Cleaner Engineering and Technology 7 (2022) 100414

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Cleaner Engineering and Technology

journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com/journal/cleaner-engineering-and-technology

Research paper

The use of Building Information Modelling in the circular economy context:

Several models and a new dimension of BIM (8D)
Rabia Charef 1

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) to improve projects’ efficiency, starts to be a well-known
Building Information Modelling (BIM) practice, advocated by many governments. Despite the increasing interest among researchers in the use of
Circular Economy BIM for managing end-of-life (EOL) activities, practitioners are still doubtful. Moreover, the potential of BIM to
Project Information Model (PIM)
facilitate circular economy (CE) adoption is a research area still in its infancy.
Asset Information Model (AIM)
Deconstruction Information Model (DIM)
An extensive literature review was conducted to explore how BIM is used throughout the asset lifecycle and
8D BIM what are the various BIM dimensions. Then, an inductive and qualitative survey, using semi-structured in­
BIM dimension terviews was conducted. The aim of this research was to present the various BIM models developed throughout
Circularity the asset lifecycle in the context of CE and to define what the content of the deconstruction information model
Earthen construction (DIM) could be.
Common Data Environment (CDE) Based on the qualitative analysis of the data, three types of findings present the practitioners’ views. First, a
process illustrates the sustainable EOL in the context of BIM and CE. Secondly, the three models created
throughout the asset lifecycle are presented. Lastly, the content of the model proposed for the management of the
EOL activities is detailed. Conclusively, an eighth dimension is proposed associated with the EOL activities and
further areas of research are suggested.

1. Introduction Similarly, as stipulated in the European Green Deal report, the European
ambition is to eradicate net emissions of greenhouse gases by 2050, by
The construction industry is a huge consumer of resources and one of adopting a new growth strategy (European Commission, 2019).
the most impactful industries on the environment. Alone, the con­ Although the responsibility of the construction sector on the planet is
struction industry is using 40% of all material resources, participating in massive, this industry is necessary to meet the needs of human beings.
the resource depletion issues (United Nations Environment Programme, The current linear way of consuming resources, from their extraction,
2012). Moreover, buildings are not persistent and at their end-of-life, are utilisation and disposal is harmful to the environment. In this regard and
demolished, most of the time. Although recycling practices started to be for many industries, some governments started to consider moving from
considered, a huge amount of waste generated is still simply landfilled, the linear economy to the circular economy. The adoption of circular
e.g. 0.68 Billion tons in 2020 in the EU (EU, n.d.). Some authors revisited thinking in the construction industry is quite recent. The construction
the 3Rs waste hierarchy and introduced a range of environmental stra­ industry needs to rethink the asset lifecycle by moving from demolition
tegies, recommended before moving towards the famous “recycling” to deconstruction. In this context, designers would work "hand in hand"
(Vermeulen et al., 2019). Apart from the consumption of resources and with the EOL contractors to tackle waste through an efficient decon­
generation of waste, the construction industry is also a huge contributor struction or disassembly at the EOL of the asset. In some cases, adopting
to the emission of greenhouse gases issues (Hossain and Ng, 2018). a sustainable EOL, as defined by Charef et al. (2021), has a positive
Additionally, the construction industry faces numerous delays and cost impact in terms of the cost of the project. For example, for six buildings
overruns leading to overall inefficiency. In this regard and according to (up to two-storey types), it is 37% cheaper to use deconstruction, rather
The Times Raconter report, the UK government’s Industrial Strategy has than demolition (Gorgolewski, 2008). Compared to similar new assets
set ambitious targets for the construction sector to meet by 2025–33 per built, deconstruction can lead to an average of 1.7% marginal profit
cent lower cost, 50 per cent faster delivery, 50 per cent lower emissions (Coelho and de Brito, 2011). However, deconstruction cost differs ac­
and halving the export trade gap”(“Future of construction,” 2014). cording to the building types and the value of salvaged materials (Couto

E-mail address: [email protected].

1
Independent Researcher.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2022.100414
Received 31 May 2021; Received in revised form 30 December 2021; Accepted 17 January 2022
Available online 25 January 2022
2666-7908/© 2022 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
R. Charef Cleaner Engineering and Technology 7 (2022) 100414

and Couto, 2010). According to Cruz Rios et al. (2021), it is possible developed throughout the asset lifecycle will contain all the data related
offsetting the labour cost using financial incentives provided by the to the asset, including the EOL phase. Activities such as quantities
government and by reducing costs from equipment used to deconstruct take-off, bill of materials, scheduling, building simulation and man­
(Cruz Rios et al., 2015; Cryz Rios et al., 2021) Adopting circular econ­ agement are simplified through the use of BIM (Kim et al., 2013). Some
omy principles enables to stop aggravating the depletion of the natural researchers have investigated the capability of using BIM for driving out
resources by injecting back into the economy the salvaged materials as construction waste during the design phase through a questionnaire
"secondary raw materials". survey and follow-up interviews. They developed a waste minimisation
Moreover, many authors reported the use of BIM as a means to framework aiming to help designers for designing out waste (Liu et al.,
improve projects’ efficiency (Sacks and Gurevich, 2016). As defined by 2015).
the National Building Information Modelling Standard-United States The aim of this research is to present the various BIM models
(NBIMS-US), “BIM is a digital representation of a building’s geometric and developed throughout the asset lifecycle in the context of CE and to
non-geometric data, and is used as a reliable, shared knowledge resource to define what the content of the deconstruction information model (DIM)
make decisions on a facility throughout its lifecycle” (NBIMS, 2009). Ac­ could be. To fulfil this aim, three objectives are established:
cording to some authors, the use of BIM is quite homogeneous across
Europe (Charef et al., 2019b). The support of governments by providing (i) To answer three research questions by conducting an extensive
guidelines and standards is stimulating this tendency. More recently, the literature review. First, explore what the various BIM dimensions
PAS series provided by the UK became an ISO standard. Among re­ are. Then, what is the use of BIM throughout the asset lifecycle
searchers, the use of BIM is an important area of research, draining a and what is the current understanding of the asset lifecycle?
large number of studies in different fields. Indeed, the barriers to its (ii) To explore what the various BIM models developed throughout
adoption have been widely explored, especially to understand the lack of the asset lifecycle are by conducting an inductive and qualitative
implementation among SMEs (Gledson et al., 2012), and the resistance survey by using semi-structured interviews
to change encountered among practitioners (Bekr, 2017). BIM offers the (iii) To investigate what the EOL activities and processes are and what
ability to integrate into the 3D model other disciplines such as planning, the DIM model used for the deconstruction phase could contain.
scheduling, costing, asset management and sustainability (Koutamanis,
2020). Planning and scheduling time-related functions are associated 2. Research method
with the fourth dimension. Then costing, management and sustainabil­
ity were gradually added to the baseline model and were assigned A three-stage methodology was undertaken for this study, illustrated
additional dimensional numbers. Koutamanis (2020) argued with the in Fig. 1. During the first stage, a literature review was conducted by
dimensionality in BIM and questioned why BIM cannot have more than using a purposive technique and keyword search. The authors used a
four dimensions (Koutamanis, 2020). The fourth first dimensions have a purposive literature search technique (Grant and Booth, 2009) also
rigorous meaning in physics whereas, beyond the fourth dimensions, the known as selective sampling, where they relied on their judgment when
meaning is no longer linked to any physics. Nevertheless, the term choosing the papers, particularly because at least one author was
“dimension” will be used after the 4th dimension for the management of co-author of previous studies related to the subject of this study (Aunger
different asset aspects because most of the authors use that term without et al., 2021). Scopus fuelled the search portfolio as the main data re­
associating it with any mathematical or physics meaning. pository. The author targeted peer-reviewed papers for their higher
In addition, many authors studied the various type of dimensions, quality compared to conferences outcomes or reports (Coelho, 2016). In
trying to link BIM with different activities, whether energy simulation, addition, to get a quick idea of the state of the art, review papers were
cost studies, sustainability simulations or facility management activities. preferred. The author set up three-research questions. For the first
The improvement of project cost and scheduling management is leading research question, the keywords used for the search were BIM and di­
to a huge interest in how to link 4D/5D with the 3D BIM model. mensions, BIM and 4D, 5D, 6D, 7D and 8D. Twenty-eight documents
Nevertheless, nowadays, the economic aspect of projects is no longer came out, including two review papers. Among these papers, three
enough. Greater attention is expected on the environmental and safety purposively identified papers will be used to answer the first research
security aspect (Ding et al., 2014). Academics and practitioners have a question. There is no paper dealing with 8D. After screening the docu­
huge interest in those areas leading to an over-use of the BIM di­ ments by looking at the titles and abstracts, the authors will rely on two
mensions, whether 5D, 6D etcetera. In that regard, some authors have review papers (Koutamanis, 2020; Mazars and Francis, 2020) and a
investigated if the practitioners’ perspectives of the dimensions of BIM paper using a systematic review and quantitative research to assess the
are aligned with the views of academics. Through a systematic literature understanding of the BIM dimension (Charef et al., 2018). The second
review and a quantitative study conducted among European BIM ex­ research question was to look at the current use of BIM throughout the
perts, the results showed a consensus on the use of 4D and 5D among asset lifecycle and the third research question was to look to clarify what
academics and practitioners (Charef et al., 2018). However, the authors the understanding of asset lifecycle is. In that respect, this paper is the
raised an ambiguity for the BIM dimensions beyond the 5D. Moreover, second part of ongoing research focussing on asset lifecycle under­
the study pointed out the lack of use of dimension for the EOL activities. standing. The study concluded that to move from a linear economy to
The authors also concluded that the EOL activities are associated with circular thinking, the EOL of an asset should be considered as a phase,
any BIM dimension (Charef et al., 2018). The use of BIM throughout the just like programming, design, construction and "in use" phases (Charef,
lifecycle enhances the project efficiency leading to a radical change in 2022). In addition, and based on the results of the literature review,
how assets are planned, designed, built, managed, and demolished or qualitative data was collected.
deconstructed. The building is virtually tested before the real on-site During the second stage and due to the novelty of the area of
construction. The graphical and non-graphical data embodied in the research, the author adopted a pragmatic and inductive approach by
virtual model enable to improve the Operations and Maintenance effi­ using a qualitative method to collect views of construction’s experts.
ciency. Simulations can be done during others building phases, whether Based on a survey strategy, the author explored the topic by using semi-
Operations and Maintenance, refurbishment and even deconstruction structured interviews. Twenty BIM and /or circular economy pro­
(Wang and Chong, 2015). Several studies highlighted the potential of fessionals participated in the exploration of the various BIM models used
using BIM for EOL management (Iacovidou et al., 2018; Kubler et al., throughout the asset lifecycle and reflected on what the content of the
2016; Won et al., 2016). Moreover, Charef (2022) proposed a DIM should be. As recommended by many authors, interviews are
trans-scalar theoretical framework illustrating the integration of the techniques adapted to understand phenomena and collect facts (Rowley,
EOL, as a phase in BIM environment (Charef, 2022). The BIM models 2012; Silverman, 2000). The sampling for the survey was built based on

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Fig. 1. The research methodology.

a convenient and snowballing approach (Dusek et al., 2015). The author challenging to find experts having both expertise due to the novelty of
wish was to interview the most knowledgeable professionals in the area the CE approach in the construction industry and the relatively new BIM
of BIM and CE, knowing that the latter is at its infancy, leading to a lack approach. However, among the participants, some of them are using
of CE experts. In Table 1, the sample is presented highlighting the sig­ excavated soils, as building materials (also called earthen construction),
nificant expertise of the participants gained through the number of years leading them to adapt their design approach to this specific material. For
of experience but also their worldwide activities. This parameter enables instance, although these experts are using some principles applied to CE,
to increase the transferability of the results. Additionally, to be able to they do not identify themselves as CE specialists.
provide strong inputs, the involvement of the participants in more than During the preparation and the fieldwork, the author have followed
one phase of the asset was an important requirement during the selec­ ethical protocols, in force, for qualitative data collection. Indeed, the
tion of the sampling. The last precaution taken by the author was to interviewees were reached by email and a “Participant Information
avoid bias, particularly those associated with the background of the Sheet” has been signed, approving the interview protocol, whether
author. Therefore, the author deliberately increased the number of de­ recording, transcription and use of the data. All the interview tapes have
signers among the sampling (Sanchez and Haas, 2018). Moreover, as been transcribed verbatim by the author and approved by the in­
recommended by Amar (2018), the sample was designed incrementally, terviewees. The transcription was part of the analysis process, helping
allowing the author to adjust it as the research progressed and use the the author to familiarize themself with the data (Cope, 2010). Then,
snowballing technique (Amar, 2018). As mentioned earlier, the experts’ further analysis was carried out using NVivo software, which is partic­
targeted were those in BIM and circular economy. It was very ularly suitable for searching for patterns and similarities. The set of

Table 1
List of participants and their background.

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questions, listed in Table 2, was adapted to the interviewees’ back­ SEOL phase, in the BIM environment.
ground. Indeed, for the participants not using BIM, the author, before However, to increase the use of BIM for the EOL activities, the lack of
the start of the interview, explained roughly the BIM process. Questions tools should be addressed. Although many tools exist aiming to assess
related to the EOL processes and what the DIM could contain were embodied energy, carbon footprint, whole-life environmental impact
questions targeting participants involved in the asset EOL. However, the (GaBi, 2016; Ifu Hamburg, 2016), and few tools are addressing the
other participants were asked the same question even if they are not, at lifecycle costing and material recovery assessment (Cheng and Ma,
first, knowledgeable in EOL processes. The question was more about 2013), there is a lack of tools dedicated to deconstruction process
how the EOL processes could be to improve the reusability and recy­ simulation and plan generation.
clability rate. One of the main concerns with qualitative research is the Demolishers could get support for their tasks by using BIM for
transferability and generalisation of the findings. Having that in mind, visualizing where materials are, to have accurate quantities, and to plan
the author has designed the sampling accordingly by having participants the demolition (Ge et al., 2017). All the respondents agreed that BIM
having a worldwide experience and being involved in more than one could be very useful for the management of the asset EOL. R17, the
asset phase. deconstruction engineer, recognized the opportunity to use BIM to
The BIM-based framework (can be seen in Charef, 2022) was shown simplify their day-to-day practice. Although performing the decon­
to the respondent, used as support to explain the use of BIM throughout struction through BIM is still a niche, one of the participants is involved
the asset lifecycle for those that were unfamiliar with BIM. For the BIM in a deconstruction phase, as a preliminary stage of a project. The use of
experts, the author was expecting feedback and improvement of the BIM for deconstruction was decided during the programming phase.
framework. Some of them drawn, add, or removed some items. The Many authors sought the potential of BIM in materials’ recycling and
scope of this paper is limited to the feedback related to BIM models. reuse. Some authors, based on the BIM data, have developed frame­
works to choose the least impacting EOL scenarios (Ge et al., 2017). The
3. Results use of BIM could simplify several SEOL management stages. For
instance, the Asset Data Centralization (in yellow in Fig. 5) contains all
3.1. The sustainable EOL (SEOL) process in BIM (R1) the asset data generated during its entire lifecycle. Therefore, the SEOL
engineers can start the pre-work stage by importing the data in the
At the end of the buildings’ useful life, the owner can decide to desired format (IFC, COBie, etc.). They will generate a Deconstruction
deconstruct partially or completely the building. The sustainable EOL Information Model (DIM) for the SEOL management (tasks in pink in
(SEOL) activities, split into several phases, are organised in the same Fig. 5).
way as the construction but reversely (R17). It was also supported by
several authors (Hosseini et al., 2015; Zhu et al., 2017). Figs. 2–4 3.2. The BIM models (R2)
describe the SEOL process based on the literature review and in­
terviewees feedback (R01, R11, R14 and R17). The data collection phase As there is no model yet for managing the asset EOL activities, some
can be done in two different ways, depending on whether the existing authors proposed a BIM-based theoretical framework illustrating the
building planned for deconstruction has been managed with BIM or not. three models developed throughout the asset lifecycle (Charef et al.,
As shown in Fig. 2, there are several scenarios, ranging from the use of 2019a). This framework was shown to the respondents and questions
BIM throughout the life of the building or only for its EOL management. were asked about the three models developed during the asset lifecycle:
Fig. 3 indicates two scenarios; either the BIM model already exists, or it the PIM (Project Information Model), the AIM (Asset Information
does not exist. Model) and the DIM (Deconstruction/Dismantling/Decommissioning
For most of the existing buildings, the BIM model does not exist. In Information Model) (Charef et al., 2019a). One of the most important
that case, through a 3D scan, 2D documents and on-site survey, the SEOL standards used to frame the framework is the ancient PAS 1192, which
management team collects the data. Following R01, “the existing recently became ISO 19650. The author proposed to add the last model,
building will be scanned (…) there will be a diagnostic phase, where all the DIM associated with the EOL phase. Moreover, as stressed by R15,
the elements of the building will be identified, including the materials the RIBA Plan of Work does not contain the deconstruction stage. More
that make up these elements. Then with the digital model, we will be recently, Charef (2022) discussed the reconsideration of the asset life­
able to simulate its sustainable EOL, regarding time, cost and anticipate cycle and suggested adding “stage 8” to the RIBA Plan of Work, illus­
all the logistics. Doing it in BIM is interesting. We will have 3D, 4D and trated by Fig. 6 of the PAS 1192 (British Standards Institution, 2013),
5D and facility management because some elements can be reused”. replaced recently by the ISO 19650 standards (British Standards Insti­
Some authors have developed an automated process to generate tution, 2019) (Charef, 2022).
semantically-rich BIMs for facility operations and management (Borto­ Therefore, for this study, the asset lifecycle is considered from design
luzzi et al., 2019). More recently, a study based on quantitative data to SEOL, as defined by Charef et al. (2021). This new approach disrupts
provided an overview of current scan-to-BIM practices, worldwide the way buildings are designed and requires thinking about the asset
(Rocha et al., 2021). The main benefits are to get a model rapidly and EOL during the programming and design phase. In the scenario of using
thus accelerate the use of BIM within the facilities management sector. BIM throughout the asset lifecycle, managing data becomes crucial.
Ge et al. (2017) have developed a reconstructed 3D model based on data Therefore, a collaborative platform is required, in which all the data
collected by sensors, such as images from a camera. Based mainly on generated is placed and continue to live (R02). The common data
respondent R17’s explanation, Figs. 3 and 4 illustrate the process of the environment (CDE), as defined by PAS 1192-2 is an online platform that
can collect, manage, and share the data created around a project. The
Table 2 CDE aims to enable efficient information exchange and collaborative
Questions asked to the 20 interviewees. work between all parties. According to R15, a BIM Manager working in
the UK, the database can be called a Common Data Exchange (CDE).
Questions
“The CDE can be used as a bank that will contain all processes, even
1 How does the use of BIM help you in your daily practice?
detailed information about how the design went, how the construction
2 What type of data can the model be enriched with?
3 How do you exchange these informations? went, how it was handled in the CDE and also information for decon­
4 Do you agree with the 3 models proposed in the theoretical framework? struction”. R15 added that to get the necessary data, the main bank
5 Which model will feed the DIM? And why? should maybe be integrated with all the CDEs. Another option could be
6 What data should be fed into the Model by the design team? to link it to the CAFM or BMS system (building management system). A
7 What data should be fed into the model by the facility manager team?
COBie, that is going to be reused, could be shipped with the file. So,

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Fig. 2. Various scenarios for the use of BIM throughout the asset lifecycle.

there should be a database, for both new and old materials, which could other organisational functions (R14). Recently, Charef (2022) deeply
be populated by all the processes. Each project has its proper CDE and discussed the various documents required throughout the project life­
contains all the data generated throughout the entire project lifecycle, cycle, according to the RIBA Plan of Work (Charef, 2022). After having
including the “in use” and EOL phases. From the design phase to the set up the main contractual documents needed in BIM environment, data
SEOL phase, a huge amount of information is collected. The data can be storage and exchange must be contractually agreed upon between the
classified according to the business view that will require the Model stakeholders. For the documents needed for projects developed with the
View Definition (MVD). We will have a decentralized view of the data, CE approach and in the BIM context, the author will rely on a previous
and from it, we will be able to extract, as many MVD, as possible. Ac­ study (Charef, 2022). Moreover, for the storing and exchange issues, a
cording to R14, the logic is like that of a COBie. In the case of decon­ recent study explaining how the use of BIM can help practitioners to
struction, the Model View Definition (MVD) will be a deconstruction engage in the CE is also used by the author, as a basis (Charef and
MVD or a SEOL MVD. Eventually, the deconstruction or the SEOL is a Emmitt, 2021). In the following section, the various BIM models
business view for which a filter is created. In addition to the use of a generated during the asset lifecycle in BIM context will be presented and
collaborative platform, scrupulous attention should be paid to all the the changes suggested by the interviewees for the models will be
data on the platform, whether the actual existence, its reliability, and its discussed.
updated state. As explained by Charef (2022), at the start of any project
in the context of BIM, the stakeholders should define their data needs
and agree on them contractually. The Organisational Information Re­ 3.3. The models’ content (R3)
quirements (OIR) is a key step in BIM context. It describes the infor­
mation required by an organisation for asset management systems and First, as described by Charef (2022), the project information model
(PIM), developed during the design and construction phases is given to

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will vary according to the construction phases. They could contain

graphical and non-graphical data. They could also contain links with
specification information associated with each building element, data
related to performance level as structural loads and strength, the
chemical composition of materials, etc. Project requirements from each
stakeholder must be included in the BIM protocol and expressed early in
the project (in EIR, BEP and MIDP documents), Fig. 6. One concern for
the interviewees was associated with the need to express requirements
for the SEOL, upstream at the time of specifications. For example,
manufacturers must know the requirements for the SEOL upstream to
make appropriate offers considering the difficulty of the CE approach
“(…) it is absolutely essential that manufacturers are prepared to
guarantee that the information requested by their clients is correct
because they will then handle it. (…) you must be able to provide the
information, the technical data sheet, of the solution implemented on
the building “(R13, R18). Needs will also concern the Level of Details
(LODs), the quantity and quality of data required, planning re­
quirements etc. R15 stressed that the AIR (Asset Information Re­
quirements) is not used during the design phase, whatever he is involved
Fig. 3. The sustainable EOL preparation. in the design phase or not. At the early stage, the content of the AIR is,
among others, products information that are not known yet. Indeed, the
the owner during the handover stage. Secondly, the asset information supply chain comes usually at the very end of the construction. R15 said
model (AIM) is the model containing information for the Operations and “(…) when I’m involved, the architects have already created the model,
Maintenance phase, Fig. 6. Finally, the deconstruction information the construction guys already put some information in the model. But I
model (DIM), used by the deconstruction team, provides the building’s give them our AIR and EIR with a lot of requirements that, need to be in
components data, and the ability to correctly extract quantities and the the model that are not useful in design. So, we enrich the model, not
data associated to the elements (Charef, 2022). The content of models simplify it with more data that would be useful for asset management”.

Fig. 4. The sustainable EOL execution in BIM environment.

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Fig. 5. Deconstruction process in BIM environment.

Fig. 6. Schema of Information Delivery Cycle integrating the new Asset Lifecycle.

In addition to discussion around the content of the models, the number officer, among others. The PIM is the model responding to the client
of models generated throughout the asset lifecycle was also debated and requirements mentioned in the EIR. The PIM, as depicted in Fig. 6, is the
several respondents agreed that three models would be developed e.g. first model that will be generated increasingly during the design and
R13 "…in many cases, it will be three different models (…) potentially construction phase to be delivered to the employer in the handover
we’ll have three models. For the execution model (Exe), I need to pro­ stage.
vide information containing the requirements of the project manage­ The PIM will contain a set of federated building information models,
ment to on-site workers". graphical and non-graphical data covering the design and construction
phases and provided by stakeholders involved in the project. According
3.3.1. The Project Information Model (PIM) to R10, one of the advantages of designing by using the BIM process is
During the design phase, the design team develops the PIM. The data that all the choices are kept in the model. According to R11, it is
enriching the model comes from the stakeholders involved in the design necessary to integrate all the information related to the construction
phase, such as technical engineers, the quantity surveyor and the control phase, including the data and changes related to this phase. Thus,

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Fig. 7. Data required for sustainable EOL management.

technical data sheets, technical opinions, exact implementation dates the AIM necessary for facility management activities.
are integrated in the Digital As-Built Record. R11 also believe that,
among the final deliverables, the SEOL could be a set integrated into the 3.3.2. The Asset Information Model (AIM)
Digital As-Built Record. The crucial aspect is the accuracy of the data. The AIM will “support the whole life of an asset from create/acquire,
For that, the PIM content is checked throughout the information ex­ through use/maintain and on to renew/dispose of”(Manning, 2014). In the
change points mentioned in the Information Delivery Cycle adapted for UK, at BIM Level 2, the AIM aims to be a federated Model “consisting of a
the SEOL incorporation (Charef, 2022). The design team usually has the number of discrete parts. The extent and nature of these parts shall be related
responsibility for the PIM until the handover stage. to the complexity, purpose and scale of the asset” (British Standards
Because BIM implementation is quite costly, it is preferable to use it Institution, 2014). The AIM should be the single source of approved and
throughout the entire lifecycle. According to R11, for some projects, the validated information.
will is to push the use of BIM towards the Digital As-Built Record and the Regarding the second model (Fig. 6), the content is adapted to the
AIM. At the end of the construction phase, the “as-constructed” or “As- Operations and Maintenance activities. Although the AIM is geometri­
Built” step leads to the creation of the Digital As-Built Record, which cally degraded it gains intelligent data, essentially, non-graphical data
represents what it was actually built. This model will embed all the data describing the asset and acting as a building identity card. The AIM
used for the conception and construction of the asset. R20 acknowledged should include all information concerning the design stage, brief and the
that the Digital As-Built Record is the most challenging stage for clients. design intent. It also should contain specific information for the con­
R20 mentioned that "to have the right and complete documents, it is a struction and maintenance stages. As mentioned by Navendren et al.
real "pet peeve" for clients. Often, when they are given to us, we cannot (2015), the data incorporated in the AIM makes it crucial for the facility
see that they are incomplete. We realise their incompleteness when we manager. The AIM traces the entire history of the building and must be
need them during the "in use" phase". Therefore, the Digital As-Built kept up to date. The type of data required is the performance of the asset,
Record will help to smooth this challenging stage by easily identifying Operations and Maintenance manuals, health and safety information
the missing data, the reliable data and identifying which data was and specifications, among others. According to several respondents
checked or not. According to R01, in BIM, the Digital As-Built Record (R13, R12, R16 and R02), data related to things evolving with the
hands over the construction of a project. All the parties receive the building, such as the HVAC components, electrical installations, etc
Digital As-Built Record, and keep it in archives, in case of a disorder should be included in the AIM. All asset transformations, changes and
happened. The Digital As-Built Record is exhaustive, represents the replacements occurring during its lifecycle must be part of the AIM. As
building "as it is built" and is intended for archival purposes. highlighted by R14, all the design and execution data will be retrieved
Respondent R11 suggested adding the Digital As-Built Record into and organized, such as regulations data, data of connected objects,
the framework presented during the interview (Charef et al., 2019a). building performance data, BREAM, LEED. Property rights and re­
However, even though the will is to strive for having a Digital As-Built sponsibilities related to the asset are also critical information that should
Record, it is not yet commonly used. Although the Digital As-Built Re­ be in the AIM. In the context of CE, data related to the reusability and
cord is still in its infancy and difficult to use as is, R20 stressed that its recyclability of the building components and systems is crucial.
company is actively researching to improve it. They are also trying to This data can be stored within the model or linked to an existing
find out if there are any tools to manage, share, store and secure the information system. Indeed, R14 considered that the BIM approach is
Digital As-Built Record. According to R16, in some projects developed in not necessary done through a model, as the Americans do with COBie.
BIM, two models are required from companies: the Digital As-Built Re­ Similarly, R10 put forward the benefits of using COBie, defined as data
cord model and a model containing data useful for the Operations and centralization spreadsheets allowing simple, more reliable, and more
Maintenance phase. Indeed, the PIM will give birth to another model, accessible formats to all. In addition to data access needs, the availability

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is also key. As stressed by R10, one of the big issues is updating. for construction will be also used for deconstruction. To deconstruct, we
Therefore, it is essential to be able to push the operators until the inte­ will use the Digital As-Built Record model and the exploitation model.
gration of the update. The argument of having an updated AIM and the R16 has specified that the PIM should be taken to start the DIM, instead
Digital As-Built Record model is stressed by the R16 who considered that of the AIM because the DIM is somehow included in the AIM. R16 added
both models will be useful for the deconstruction phase. By making the that the Digital As-Built Record model and the exploitation model will
data digitally available for the management of the SEOL, a third model be used for the deconstruction phase. R13 statements were in line with
will be created and intended to the EOL stakeholders. R16 by considering that the SEOL activities will require data coming
from both models, the AIM, and the Digital As-Built Record. R13 high­
3.3.3. The Deconstruction Information Model (DIM) lighted that the model used for the construction phase is not the same
As highlighted in Fig. 6, at the EOL of the building, the “As-main­ model used for the “in use” phase. He added that the model used for the
tained" AIM is given to the client. From here, this model becomes the SEOL management should be fuelled by the "As construct" and the "As
DIM and is used for implementing the EOL activities. R09 stressed that maintained" models. Similarly, for R02, the data goes in two different
clients are playing a key role in the design phase by asking for a directions after the handover phase (Digital As-Built Record and the
deconstructable building. Clients must take the lead by expressly AIM). Therefore, to manage the EOL of the asset, more information is
requesting for a deconstructable building. If they don’t, no one else will needed than for the “in use” phase. Indeed, CAFM software does not deal
ask. with “walls and partitions” but with “rooms” and equipments included
This model will be enriched with the demolition, deconstruction, or in the room. Although this data is not necessary for the Operations and
dismantling strategies, which may also be done alongside other sce­ Maintenance phase, it continues to live and to be accessible somewhere
narios. The model will contain data related to the SEOL activities, on the collaborative platform.
whether deconstruction, dismantling or decommissioning. Each R13 explained that the AIM would be much higher in detail,
component of the asset will contain information needed by EOL man­ compared to the PIM. Some information will disappear in favour of
agers to enable them to conduct, for instance, the deconstruction others that will arrive. For the “in use” phase, the interesting data are
appropriately and efficiently. The data will include details about the those required by facility managers who are interested only in space’s
components, their history, such as when they were installed, replaced, management and the data inherent to them. As a BIM manager involved
the necessary precaution to adopt during the deconstruction, and how to in the Operations and Maintenance of buildings, R15 pointed out that he
optimize their recovery by keeping them at the highest value and in the is usually engaged in projects when the architects already have their PIM
least impactful way. Also, the fate reserved for each component will be model, enriched with the data coming from the construction stake­
indicated, according to the 9Rs waste hierarchy developed by holders. R15 reinforced the previous argument by acknowledging that
(Khaw-ngern et al., 2021), whether it is reuse, repair, remanufacture, or the AIM has more information than the PIM. For R15, the "as main­
recycling, among others. Although recycling has become popular in the tained" model is an update of the AIM and it can have the component
construction industry, several authors raised the concern of the envi­ qualification, it can have quantities extraction. Even though R15 has
ronmental impact of recycling strategies and call for vigilance for wider never used BIM for deconstruction and has no idea exactly what data the
use of upcycling instead of downcycling (Charef and Lu, 2022; Monsù DIM should contain, the respondent believes that scenarios analysis and
Scolaro and De Medici, 2021). waste sorting plans could be performed based on a model that would be
During the deconstruction process, the DIM enables to verify and test an upgrade from AIM. Thus, for R15, the data will come from the AIM
whether the deconstruction strategy is planned or executed according to supplemented by certain data taken from the PIM. Both models will
the EIR. Deconstruction managers will use the DIM, a digital model aliment the SEOL Model and somehow, the content of the DIM must be
which will provide them with a set of data to allow them to better discussed at the start of any new project developed in BIM. Regarding
control and manage their tasks. The DIM will facilitate the site waste existing buildings, their EOL management or refurbishment are the
management plan, waste sorting, waste analysis, components classifi­ phases when the content of the DIM must be discussed and agreed upon
cation, quantity extractions, pre-deconstruction audit and scenario contractually. R10 classifying the data in two categories (visible and
analysis. The easy access to components information, their quantities invisible), stated that a considerable amount of data will come from the
and specific requirement for their dismantlement, reuse, recycling, and exploitation phase. Induced data required is for example, the shear
disposal will enable deconstruction managers to plan, control and strength of a beam, its bearing point, its fabrication process, among
manage the materials from deconstruction. It will help them to others. As a result of the full history requirement, the necessity to have
completely plan the activities and simulate virtually the process set up to updated data is crucial. Unanimously, the respondents agreed that the
avoid all unexpected events and costs. Indeed, with data linked to each data embedded into the AIM and the PIM must be updated according to
component, the deconstruction cost will be determined easily. This will the asset’s evolution. For example, R13 confirmed that the PIM is not the
help them to decrease demolition waste and avoid raw material deple­ same model used by the facility managers during the Operations and
tion as well as control their respective environmental impacts. Indeed, Maintenance phase. Even if the interviewee has never done a DIM, he
the deconstruction contractors can extract the data regarding all com­ confirmed that the DIM will necessarily be different because the objec­
ponents constituting the asset, and among others, know their capacity to tives and requirements of EOL activities are not those required by the
be reintroduced into the material loop through solutions that are pref­ Operations and Maintenance activities. R13 stressed the importance of
erably reused or upcycled. Managing the EOL through BIM will benefit linking the DIM to the AIM, that must be updated by the building
deconstruction contractors enabling them to deliver a better, safety and manager. In conclusion, the cross data feeding the DIM, having multiple
sustainable deconstruction. At the end of the deconstruction of the asset, origins, will come from the design, construction and “in use” phases. In
the owner will inherit the DIM model that will contain the entire life­ addition to those data, manufacturers will also provide data through
cycle traceability of the building (including asset refurbishment), com­ technical data sheets (TDS). R14 believes that the AIM vision is carried
ponents data and deconstruction processes. It is much more practical by people who are involved only in the operating phase. We need to
than the unorganised folders that are traditionally given to demolishers. change the way we think, moving from "BIM model thinking" to data.
In addition, the digitalisation of the deconstruction phase will create a According to R14, the AIM is not a model but a big database, containing
link between the EOL team and the facilities dealing with recovered the data related to several business views. For example, Operations and
materials. Based on the statements of several respondents, the DIM will Maintenance business view or deconstruction business view.
be a combination between the Digital As-Built Record and the AIM “As The responsibility issue was also raised by some interviewees,
Maintained”. Indeed, R11 stressed the logical sequence between the PIM including R13, a manufacturer working for a company offering a 100%
design model and PIM construction and suggested that the model used recyclable product made up of components that respect their recycling

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process. Therefore, to clarify the responsibilities around the data pro­ appropriate charter specifying for example, that every year, the Digital
vided in the digital model, they added a property named "disclaim" As-Built Record model will evolve according to the evolution of the
where they mention that their responsibilities are not engaged if the Operations and Maintenance model. Although the data is transmitted
specifications are not respected. To ease the process of obtaining ma­ from hand to hand, it must last by being updated regularly by a desig­
terial data, R15 proposed to link the Material Bank with the CDE of the nated manager having the skills and authorized to do so. Another
project. The facility manager will update the model containing all this challenge is how to share the data generated during the asset lifecycle,
information during the asset exploitation. The data that might be between multiple stakeholders and sometimes several asset owners
required for the SEOL management in BIM is listed in Fig. 7. Regarding changing during the asset life (as illustrated in Fig. 2). The quality of the
the format of the data, R13 and R15 believe that the generated data several BIM models is a major concern because it requires that inter­
could be provided in various formats throughout the asset lifecycle, such connected and complex information to be accurate.
as IFC, native format or COBie. At the start of the project, the stake­ R10 believes that the UK COBie approach is interesting by allowing
holders should contractually agree on the format of the deliverables and certain actors to benefit from BIM without committing to the imple­
the classification used, which can be multiple. Some respondents sug­ mentation of BIM for their activities. Modification can occur through the
gested using COBie as an exchange format. R14 reported that all their lifespan of buildings. There will be several operators, who will follow
deployed solutions are associated with known classifications such as one another and who will have kept the update more or less well. As a
Omniclass (UK), Uniclass, Uniformat (American). As a BIM manager result, the mistakes will accumulate throughout the entire asset life­
dealing with the “in use” phase, R15 requires the data in two formats, cycle. To ensure data sustainability, requirements should be stipulated
IFC and COBie. To be able to use the data, they sometimes need to copy it at the start of the project and for each stakeholder involved in the asset
to a different format, like for example doing a PEET import for Planon, lifecycle. Among researchers, data quality is also a concern stressed in
instead of using the standard COBie format. The PEET Import is just an many studies. Based on a qualitative study, some authors investigate the
excel spreadsheet that does not have tabs like a COBie Lite and is used to phases of late design and construction, from the data perspective.
import information directly to our CAF System Planon. Therefore, to be Machine-readable information produced in BIM context and exchanged
able to use the data coming from the construction, “in use” or EOL in CDE platforms face many challenges. The authors identified three
phases, the format is very important. As discussed previously, the types of codification challenges, whether those associated with software
transition between the “as maintained” phases to the SEOL management usage, information sharing, or construction process information. They
phase raised a lot of arguments among the interviewees and is a crucial raised the implication of those challenges on the quality of the data "such
step. The accessibility of the data is fundamental and need to be up to as accuracy, completeness, accessibility, consistency, timeliness, and
date according to events occurring throughout the lifecycle of assets but provenance" (Soman and Whyte, 2020). Data quality concern was also
also to technology evolution. reported during the handover stage when the Digital As-Built Record
model should be delivered. To perform “As-Built” BIM dataset control,
4. The importance of data quality and update the authors developed a test method combining the ISO 19157 and a
statistical approach. The method was applied to a simple residential
Along with the discussion around the models developed throughout building. As a result and due to the dataset’s non-compliance with six
the lifespan of assets and the modification that should be applied, the quality checks, based on ISO 19157, the dataset was rejected (Ari­
respondents highlighted the challenges resulting from a huge amount of za-López et al., 2019). Through a case-based example, other authors
data and the importance of having management data, well-defined. have attempted to overcome the quality data issues during the handover
Unanimously, respondents agreed that data quality would play a cen­ stage, by automating the checking process (Sadeghi et al., 2020).
tral and critical role in the scenario where BIM is used throughout the
entire life of a building, including the renovation and refurbishment 5. Conclusion and future research
phases, and even beyond. As discussed previously, several models are
generated and several stakeholders will create, use, exchange and up­ The start of any project is a very important stage where many de­
date the data embodied into the models. Since the data will be used for cisions take place. In the context of BIM, several documents must be set
multiple activities, it must be structured in a common format, the In­ up and contractually agreed upon by the stakeholders involved in the
dustry Foundation Classes (IFC), which was developed and is main­ asset lifecycle. Regarding the circular economy (CE), the end-of-life
tained by buildingSMART International as a "data standard." (EOL) must be sustainable aiming to recover as many materials as
Interoperability is a prerequisite for efficient data exchange in the CDE possible, favouring the reuse and upcycling approaches. In addition, the
but it will not be covered in this paper. In addition to interoperability EOL phase should be considered as part of the asset lifecycle and should
issues, the responsibility for data quality and reliability should be stip­ be linked to the design phase. As a result, the approaches associated are
ulated and contractually agreed upon. Indeed, all the models should be the "design for" approaches that are key principles in the CE, particularly
updated, whether the PIM, the AIM or the Digital As-Built Record. To be the "design for deconstruction", "design for disassembly" and "design for
able to use it for the EOL phase, the Digital As-Built Record model must adaptability" or "design for flexibility". These “design for” approaches
be updated accordingly to the asset evolution. Indeed, R13 distinguished must be stipulated at the start of any new project or any renovation or
two types of information: passive and active. For instance, the technical refurbishment activities. The will to have a circular building must be
sheets contain information about products or systems that might, in the pertained, applied and verified throughout the entire life of the building,
future, not be available anymore. Processes for updates should be put in including the various renovations or transformation that the building
place with facility managers who will be in charge of the asset Opera­ will have to face.
tions and Maintenance. The data to be updated according to specifica­ In this paper, the author pushed forward the use of BIM, beyond the
tions must be identified to facilitate the tasks of the facility managers phases where it is commonly used. Various dimension linked to 3D BIM
and clients. Many respondents agreed that updating the AIM is crucial exists with a consensus about 4D BIM and 5D BIM, where the fourth
during the entire asset lifecycle to be able to have an “As- Maintained” dimension is linked with time, and the fifth dimension is linked with
consistent with the actual condition of the asset (R10, R13, R15 and cost. However, beyond the fifth dimension, for the sixth and seventh,
R16). For example, R13 pointed out that, there is currently no process to ambiguities exist about what these BIM dimensions refer to. For the
ensure the data is up to date. The information updated in the AIM must avoidance of any further ambiguities, this paper highlights the various
also be changed in the DIM. Similarly, R16 emphasized the importance BIM models created throughout the asset lifecycle in the context of CE. It
of updating the AIM but also the Digital As-Built Record model, also gives details on the model that would be used for the EOL man­
accordingly to the building evolution. R16 also suggested to set up an agement (DIM) and provides a non-exhaustive list of data that might be

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