VEERAPPA NISTY ENGINEERING COLLEGE SHORAPUR

Department of Civil Engineering

STUDENT PROJECT PROPOSAL

1. NAME OF THE COLLEGE :- VEERAPPANISTYENGINEERING

COLLEGE SHORAPUR

2. DEPARTMENT :- CIVIL ENGINEERING

3. PROJECT TITLE :- PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE

AGGREGATE USING MERSEY SILT

4. NAME OF THE GUIDE :- SAHEBGOUDA

5. PROJECT MATES ACADEMIC DETAILS :-

Name of the
SLNo USN Email ID Contact No. Signature
Students

1. 3VN22CV004 BASAVRAJA [email protected] 7975226166

2. 3VN23CV406 NIKITH [email protected] 7411218853

KUMAR
GUTTEDAR

3. 3VN23CV407 PAVAN [email protected] 7337772775

GUTTEDAR

4. 3VN23CV411 SYED AMEER [email protected] 9108399548

6. DATE OF COMMENCEMENT OF THE PROJECT :-

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7. PROBABLE DATE OF COMPLETION OF THE :-

PROJECT

8. Has a similar project been carried out at your college

or in any other college/institution? (Refer to the list of

completed projects available in your college library or

write to KSCT, Bangalore) if “ Yes”, please give details :- M. Tech. Scholar, Department of
Civil Engineering, RIMT University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab, IndiaAssistant Professor,
Civil Engineering Department, RIMT University, Mandi Gobindgarh,Punjab India

Project Guide Project Co-ordinator

Prof. Sahebgouda Prof. Sahebgouda

Head Civil Engg. Dept Principal

Prof. Sahebgouda Patil Dr. Sharanabasappa Sali

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 Contents

CERTIFICATE…………………………………………………………………………………1

STUDENT PROPOSAL………………………………………………………………………..

DECLARATION………………………………………………………………………………..2

ABSTARCT……………………………………………………………………………………..2

KEYWORDS……………………………………………………………………………………2

INTODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………...3

I. CEMENT……………………………………………………………………………2

II. AGGREGATE…………………………………………………………………………2

III. WATER……………………………………………………………………………5

IV. MERSEY SILT………………………………………………………………………21

OBJECTIVES………………………………………………………………………………………2

LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………………………………..15

METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………………………………….45

A. DREDGING………………………………………………………………………..66

B. DREDGING MATERIAL……………………………………………………………

MATERIAL COLLECTION AND ITS PROPERTIES…………………………………………55

A. CEMENT………………………………………………………………………………

B. FINE AGGREGATE………………………………………………………………………

C. COARSE AGGREGATE………………………………………………………………56

D. WATER……………………………………………………………………………….4

E. MERSEY SILT ………………………………………………………………………….

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TESTING OF SPECIMEN…………………………………………………………………………5

A. COMPRESSION STRENGHT TEST………………………………………………….6

B. SPLIT TENSILE STRENGHT TEST………………………………………………..5

TEST RESULTS……………………………………………………………………………………4

A. COMPRESSION STRENGHT……………………………………………

B. SPLIT TENSILE STRENGHT…………………………………………………

CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………………………….

REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………………

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 ABSTRACT:

Numerous researchers are doing experimental experiments with the goal of identifying potential
eco-friendly, cost-efficient, and efficient cement substitute materials. The alternatives include
recycling, reusing, and renewing techniques for industrial & agricultural debris, whereby the
advantages might be acknowledged. By using these wastes as additional and substitute resources,
you may save a lot of energy and use less cement, which both assist to reduce the amount of carbon
dioxide released into the environment.Any construction sector needs cement, sand, and aggregate at
a minimum. Sand, a material used in the creation of concrete and mortar, is crucial in the blend's
design. Due to river erosion and environmental issues, river sand is currently in limited supply. The
structural sector would be affected by the shortage or absence of sand, thus the most cutting-edge
alternative material must be explored for replacing river sand so as to prevent excessive river erosion
& environmental harm.Mersey silt is among the most significant components that many scientists
take into account while discussing other sand-related materials. Various ratios of this silt combined
with sand may be used to create the necessary concrete mixture. In order to partially replace natural
sand in the manufacturing of concrete, this work examines the different quantities of Mersey silt.
This research focuses on the compression & split tensile strength properties of concrete utilising M20
grade concrete combined with Mersey silt as a partial substitute for natural sand (10%, 15%, and
20%).

KEYWORDS:-

Mersey Silt, Fine Aggregate, Concrete.

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 INTRODUCTION:-

One of the versatile building materials that have been utilised for various applications in construction
work throughout centuries is concrete. Concrete has been used for thousands of years and it remains
a popular choice for construction projects of all sizes due to its resilience, toughness, & versatility.
Using concrete may be attributed to the ancient times, with evidences in ancient Egypt and Rome.
The Romans were particularly skilled in the use of concrete in their buildings and structures and
most of their structures and buildings still stand today, thousands of years later. They used a mix of
lime, sand and volcanic ash to make the building material durable. The Pantheon in Rome; built in
125 AD is one of the famous examples of Roman concrete construction. It is the largest unreinforced
concrete cupola in the world. Later, in the 20th century, the development of reinforced concrete;
which uses steel rods to boost the durability of concrete, revolutionized the construction industry.
This allowed the construction of taller and stronger buildings, bridges, roads and dams which led to
the widespread use of concrete in modern construction projects. Concrete is composite material that
is composed of aggregates (like sand, gravel, or crushed stone), cement, & water. and sometimes
admixtures in required proportion. When water is added to the cement, The outcome of the chemical
reaction is the hardening of combo, hence a rocklike mass is formed called the concrete. Cement is
basically made up of finely ground powder of limestone and clay which is burnt at high temperature
in an exceedingly rotating kiln. Cement is very expensive of the components in the mix. Generally,
the concrete mix for load bearing structures is in the ratio of 1:2:4 that is; one part of cement is
mixed with fine aggregate in two portions & coarse aggregate in four distinct portions. The amount
of cement required for culvert bed and foundation concrete is smaller than for structural concrete.
The density & resilience of the final concrete are also determined by the particle sizes. It is feasible
to secure a thick and powerful concrete by combining the accurate amounts of different sizes of
gravel and sand. As it provides the concrete with its compressive strength, the gravel, which is a
component of the mixture, serves as its frame. The paste of cement coats the massive particles, fills
the empty spaces between them, and glues them together, thereby giving the concrete its high density
and impermeability. The proportion of the mix's components and the quality of the materials
employed determine the concrete's qualities[1].

• Strength: Among concrete's main characteristics is strength. The quantity and grade of
cement incorporated in the mix, the calibre of the aggregates, or the water: cement ratio all affect

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 how strong the concrete will be. Concrete may be made to have a broad variety of strengths that
depend on the project's needs.

• Durability: Concrete can withstand a wide range of environmental conditions as well as

exposure of chemicals.

Properly designed and maintained concrete structure can last for decades or even centuries.

• Workability: The efficiency with which concrete may be mixed and poured is referred to as
its workability. The water-to-cement ratio, aggregate size, and aggregate shape all affect this
property.

• Shrinkage: Shrinkage is property of hardened concrete. This can lead to the cracks in
concrete and other issues if not managed properly. Shrinkage cracks can be prevented with the help
of control joints.

• Versatility: Concrete serves as a adaptable material, as it can be moulded into various sizes
and forms, depending upon the need. It can be reinforced with steel to further increase the strength
and durability.

Concrete is one amongst the materials utilised by the building industry the most often nowadays. Its
durability and versatility make it an essential component of modern infrastructure. Yet there has been
an increase in worry in recent years over the sustainability and environmental impact of concrete and
efforts have been made to bring down its negative effect. One of the primary elements that influence
the sustainability of the concrete is its carbon footprint, land use, water use, air pollution, waste
generation, etc. To address these issues, efforts are undertaken to lessen the effect of concrete on the
environment via the use of substitute materials, recycling, and fuels. As sustainability and
environmental awareness continue to grow, it is likely that advance efforts will be made to make
concrete more sustainable and environment friendly material.

A. Cement :-

Cement is a fundamental building material that has been a part of human civilization for centuries.
Cement is used to bind materials such as sand, gravel, and stone together to form concrete, which is
then used to construct buildings, bridges, roads, and other infrastructure.

The use of cement dates back to ancient civilizations when people used mud and straws to build
structures. The Egyptians were the first to use a form of cement, made by mixing mud and straw to
make bricks for building structures such as the pyramids. Similar form of cement was used in ancient

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Greece and Rome to construct buildings and bridges. Later in the 14th century, a form of cement
called hydraulic lime was developed in Europe. This type of cement was made by heating limestone
and then adding water to form a powder. It was widely used to construct buildings and other
structures during the Renaissance. In the 19th century, a British engineer named Joseph Aspdin
developed a new type of cement called Portland cement. This cement powder was made by heating a
clay-limestone combination in a kiln until it became a fine powder. The powder so formed was then
mixed with water to make a paste, which was then used to bind together building materials such as
sand and gravel.

In the mid-20th century, various other types of cement were developed that were designed to meet
specific construction needs. For example, high-strength cement was developed to support heavy
loads, while self levelling cement was developed to create smooth surfaces for flooring and other
applications. In recent years, advanced cement types have been developed that are more environment
friendly than traditional Portland cement. These types of cement use less energy to produce and emit
less greenhouse gases, making them a more feasible option for construction. The advanced
technology has made the process more efficient and environmentally friendly. For example, some
cement plants use alternative fuels such as biomass and waste materials instead of fossil fuels to
reduce their carbon footprint.

The manufacturing process of cement is complex and energy intensive process that involves several
stages. Cement manufacture begins with the quarrying of basic components like limestone, clay, &
sand. Following that these raw materials are crushed into smaller pieces using crushers or hammer
mills. The crushed materials are then transported to the cement plant using belts or trucks. The raw
materials are then mixed together in a prehomogenization yard to ensure that a uniform mixture is
obtained. The mixture is subsequently heated to a temperature of about 1450°C in a rotary kiln. The
rotary type of kiln is massive spiralling furnace where these basic materials are subjected for the
series of chemical reactions that lead to the formation of clinker as a result of tremendous heat
applied to them. After cooling, the clinker is pulverised into a fine powdered form in a cement mill
which is a horizontal cylinder that contains steel balls. The ground cement is next stored in silos until
it is ready to be transported to customers. During the manufacturing process, small quantities of
various types of additives like gypsum, fly ash, & slag are added to clinker to give cement specific
properties such as setting time, strength, and durability.

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As per IS: 1343 – 1980 (clause 4.1), the types of cement permitted for pressurized applications are
subsequent. The data is revised as per the latest amendment (2021) of IS 4562000, plain & reinforced
concrete-code of practice.

 Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) conforming to IS 269 – 33 grade specifications.

 Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) conforming to IS: 8112 – 43 grade specification.

 Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) conforming to IS:

12269– 53 grade specification.

 Rapid hardening Portland cement conforming to IS: 455.

 Portland pozzolana cement:

a) fly ash based conforming to IS 1489 (part 1) b) calcined clay based conforming to IS 1489 (part2)
Ø Hydrophobic cement conforming to IS: 8043.

 Low heat Portland cement conforming to IS: 12600.

 Sulphate resisting Portland cement conforming to IS: 12330.

B. Aggregate :-

Aggregate is a critical material that has wide range of applications within the construction sector.
One uses aggregates in concrete, asphalt, as well as road base. In other words, an aggregate is a
granular material that is used as a base or filler in construction projects. They are typically
sourced from natural deposits, quarries, or produced artificially through the crushing of rocks,
gravel, or recycled materials. The primary goal of using an aggregate that is to give strength and
stability to construction materials. Upon mixing the aggregate with cement and water, a strong
and durable material known as concrete is formed. There are several kinds of aggregates which
can be used for structural purposes, each with unique properties and characteristics. The
properties of the final product are influenced by the size, form and texture of aggregate particles.
For example, rounded aggregates are better suited for making concrete, while angular aggregates
are better suited for making road base. Some common types of aggregates used for construction
projects include sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, and recycled materials. Generally, concrete
uses sand as a fine aggregate and mortar, while gravel is commonly used as a coarse aggregate in
concrete and asphalt. Crushed stone provide excellent stability and drainage property therefore,
making it a popular choice for road base and drainage systems. Natural aggregates are often

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substituted by recycled materials, such as crushed concrete and asphalt.[2] Slag is a steel
byproduct & is often used as a alternate for natural aggregates. As the construction industry
continues to grow, it is important to prioritize sustainable sourcing and processing practices to
minimize the environmental impact of aggregate use since sourcing and processing of aggregate
can have significant environmental impacts, particularly if it involves mining and quarrying.
Therefore, it is important to procure aggregate from sustainable and responsible sources
whenever possible.

i) Classification of aggregate :-
The classification of aggregate is essential within the construction sector as it helps to determine the
properties of construction items and their suitability for specific applications. Aggregates can be
classified on the basis of their properties including particle size, shape, texture, and source.

Particle :-
The particulate size of aggregate is a critical factor that influences concrete's ease of use, sturdiness,
and longevity and other construction materials. Particle size classification of aggregate is generally
done by sieving or screening. The ASTM classifies aggregates based on their particle size as follows:

Coarse Aggregates :- The 4.75 mm IS sieve retains materials that are classified as coarse aggregates.
The stated size of these aggregates can be 40mm, 20mm, 16mm and 12.5mm. These include crushed
stones obtained from grinding of rocks or gravel and non crushed stones obtained from a natural
breakdown or weathering of stones. They are generally used in concrete for the construction of
structural components including slabs, columns, & beams

 Fine Aggregates:- These are aggregates that pass through 4.75mm sieve during sieve
analysis, that means the aggregates with particle size smaller than 4.75 mm are classified as fine
aggregates. In concrete, they are used for the construction of components such as walls and
pavements. Some of fine aggregates used for construction purposes include sand, silt, and clay.
The grain size of fine sand varies between 0.125mm and

0.25mm. Material with grain size varying from 0.0625mm to 0.0156mm are silt, & that less in size
than silt (<0.0039mm) are know as clay. Loam is the name used to describe the gentle deposit
comprising almost equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay. According to size, coarse, medium, & fine
sands are also used to characterise fine material. The fine aggregate has been separated into four
grading zones by IS: 383-1970, and each zone's fineness increases from zone I to zone IV.

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i) Classification on the basis of shape:-

Flakiness and elongation index test is used determine the shape of aggregates. The apparatus required
for the purpose are flakiness gauge and elongation gauge. Aggregates are classified as angular
aggregates, rounded aggregates on the basis mentioned above.

• Angular Aggregates: – Sharp edged and irregular aggregates are termed as angular
aggregates. They are used in the construction of road bases as they provide good interlocking
between particles.

• Round Aggregates: -Aggregates that have smooth edges and are round in shape are called
round aggregates. They improve the workability and are commonly used in the construction of
concrete and asphalt.

• Flaky Aggregates: – These aggregates have a flat and elongated shape. They are not suitable
for the construction as they reduce the workability of concrete and weaken the resulting concrete.

ii) Texture Classification:-

How long it requires to finish a task is determined by the amount of time it takes to finish the task.
The texture of aggregates is classified as follows:

• Porous Aggregates :- These are aggregates that have voids in their structure. Since, these
provide good drainage, hence drainage systems and road foundation are commonly constructed
using them.

• Non-Porous Aggregates: – These aggregates do not have pores or voids in their structure.
They provide concrete and asphalt with better strength.

C. Water :-

Water is a vital resource in construction. It is used for various activities, including mixing concrete,
curing concrete, and dust suppression. The amount of water required in construction projects can
vary depending on the project's size, complexity, and location. The most popular building material
globally is concrete, and for the hydration process, a large amount of water is needed. The hydration
process is the chemical reaction that occurs between water and cement, by virtue of which a strong
bond is formed

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between the aggregates and the cement. A critical element that determines the strength and longevity
of the concrete is the water-cement ratio. A greater ratio of water to cement leads to weaker and less
lasting concrete, whereas a lower water-cement ratio produces stronger and more resilient concrete.

Water is also used for curing concrete to keep the concrete moist and at a specific temperature to
ensure proper hydration. Curing helps to prevent cracking due to shrinkage which can occur when
the concrete dries too quickly. The amount of water used in curing depends on the weather conditions
and the type of concrete used. Water is also used to suppress the dust and prevent it from spreading
particularly in demolition activities as it generates large amounts of dust, which can be harmful to
workers' health and the environment.

Concrete should be mixed and dried in water free of harmful chemicals and other contaminants. Due
to inappropriate water quality, an unpleasant situation causing concrete suffering is discovered.
Concrete mixing using portable water is often regarded as good. If there is any question as to
whether water is suitable, especially in a distant place water should be tested and the solid content
should be determined as per IS: 3025. The chart should be followed for limiting the quantity of solid
contaminants in the water used for mixing. Water that is acceptable for pouring concrete typically
has a PH of 6 to 8. Water that is suitable for drinking is thought to be suitable for concrete building.
In addition, water conservation is critical in construction as it helps to minimize the negative impact
on the environment and reduce the project cost.

D. Mersey Silt :-

Sand, cement, and aggregates are necessities for every building sector. Sand is a crucial component
of the mix production process and is used to prepare mortar and concrete. Natural sand is often used
extensively due to the significant usage of concrete and mortar. As a result of the fast expansion of
infrastructure, there is an extreme need for natural sand in emerging nations. Natural sand reserves,
notably in India, have been utilised and are posing severe risks to our planet and community.
Developing nations like India are struggling to find excellent quality natural sand. Researchers and
engineers have used new inventions like Mersey silt, sand (made from sand), robot silica or sand,
crushed rock dust, reused sand, processed and managed silt, and dams from other water bodies in
addition to sand to reduce or eliminate the use of river sand. On the contrary, a major restriction is
the absence of necessary quality in certain of the aforementioned materials. The alternative material
must fulfil the technical specifications of fine aggregates and be locally accessible in significant
amounts in order for infrastructure to expand sustainably today. According to the author's research,
Mersey Silt is a waste product with the potential to be used as a fine concrete aggregate and may, in

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theory, make a major contribution to the supply of aggregations. This essay details many real-world
tests of the substance in concrete.

i) Shortage : Construction Impact:-

The current shortage of river sand has significantly impacted the construction sector, leading to
various challenges and implications. River sand has traditionally been a crucial component in
construction due to its unique properties, such as uniform grain size, good workability, and high
compressive strength. However, several factors have contributed to the shortage of river sand and its
effect on industry.

Firstly, there has been an increase in the demand for sand due to rapid urbanization and infrastructure
development worldwide. As construction activities escalate, the extraction of river sand has become
unsustainable, resulting in depletion and erosion of riverbeds. Environmental regulations and
concerns about the ecological damage caused by excessive sand mining have also limited the
availability of natural sand.

Scarcity of river sand has led to rising costs, making it economically challenging for construction
projects. Contractors and builders face difficulties in sourcing sufficient sand for their projects,
resulting in delays and increased construction costs. This shortage has particularly affected regions
dependent on river sand as the primary source, creating an imbalance in supply and demand. In
response to the shortage, alternative sources and substitute materials have been explored. These
include manufactured sand, quarry dust, crushed rock fines, and industrial byproducts. However,
these alternatives often possess different properties and may require modifications to the concrete
mix design or additional processing, impacting construction practices and potentially affecting the
quality of concrete structures. Concerns regarding the long term viability of the construction sector
have also been sparked by a scarcity of river sand.

It has prompted researchers, engineers, and policymakers to explore innovative solutions and
promote sustainable practices, such as using recycled materials, implementing efficient construction
techniques, and adopting alternative construction materials. To address the shortage, governments
and regulatory bodies have implemented measures to regulate sand mining, promote responsible
extraction practices, and encourage the use of alternative materials. Additionally, research and
development efforts are ongoing to explore more sustainable and environmentally friendly options
for construction.

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In conclusion, the current shortage of river sand has significantly impacted the construction sector,
leading to increased costs, delays, and the need to explore alternative materials. It has necessitated a
shift towards sustainable practices & the creation of creative solutions to meet growing demand for
construction materials while minimizing environmental impact.

iii) Environmental Sand replacement needed :-The need for alternative materials to replace river
sand in construction arises primarily from the desire to mitigate environmental damage caused by
excessive sand mining. The extraction of river sand has significant environmental implications,
including:

• Erosion of Riverbeds:- Large-scale mining of river sand disrupts the natural flow of rivers,
leading to erosion of riverbeds and the loss of important ecosystems. It can result in the alteration
of river channels, loss of aquatic habitats, and degradation of riparian vegetation.

• Habitat Destruction:- Sand mining activities often involve the removal of topsoil and
vegetation, leading to the destruction of habitats for various plant and animal species. This
disruption can have long-lasting ecological consequences, including the loss of biodiversity and
disruption of food chains.

• Groundwater Depletion:- Excessive sand mining from riverbeds can lower the water table
and deplete groundwater resources. It affects the availability of water for both human consumption
and agricultural needs, leading to water scarcity and ecological imbalances.

• Sedimentation and Water Quality Issues:- Unregulated sand mining can cause increased
sedimentation in rivers and other water bodies. This sedimentation reduces water storage capacity,
affects water quality, and impacts the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. Given these
environmental challenges, the search for alternative materials to replace river sand has become
imperative. The exploration of alternative materials serves several purposes.

• Resource Conservation:- Using alternative materials reduces the dependence on river sand,
conserving this finite natural resource. By utilizing alternative materials, the demand for river sand
can be minimized, easing the pressure on river ecosystems.

• Sustainable Construction Practices:-Adopting alternative materials aligns with the

principles of sustainable development by promoting responsible resource management and
reducing the ecological footprint of the construction industry.

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 • Environmental Preservation:- By reducing the need for excessive sand mining, the adverse
impacts on riverbeds, habitats, and water bodies can be minimized, preserving natural ecosystems
and maintaining the ecological balance.

• Long-term Viability:- Finding and implementing alternative materials ensures the long-term
viability of the construction industry by addressing the challenges posed by the scarcity of river
sand and potential future regulatory restrictions.

Prominent alternatives to river sand include manufactured sand, crushed rock fines, quarry dust, and
industrial byproducts. These materials offer potential advantages such as consistent quality, reduced
environmental impact, and improved resource management.

In conclusion, the need for alternative materials to replace river sand in construction arises from the
urgent need to mitigate environmental damage caused by excessive sand mining. By adopting
sustainable practices and alternative materials, the construction industry can minimize its impact on
ecosystems, preserve natural resources, and promote long-term environmental stewardship.

iv) Mersey Silt as a Substitute For Natural Sand:- The selection of Mersey silt as a possible
replacement substance for river sand in construction is based on several factors, including its
availability, suitability for concrete, and previous studies supporting its use. Let's explore these
aspects:

• Availability:- Mersey silt is readily available in the Mersey Estuary region, making it a
locally accessible resource for construction projects in the area. This reduces the need for long-
distance transportation of materials, leading to cost savings and minimizing carbon emissions
associated with transportation. The local availability of Mersey silt also ensures a stable supply
chain, reducing dependency on river sand, which may be subject to scarcity or environmental
regulations.

• Suitability for Concrete Preparation:- Mersey silt possesses characteristics that adapt it to
be used as fine aggregate for concrete construction. Its fine-grained nature allows for effective
blending with other ingredients, such as cement and coarse aggregates, to produce concrete with
desirable properties. Mersey silt's particle size dispersion may be adjusted & controlled to meet
specific requirements, ensuring compatibility with concrete mix designs. This adaptability makes it
a potential substitute for river sand in concrete applications.

• Previous Studies and Research:- Several research projects have been carried out to evaluate
use of Mersey silt as substitute for river sand in construction. These studies have provided valuable

15
 insights into the feasibility and performance of Mersey silt in various concrete applications. Some
key findings from previous research include:

 Mechanical Properties:- Research has shown that the incorporating of Mersey silt as partial
replacement of sand can yield concrete with acceptable mechanical properties. Studies have
investigated parameters like split tensile strength, compressive strength, and flexural strength,
demonstrating that concrete mixtures containing Mersey silt can meet or even exceed the
performance requirements of conventional concrete.

 Durability:- The durability aspects of concrete with Mersey silt have also been examined.
Studies have focused on properties like absorption of water, permeability to chloride ions, and
defence against sulphate assault. The findings suggest that incorporating Mersey silt as a
substitute material does not significantly compromise the durability of concrete.

 Workability and Fresh Properties:- Workability is an important consideration in concrete

production. Previous studies have assessed the workability of concrete mixtures containing
Mersey silt, examining factors such as slump, compacting factor, and flowability. Results indicate
that the inclusion of Mersey silt can maintain or enhance workability, facilitating proper handling
and placement of concrete.

Sustainable Construction:- Some studies have highlighted the advantages to the environment
from the usage of Mersey silt as a substitute for river sand. By reducing reliance on river sand, the
environmental impacts of sand extraction, such as habitat destruction and erosion, can be mitigated.
The local availability of Mersey silt also promotes resource conservation and supports sustainable
construction practices.

In conclusion, the selection of Mersey silt as an alternative to river sand while making concrete is
supported by its availability, suitability for concrete preparation, and previous studies demonstrating
its feasibility and performance. The local accessibility of Mersey silt reduces transportation costs and
environmental impacts, while its fine-grained nature and adjustability make it compatible with
concrete mix designs. Previous research has indicated that concrete mixtures incorporating Mersey
silt can achieve satisfactory mechanical properties, durability, and workability. Using Mersey silt as a
substitute aligns with sustainable construction practices and offers a potential solution to address the
challenges associated with river sand scarcity and environmental concerns.

v) Properties of Mersey Silt :-

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The various Properties of Mersey Silt including Bulk Density, Specific Gravity, Particle size &
Texture are provided below, however these can vary depending on specific sampling locations and
conditions.

• Bulk Density:- The bulk density of Mersey silt typically ranges from 1.1 to 1.4 g/cm³ or
1100 to 1400 kg/m³.These can vary based on factors such as moisture content and compaction.

• Specific Gravity:- The specific gravity of Mersey silt generally falls within the range of 2.65
to 2.80. Specific gravity refers to evaluate how dense a thing is in comparison to water, and it
provides an indication of the relative heaviness or lightness of the material.

• Particle Size:- The particle size distribution of Mersey silt is typically characterized by fine
particles. Silt particles fall within the size range between sand and clay, with diameters ranging
from 0.002 to 0.05 millimetres (mm). While bigger than clay particles, silt particles typically are
smaller than sand particles. Mersey silt may contain a mix of different particle sizes within this
range, and the exact distribution can vary depending on the specific location.

 Texture:- Mersey silt is characterized by its fine texture. While bigger than clay particles, silt
particles typically are smaller than sand particles, typically falling within the size range of
0.002 to 0.05 millimetres (mm) in diameter. The texture of Mersey silt can be described as
smooth and silky to the touch, with individual particles being too small to be felt individually.
When dry, it can feel powdery, and when wet, it has a cohesive nature that allows it to retain
its shape but also easily be moulded. The fine texture of Mersey silt is a result of its
composition and the processes involved in its formation, transportation, and deposition in
water bodies such as the River Mersey.

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 OBJECTIVES

A. To know the influence of Mersey silt on the workability of concrete.

B. To examine the impact of Mersey silt on compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength of
concrete.

C. To determine the ideal proportion of Mersey silt that can substitute some of the fine aggregate in
concrete.
D. To make the concrete economical.
E. To conclude the research in a graciousness.

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. M. E. Mathews, T. Kiran, A. Nammalvar, M. Anbarasu, B. Kanagaraj, and D. Andrushia

[3]

Self-Compacting Concrete is unique kind of concrete which can readily flow over crowded
reinforcing bars.

Additionally, it does not segregate and is simple to deal with. With the use of commercial waste
products such Fly Ash , ground-granulated slag from blast furnaces and Expandable Perlite
Aggregate (EPA), the current inquiry intends to design and construct a sustainable SCC. To
achieve the goal strength of 30 MPa, four SCC mixtures were created. To guarantee the qualities
of new SCC, workability tests were carried out in accordance with the EFNARC criteria.
Extensive tests were performed to assess the created SCC's resistance to acid assaults (sulphuric,
nitric, sulphate, and chloride), water absorption, sorptivity, the Rapid Chloride Penetration Test
(RCPT), & lastly the increased temperature test. Observations of the impact of SCC mixtures on
weight, strength, and temperature were assessed. The research also contrasts SCC mixes with
OPC mixes in terms of cost and sustainability index. The created SCC demonstrated outstanding
physical and mechanical qualities with a significant decrease in cement content, according to the
analysis of experimental data. Remarkable acid & temperature resistance is shown by SCC
samples with FA and EPA. Following the sustainable study, it was shown that SCC mixes cut
carbon emissions by between 15.2% and 17.2% when compared to OPC mixes[3].

B. Shih-Wei Cho[4]
Fine particles of aggregate less than the 75 m (No. 200) screen are referred to as silt fines. They
are often clayey silts or silts, and they are challenging to get away from the top layer of

18
aggregate. This study examines the effect of the substance on the characteristics of concrete in
light of the large percentage of silt particles found in Taiwan's river sands. In this investigation,
concrete samples with water content ratios of 0.48 & fine aggregate silt contents ranging from
0% to 9% were cast and examined. Additionally, experiments on the transport of chloride were
performed to look into the characteristics of concrete. According to test findings, durability
decreases when the proportion of silt amount within the fine aggregate approaches 5%. However,
if the silt fine concentration is less than 5%, the compressive strength only improves by 1 MPa.
However, as the silt concentration goes from 7% to 9%, the pressure drops between 3 MPa to 5
MPa. These findings might be used as a guide for making concrete and for quality assurance of
fine aggregate that contains a lot of silt particles[4].

C. Ayodele F O and Ayeni I S[5]

This research study examined the effects of silt/clay contaminants found in fine aggregates upon the
durabilityof concrete. In Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria, five specimens of fine aggregates were
gathered from five distinct places. By performing the sieve test in the lab, it was possible to calculate
the proportion of silt/clay in every sample. The five samples of fine aggregates were used to create
concrete cubes with a mix ratio of 1:2:4 and a ratio of water to cement of 0.65. At ages 7, 14, 21, and
28 days, the cubes were smashed to assess the compressive strength. These fine aggregate specimens
were combined with the same cement, water, and coarse aggregates to create masonry cubes. These
fine aggregate specimens were found to not all have the same amount of silt/clay. Additionally, the
compressive property of concrete diminishes as silt/clay concentration rises. The slump of the
concrete made using these fine aggregate specimens varies, decreasing as the proportion of silt/clay
content rises. [5]

D. Sanaz Ramzi & Hamzeh Hajiloo[6]

Despite substantial advancements in the building sector, fire incidents continue to pose a serious risk.
The characteristics of the components have a significant impact on how well concrete constructions
withstand high temperatures. The current paper offers a critical analysis of the experimental
experiments that have been done so far to determine how extreme temperatures affect the lingering
mechanical properties of concrete, such as its compressive & tensile strengths and its modulus of
elasticity. The effects of supplemental cementing materials, like silica fume, fly ash, & ground
granulated blast furnace slag, along with various aggregate kinds, are the main topics of this study.
The results of the literature indicate that heat-induced changes in concrete produce a significant
degradation of its mechanical properties. Additionally, the kinds of aggregate & the quantity of

19
additional cementing ingredients significantly affect the mechanical characteristics of concrete both
at low and high temperatures. The addition of FA & GGBFS enhances concrete's resilience to high
temperatures. High levels of FA and GGBFS, however, have a negative impact on the characteristics
of concrete. This assessment will serve as a foundation for further research and advance
understanding of how reinforced concrete buildings respond to high temperatures [6].

E. Isha Khedikar[7]

Plastic garbage, which is often utilised in everyday life for a variety of purposes, is a major source of
waste in the modern era. The plastic used in pipes, pumps, and other agricultural equipment used in
India adds to the nation's overall solid plastic waste. To prevent pollution of the environment, water,
and land, this waste plastic may be cut down on, recycled, and repurposed. Resources for natural
riverbank sand are being depleted from a variety of sources, and the Indian government imposes
strict restrictions on their usage. Artificial sand is a substitute for natural sand, although it is also
made from crushed rocks. Our natural resources also include these rocks. Consequently, using
recyclable plastic as a substitute. Fine aggregates are one significant way that plastic may be recycled.
Crushed and ground waste plastic might be utilised to partly replace fine aggregates in construction
projects. The objective of the present research is to properly use waste polypropylene as a partial
substitute for fine aggregate for concrete mixtures that include more than 20% of it. The current
investigation examines replacing fine aggregate by 20%, 25%, and 30% with plastic trash. Our goal
is to research how recycled waste plastic behaves in concrete when it is used to cast cubes, cylinders,
and beams. Therefore, experimental research is used to demonstrate the qualities of concrete made
from recycled plastic waste[7].

F. Martins Pilegis Diane Gardner & Robert Lark

The physical & mineralogical characteristics of manufactured sand are different from those of
natural sea & river dredged sand. The effects on the characteristics of freshly-poured and cured
concrete might be both favourable and unfavourable. The manufactured sand generated in an
industrial-sized crushing facility was examined in a laboratory research to determine its physical as
well as mineralogical characteristics. The findings are presented in this article. Artificial neural
networks (ANN) were used to research and estimate the effects of such properties on the strength &
workability of concrete in case synthetic sand totally replaced natural sand in the mix. Because of
increased granule angularity of the synthetic sand, the findings demonstrate sand-based artificial
concrete produced in research typically needs a greater water-cement percentage for workability
equivalent when compared to ordinary sand concrete. If the produced sand doesn't include clay

20
particles, water-decreasing additives may be applied to make up for this. The flexural and
compressive strengths of produced sand concrete are greater than those found in organic sand
concrete at the exact same w/c ratio. Considering the characteristics of fine aggregate and the
composition of the mix, ANN has shown to be a useful and dependable strategy of forecasting
concrete strength & workability.[8]

G. Akmal et al[9]

The requirement for both coarse and fine aggregates is increasing along with the daily growth in
building activities. However, reliance on a small number of sources would soon exhaust the
aggregates' natural sources. Since the regional riverside sands (Ravi & Chenab) are extremely fine
and do not match ASTM criteria for fine aggregates, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan uses expensive coarse
pit sand via northern regions for concrete. It is required to use quarry dust produced when rock is
broken down to create fragments in order to increase the grading of river sand that comes from
nature in order to reduce the strain on one source. This research carried out extensive empirical effort
to improve natural river sand gradation by adding normalised quarry dust. In order to create concrete
mixes having a range of strengths of 21 MPa, 28 MPa, and 35 MPa, quarry sand was substituted for
some of the natural river sand. For all mixtures, workability & hardened concrete qualities were
assessed. For 28 MPa concrete, a cost analysis was done. The outcomes were contrasted with
concrete built using coarse pit sand as a control. River sand that had been improved by blending 40%
of river sand & 60% normalised quarry dust according to ASTM standards. Additionally, river sand
that had some particles removed and been mixed with 50% normalised quarry dust was able to meet
ASTM grading standards. When compared to control concrete, the flexural as well as compressive
strengths of concrete prepared with higher sand gradation rose by 10–25% & 9– 17%, accordingly,
for 28 MPa concrete. Using increased river sand's natural gradation resulted in 8.6% more cost
effective 28 MPa concrete than using coarse pit sand, according to cost analysis[9].

H. H. E. Yücel, M. Dutkiewicz, and F. Yıldızhan[10]

Waste products are seen as a viable solution to this critical issue since the acquisition & shipping of
aggregate intensify the detrimental effects for concrete on the environment. Waste ballast (WB),
which is required for construction of fresh infrastructure along with improving rail track technology,
is one of these waste products. This research looked at how basalt-based WB aggregate affected the
durability and mechanical properties of regular concrete. WB aggregate was used in lieu of coarse
aggregate at replacement rates of 50%, 75%, and 100%. The mixes were put through tests for slump,
capillary water, compressive strength, flexural strength, absorption, fast chloride permeability, and

21
water penetration. The use of WB increased the combinations' compressive strength & flexural
strength by around 15% and 7%, respectively, according to the study's findings. Additionally, all of
the concrete mixes containing WB had lower capillary water absorption, fast chloride permeability,
& penetration of water values than the control mixture. The correlation relationships among the
mechanical & durability parameters also showed a substantial association between them. All of the
study's findings showed that using WB in place of coarse aggregate enhanced both the durability and
mechanical properties of concrete. By reducing the detrimental environmental consequences of
concrete manufacturing, WB may also offer a more sustainable method of material manufacture[10].

I. P. F. G. Banfill [11]

Mersey silt has been looked at as a potential fine aggregate in concrete. It is possible to create sound
concrete with a compressive strength of up to 45 N mm2. However, there is minimal overall cost
savings since the cement content needed for normal mixtures is larger than with ordinary sands. It is
recommended that the criterion for material finer above 75 m be reduced at 5% of the overall
aggregate weight after a rigorous analysis of current British Standard limitations for silt content in
aggregates with light of the information that is available[11].

J. C. P. Gour, P. Dhurvey, and N. Shaik [12]

In a world that is increasingly industrialising, In order to protect natural resources and improve
individual well- being, recycled building materials are crucial. Using demolition debris in concrete
sector has received widespread recognition from governments throughout the world as a way to cut
down on manufacturing expenses and reduce the amount of virgin aggregate. However, as they have
worse mechanical characteristics than conventional aggregates, precautions should be taken.
Pozzolanic materials, such as bone chine, may be used to provide more CSH gel, that boosts
mechanical toughness, to solve such issue. Therefore, the goal of this study is to create ecofriendly
concrete that can be utilised for medium-grade durability by utilising bone china fine aggregate
(BCA) for the fine aggregate and reused construction waste (RCA) as the coarse aggregate. The
qualities of the concrete, both while it is new and after it has hardened, are compared using
workability, density, compressive, split tensile, & flexural strength. The present study makes use of
practical & statistical research to assess the effects of RCA & BCA on actual performance. RSM
(response surface methodology) was used to model every measurable response, including
workability, density, compressive, flexural, and split strength. A mix experiment was conducted
using Central Composite Design technique in RSM. The analysis on the variance (ANOVA) was
used to create mathematical models based on the outcomes of the experiment. The results of the

22
examination of variance showed that each model that was built was statistically significant. To look
into the interactions between the various factors and to find the best mixing ratio, known regression
models were used to construct three-dimensional response surface plots. The findings show that the
best replacement rates for coarse and fine aggregates in concrete for RCA and BCA are up to 40%
and 60%, respectively. This not merely benefits to save costs but also gives sustainability. Finally, it
was determined that the created models might be used to ensure a speedy mix design method by
acquiring the most tested aspects of concrete. Thin section methods were implemented to take note
of robust interaction between the aggregate and matrix for the microstructure analysis[12].

K. B. R. K. Chunchu and P. Jagadeesh [13]

Self-compacting concrete, also known as SCC, may use additional cementitious ingredients in
addition to small amounts of cement. SCC is a practical method that uses less energy and produces
greater strength compared to traditional concrete. This study focuses on the qualities of
Selfcompacting Concrete (SCC), which replaces cementitious material by weight with fly ash in the
best possible proportions. In all combinations, self-compacting concrete is designed with a water-
binder ratio that is 0.36 and a binder amount of 497 kg/m3 with fly ash serving as a partial substitute
for cement (30% by weight). Plastic electronic trash is used as an alternative form of fine aggregate
up to 40% for determining the compressive & split tensile strengths between ages 7 and 28 days.
Workability of self compacting concrete mixes, which is a new property, is assessed using slump
flow diameter, V-funnel flow duration, and L-box height ratio. The strength measurements show a
drop while still meeting the design mix criterion for sand replacement up to 30%. Hence For high
workability and robustness, SCC may readily replace plastic electronic waste up to 30% of the time.
High Effect Concrete made using polystyrene aggregate is a viable cheap alternative to sand for
waste disposal[13].

L. J. Ahmad, Z. Zhou, R. Martínez-García, N. I. Vatin, J. de-Prado-Gil, and M. A. El-

Shorbagy [14]

Waste foundry sand (WFS) is an outcome of the foundry sector. While ensuring enduring
construction, the usage of WFS in construction supplies will protect the environment and its
resources. The utilisation of waste from industry in concrete compensates for a lack of environmental
resources, resolves the problem of trash disposal, and offers another form of environmental
protection. In the past few decades, a number of scholars have looked at whether WFS may be used
to produce concrete rather than natural river sand within an effort to solve the problem of WFS
within the foundry area and achieve its recycling. However, it is noted that there is a dearth of

23
understanding about the development of WFS in the manufacturing of concrete, necessitating a
compressive study. The chemical & physical makeup of WFS, its fresh qualities, and the durability
and mechanical properties of concrete with WFS used in part are all examined in the present research.
The results of several research indicate that replacing WFS up to 30% boosted the concrete's
endurance & rigidity to some amount, but that as the level of replacement of WFS grew, the
workability of new concrete decreased. Future study should combine WFS with pozzolanic substrate
or fibre reinforcement, according to this review [14].

METHODOLOGY

Figure 1 shows the Methodology followed:

Figure 1: Methodology

24
A. Dredging:-

Dredging is a wide word that is defined under numerous rules that encompasses taking away of sand,
ballast, clay, gravel, and other substances from the beds or banks of rivers. It also includes the
extraction of sediment from culverts, with an exception that permits the removal of sand and silt
alone that have built up on the river banks. Purpose of dredging is to eliminate sand and debris from
lakes, rivers, harbours, and other bodies of water. Across the globe, sedimentation, which is the
process of sand & slush naturally settling, gradually saturates river passages & harbors, necessitating
regular dredging efforts.

One of the primary reasons for undertaking dredging projects is to reduce the exposure of fish,
animals, and humans to pollutants and prevent the spread of pollution to other parts of the waterbody.
This need for dredging arises from the fact that sediments often become contaminated with various
pollutants all around urban & regions with industries. Pollutants can enter water via point sources
like sewage flows, municipal or industrial emissions, other sources, and accidental spills, as well as
non-point sources like Runoff from surfaces and soil encroachment. In such cases, the preservation
and restoration of aquatic natural resources become crucial, and the Significant role is played by
NOAA Response and Recovery Office in addressing environmental harm.

The disposal and management of dredged materials are typically handled by industries, local
governments, and private sector entities like port management. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is
responsible for issuing authorizations related to dredged content, while in the US, the Environmental
Protection Agency is in charge of monitoring and approving the disposal of dredged debris. Overall,
dredging serves as an essential practice to maintain waterways' navigability, safeguard ecosystems,
and mitigate pollution risks. By removing sediment and pollutants, dredging plays a vital role in
ensuring the health and sustainability of aquatic environments.

B. Benefits of Reusing Dredging Material:-Dredging plays a crucial role in maintaining navigable

waterways by removing sediments such as mud and silt from lakes, both public and private, as well
as waterway reservoirs. Primary advantages of dredging is ensuring boats and vessels will traverse
ports & trading paths safely without scrubbing the floor, which could lead to damage or accidents.

What many people may not be aware of is the potential for reusing the leftover dredged material,
which can contribute to reducing the amount of sediment sent to Confined Disposal Facilities (CDFs).
While it's crucial to note that not every one of material extracted are appropriate for reuse due to

25
potential contamination, there are cases where dredged sediment can be repurposed, offering
environmental benefits and minimizing the overall impact of dredging activities. The reuse of
dredged sediment presents an opportunity to decrease reliance on CDFs for disposal. CDFs are
designated areas where dredged materials are stored or contained. However, the availability of
suitable CDFs is often limited, and establishing and maintaining these facilities can be costly and
environmentally disruptive. By finding alternative uses for the dredged material, the strain on
existing CDFs can be reduced, and the necessity for constructing new disposal facilities can be
mitigated.

It is important to conduct careful assessment and testing to determine the suitability of dredged
sediment for reuse. Some sediments may contain contaminants or possess undesirable characteristics
that make them unsuitable for certain applications. However, when viable, the reuse of dredged
sediment offers significant environmental advantages. By reducing the amount of waste generated
through dredging and minimizing the need for extracting additional natural resources, the
environmental impact of dredging operations can be minimized.

Recognizing the potential for reusing dredged sediment promotes a more sustainable approach to
dredging. By actively seeking opportunities to repurpose the material, we can contribute to a circular
economy where resources are efficiently managed and waste is minimized. This approach aligns with
environmental goals by reducing the overall impact of dredging and conserving natural resources. In
conclusion, while dredging serves the primary purpose of maintaining navigable waterways, the
reuse of dredged sediment presents an opportunity to further minimize the environmental impact. By
reducing the amount of sediment sent to CDFs and exploring alternative applications for dredged
material, we can make significant strides towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly
dredging practices.

MATERIAL COLLECTION & ITS PROPERTIES

A. Cement:-

Material in this report is held together by cement. For casting beams, cubes, and cylinders, ordinary
Portland cement is utilised. OPC 43 grade is widely used type of cement known for its high strength
and durability, hence makes it suitable for various construction purposes. Several elements, including
clinker, gypsum, and others, are ground to create it & materials like fly ash, slag or silica fumes are
added to increase the performance. The compressive strength of OPC 43 grade cement is typically
around 43MPa after 28 days of curing. The cement employed for the study received an OPC 43 from

26
the brand Khyber Cement, Purchased from the local dealer. The quantity of the cement in each bag is
50kg. Normal consistency, Bulk Density cement fineness, and specific gravity were the qualities of
cement which were investigated and testing was completed. These properties of cement are given in
Table.1 & is shown in Figure 2.

Table 1: Properties of OPC

S Properties Observations
No.

1 Bulk Density 1440 kg/m3

2 Specific Gravity 3.15

3 Initial Setting Time 30 minutes (min)

4 Final Setting Time 240 minutes

(max)

5 Fineness 8%

6 Normal Consistency 32%

Figure 2: Cement

B. Fine Aggregate:-

The naturally available sand acted as a fine aggregate. It was properly washed and classified by
passing it through 4.75mm sieve, before using in concrete. The bottom size limit for sand is often
thought to be 0.07mm. Pycnometer and sieve analysis were used to determine the specific gravity for
fine aggregate, which is shown in Table . The sand used is fine sand conforming to Zone 3 of IS :

27
383- 1970 and has the fineness modulus of 2.7. Table 2 shows the properties of fine aggregates & the
Figure 3 shows the Fine aggregate used.

Table 2: Properties of Fine Aggregate

S. No Property Result

1 Specific gravity 2.66

2 Fineness modulus 3

Figure 3: Fine Aggregate

28
C. Coarse Aggregate :-

The phrase "coarse aggregate" refers to aggregate that has particles of the same size as those
retained on a 4.75mm sieve. Locally available crushed stones; angular in shape obtained from a
quarry was used as coarse aggregate, complying to IS 383-1970, having an upper limit size of 20 mm
and a minimum value of 12.5 mm. Figure 4 shows the coarse Aggregate used & the Table 3 gives
the Specific gravity and water absorption values for coarse aggregate.

Table 3: Specific gravity & water absorption values for coarse aggregate

Sl.No. Details Results

1 Weight of aggregate +
container in water (A)
2354
2 Weight of basket in water (B) 745
3 Weight of Aggregate in water 1566g
(W1) = A – B
4 Weight of aggregate in air 2441g
(W2)
5 Weight of oven dried 2429.5g
aggregate (W3)
6 Specific Gravity [W3/(W2 – 2.77
W1)]
7 Apparent Specific Gravity 2.81
[W3/(W3 – W1)]
8 Water Absorption [{(W2- 0.47 %
W1)/W3}*100]

Figure 4: Coarse Aggregate

29
D. Water:-

Acidic, alkaline, toxic soils, and other inorganic as well as organic contaminants should not be
present in the water. According to IS 456:2000, which is utilised in the experiment, it must be devoid
of iron, vegetables, and any other impurities that might negatively affect concrete or reinforcement.
The water utilised has a pH of 6.6. Concrete preparation and mixing should be done using water that
is safe to consume from the area. Figure 5 shows the water used.

Figure 5:-Water

E. Mersey Silt:-

In our project, Mersey silt will partly substitute natural sand. The Mersey estuary silt's geology &
sedimentology are described here. Particle dimension ranges vary by region, although fewer than
25% of the bed's particles are finer rather than 63 m. The majority of the sand portion is quartz, with
trace amounts of other heavy minerals. Quartz and numerous clay minerals, including illite and
chlorite, may be foundwithin the thinner silt and mud portions. Figure 6 shows Mersey Silt.

Figure 6:- Mersey silt

30
VI. TESTING OF SPECIMENS :-

A. Compression Strength Test

The capacity of concrete to withstand or sustain certain compressive stresses is known as its
compressive strength. Concrete's compressive strength is influenced by a number

of elements, including; Water - cement ratio

• Cement strength

• Quality of concrete material

• Throughout the manufacture of concrete, quality control, etc.

According to IS 516-1959, specimens with cube & cylinder shapes are utilised to evaluate the
compressive strength about concrete. A cylindrical sample is 150mm in diameter & 300mm in length,
whereas a cubic specimen has conventional dimensions of 150mm by 150mm by 150mm.
Procedure:-

• The requisite grades and appropriate mix proportions are used to produce the new concrete.

• The inside surface of the mould is lubricated after the new concrete has been made to prevent
concrete from adhering.

• Then, 4 layers of the freshly made concrete are poured into the mould. A normal tamping rod
is used to tamp the cube 35 times after each layer has been filled.

• After the mould has been filled, a trowel is used to level the top surface.

• The specimens are placed in a curing tank at a normal temperature of 27 2°C once the mould
has been removed after 24 hours.

• The specimen is removed from the curing tank after seven days and allowed to dry for a bit
before being put on the compression testing equipment and having the necessary modifications
made.

• The load is then progressively delivered to the test subject at a rate of 140 kg/cm2/min.

• The specimen's failure load is recorded.

• Compressive strength of the concrete = load / area.

31
 • The total of 36 cubical specimens with replacement of cement by Mersey Silt 10%, 15%,
20% were prepared and tested over the course of 7 days, 14days and 28 days. Compression test
on cube is shown in Figure 7

Figure 7: Compression Test

B. Split Tensile Strength Test:-

By exerting a compression force throughout the entire length of the concrete cylinder, the
compressive strength of the material is obtained. The utilised specimen is cylindrical with diameter
of 150mm and the length of 300mm.The instrument used for the experiment is the universal testing
machine (UTM). The specimens after being cured for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days, the cylinders
(specimen) were tested. Until the cylinder fails The split tensile strength (fct) in N/mm2 = 2P/πDL

Where, P is load applied in Newton

diametric compressive load is supplied along its length, As shown in Figure 8 At a certain
compressive force, the cylinder fails by developing cracks. This is because the concrete is weaker in
tension than in compression.

Table 4: The results of Compressive Test

D = diameter of cylindrical specimen in mm (150) and

L = length of cylindrical specimen in mm (300 mm)

32
The Table 4 above demonstrates that Mersey silt provides better results regarding the compression
strength of concrete cubes than natural sand does for conventional concrete, as we can also see from
figure 9.

30
25
20
7 days
15
14 days
10 28 days
5
0
0% 10% 15% 20%

33
 TEST RESULTS

A. Compressive Strength:-

Compressive strength test was carried on the cubes according to IS 516(1959). The result of
compressive test of cubes and the comparison for 7 days , 14 days and 28 days are given in the Table
4.

Figure 9: Compressive Strength Of The Cubes At 7 Days,14 Days And 28 Days

B. Split Tensile Strength

The cylindrical specimens of 300 mm length and 150 mm diameter were casted and tested in
accordance to IS:5816(1999). The split tensile strength values are plotted below in Table 5 and
graphically in figure 10.

Table 5: The Split tensile strength values

When contrasted with ordinary concrete, Mersey silt concrete exhibits significant improvements in
split tensile strength.

34
 3.5
3
2.5
2 7 days
1.5 14 days
1 28 days
0.5
0
0% 10% 15% 20%

Figure 10: Split tensile strength at 7 days,14 days and 28 days

CONCLUSION

Mersey Silt could make a big difference in concrete's ability to partially substitute natural river sand.
The durability point of perspective varies greatly, which is crucial for managing all processes
involved in producing aggregates. It is possible to draw the following conclusions from the
experimental work:

• When contrasted with Mersey silt concrete mix, ordinary concrete has a lower 28-day
compression strength.

• Greater split tensile strength of as much as 20% replacement was obtained by the Mersey silt
concrete.

• In order to achieve better strength than the traditional mix, Mersey silt may be used for
natural sand in concrete to a maximum of 20%.

35
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