Periodic Table and Periodicity


- **Modern Periodic Law**: Elements are arranged by atomic number.
- **Trends**: Atomic size down down group, up across period; Ionization energy up across period.

Mole Concept and Stoichiometry


- **Mole**: 1 mole = 6.022x10^23 particles.
- **Molar Mass**: Mass of one mole of substance.
- **Limiting Reagent**: Reactant used up first.
- **Stoichiometry**: Calculation of reactants/products using balanced equations.

States of Matter & Gas Laws


- **Boyle's Law**: P proportional to 1/V (T constant)
- **Charles' Law**: V proportional to T (P constant)
- **Ideal Gas Law**: PV = nRT
- **Kinetic Theory**: Gases consist of moving particles.

Thermodynamics
- **System & Surroundings**: System = chemical reaction; rest = surroundings.
- **First Law**: deltaU = q - w
- **Enthalpy (deltaH)**: Heat change at constant pressure.

Equilibrium
- **Dynamic Equilibrium**: Rate of forward = backward reaction.
- **Le Chatelier's Principle**: System opposes change.
- **pH**: -log[H+]; pH < 7 = acidic.
- **Acid-Base**: Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry theories.
Redox Reactions
- **Oxidation**: Loss of electrons.
- **Reduction**: Gain of electrons.
- **Oxidizing/Reducing Agent**: Substance that causes oxidation/reduction.

Organic Chemistry & Hydrocarbons


- **IUPAC Naming**: Based on longest carbon chain.
- **Isomerism**: Compounds with same molecular formula, different structure.
- **Hydrocarbons**: Alkanes (single bond), Alkenes (double bond), Alkynes (triple bond).
- **Reactions**: Addition, Substitution.

Environmental Chemistry
- **Pollution**: Air, water pollution causes and prevention.
- **Greenhouse Effect**: CO2 traps heat.
- **Ozone Depletion**: Caused by CFCs.

Metals and Non-Metals


- **Metals**: Conduct heat/electricity, malleable, ductile.
- **Reactivity Series**: K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > H > Cu > Ag > Au.
- **Extraction**: Ore -> Concentration -> Reduction -> Refining.

Carbon and Its Compounds


- **Covalent Bonding**: Strong bonds between carbon atoms.
- **Important Compounds**: Ethanol (C2H5OH), Acetic Acid (CH3COOH).
- **Functional Groups**: -OH, -COOH, -CHO, -Cl, -NO2 etc.

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