1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Food being wasted has both national and global effects not only on the

environment but as well as to Food and Nutrition. In this context, when food is wasted

it also means wasting all the environmentally damaging processes used in food

production, including the energy it takes to grow, harvest, transport, store, and

package food and drinks (Davis, A. 2023), with such Food waste management needs

an in-depth investigation. The cafes have played a role that contributes to this wasted

food. To comprehend the situation of food waste management of café establishments,

this study examines the compliance of each cafe in Nasipit, Talamban Cebu City.

Examining the compliance of the cafes is significant not only for the

university but also for policymakers, the healthcare industry, and sanitation offices. It

can illustrate the effectiveness of strategies to make café owners comply with given

city ordinances in terms of food waste management. Furthermore, this study seeks to

investigate determinants of non-compliance to city ordinances in Nasipit, Talamaban

Cebu City, analyzing factors such as different strategies, categories, and other hidden

underlying issues present.

Furthermore, it is essential to consider any other existing research that may

address similar questions regarding food waste management the compliance of food

establishments with the city ordinance, and the rules and regulations behind proper

disposal of food being wasted. A few research studies have provided valuable insights

into the issues regarding food waste management highlighting the different disposal
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strategies, rewards for compliance with regulations, and the different ways to reduce

food waste.

In a study by Sipra and Kakoli (2017), an initiative to chemically characterize

food waste and identify it to possible reuse and disposal techniques has been taken.

The collected food waste has been dried using various methods. The results showed

that the oven drying method at 105 °C is the optimum temperature for the maximum

dewatering of collected food waste. Furthermore, a study by Blum (2020) explores

ways to reduce restaurant industry food waste costs. This study shows there are

hidden issues to non-compliance with the ordinance. The results of this study show

that the complexity of the problem arises from the diverse food production economy,

thus having a multitude of interactions among suppliers, consumers, managers, and

waste management operators. Collaboration among different stakeholders is not yet

sufficient and more effort is needed to decrease the impact of food waste because of

the high cost associated with food waste. Restaurant leaders are to be educated on the

potential impacts of processes and strategies that are available to reduce food waste

costs.

Considering these prior studies, this research aims to confide in their insights

mainly by focusing on the compliance of food waste management in the different

cafes located in Nasipit, Talamban, Cebu City. By conducting a comprehensive

assessment of the compliance of cafes in regard to food waste management in Nasipit

Talamban, this study hopes to provide recommendations needed for the institutions

contributing to the advancement of this critical issue.

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Objectives of the Study

The study aims to assess the compliance of different Cafes in Nasipit

Talamban, Cebu City to Food waste management mandated by the City. The general

objective of this study focuses on :

1. To determine the compliance of café owners with food waste

management standards given by the government that is being

implemented in Nasipit, Talamban.

2. To evaluate the underlying factors of non-compliance to food waste

management standards given by the government that are being

implemented in Nasipit Talamban.

3. To identify the effect of non-compliance of food waste management

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of the study is to assess the compliance of different cafes with

food waste management by the city regulations in Nasipit Talamban, Cebu City.

Specifically, the study will explore the following sub-problems:

1. Do the following cafes in Nasipit Talamban comply with food waste

management mandated by the city regulations:

1.1. percentage of cafes that complies with the city regulation;

1.2. percentage of cafes that did not comply with the city regulations;

2. What are the following factors that contribute to the non-compliance of

the Food waste management by the city regulations in Nasipit

Talamban, Cebu City?

2.1 Do cafes implement strict food waste management?

2.2 Do cafes find food waste management least important?

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2.3 Does the cafe owner afford to pay a fine?

3. What are the consequences for a non-compliant food establishment?

3.1 Fines and penalties

3.2 Non-renewal of business permit

Significance of the Study

The importance of the study is to inform readers about the food waste

management standard and how the cafes in Nasipit Talamban, Cebu City comply with

the regulations from the city government. Also, the study will benefit the following:

Residence of Nasipit, Talamban Cebu City, The residence lies in addressing

environmental sustainability and resource management by understanding how

residents handle food waste. This knowledge can inform the development of effective

waste reduction strategies and recycling programs, reducing the overall environmental

impact. Inefficient food waste management may lead to health hazards due to the

decomposition of organic waste, attracting pests and creating unsanitary conditions.

Moreover, understanding the impact on nutrition highlights potential losses in

valuable food resources, emphasizing the need for better management practices to

ensure food security and well-being.

Future Cafe Owners, The comprehensive study on cafes in Nasipit, Talamban,

Cebu City is being undertaken to provide essential guidance to cafe owners and

operators. This guidance is intended to assist them in adhering to the stringent food

waste management standards outlined in city regulations, ultimately ensuring that

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their establishments are environmentally responsible and in full compliance with the

law. By following the recommendations and best practices outlined in this study, cafe

owners can not only reduce their environmental footprint but also avoid potential

penalties or fines associated with non-compliance, thus contributing to a more

sustainable and environmentally conscious business environment in the city.

CCENRO (Cebu Environment and Natural Resources Office), The

collaboration with CCENRO (Cebu Environment and Natural Resources Office) is an

essential component of this study's objectives. By working closely with CCENRO, the

study aims to play a pivotal role in the development and establishment of robust,

practical, and environmentally responsible guidelines for the effective implementation

of food waste management strategies within the city. These guidelines will not only

serve as a framework for cafe owners and other businesses but will also contribute

significantly to the city's broader sustainability initiatives. By aligning with the

expertise and resources provided by CCENRO, the study seeks to promote

responsible waste management practices and further enhance the city's commitment to

environmental preservation and regulation compliance, resulting in a cleaner and

more sustainable urban environment for all.

The Environment, The environment stands to benefit significantly from the

outcomes of this study. By implementing the recommendations and guidelines for

food waste management, we anticipate a substantial reduction in the volume of food

waste generated within the city. This reduction will not only alleviate the strain on

local waste disposal systems but also contribute to a more sustainable and eco-

friendly urban environment. Additionally, as cafe owners and businesses adopt these
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practices, it is conceivable that the city could move closer to the ambitious goal of

virtually eliminating food waste from the records, showcasing a remarkable

achievement in environmental stewardship. This study represents a crucial step

towards creating a more harmonious relationship between human activities and the

natural world, ultimately leading to a healthier and more resilient environment for

current and future generations.

Future Researchers, The contributions of this study extend to future

researchers, offering them a solid foundation upon which to build and expand the

body of knowledge in the field of food waste management. While this current study

focuses on specific aspects of the topic, it lays the groundwork for further

investigations into critical issues that may have eluded exploration in the present

research. By identifying these uncharted territories, the study creates a roadmap for

future researchers to delve deeper into the subject, uncover new dimensions, and

develop relevant factors that enrich our understanding of food waste management. As

a result, the study serves as a catalyst for a continuous and evolving stream of

research, ensuring that the field remains dynamic, adaptable, and on the cutting edge

of addressing the complex challenges related to food waste management.

Delimitations and Limitations of the Study

The scope of this study focuses on the Cafes located in Nasipit Talamban,

cafes beyond this will not be assessed. All the café owners will be asked to participate

in the study, from the list given by the sanitation officer. Note that research

respondents are targeted only for Cafes and no other food establishments are included.
 7

The study is limited to Cafes in Nasipit, Talamban Cebu City, whether it is a

big or small café as long as it is located in the area around Nasipit, Talamban Cebu

City. This means that the findings may not be generalized to other populations and

food establishments. Focusing on Nasipit, Talamban Cebu City may not capture a

variation of rules and regulations of city ordinance set by CCENRO that may differ in

all cities and barangays in Cebu, thus research respondents may base their answers on

information about the Nasipit, Talamban Cebu City ordinance only due to the

differentiation of rules to follow. This is a common limitation of geographical

proximity.

In addition, rules and regulations from different cafés around Nasipit, and

Talamban Cebu City limit the idea of a uniform result, since the owner of the cafes

may implement different rules and regulations for their business.

Finally, if the research respondents face challenges in participating in the

research study such as a decision to withdraw, this may manipulate the sample and

limit the results.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following key terms are defined as used in the study for clarity and transparency:

Food ventures. an adventure of trying new or unusual food.

Cafe. is a cozy and casual eatery or coffee shop where individuals can relish

light meals, snacks, and drinks, and engage in social activities. These establishments

commonly offer coffee, tea, pastries, sandwiches, and occasionally alcoholic drinks

within a laid-back and comfortable ambiance. Cafes are well-frequented spots for

meetings, work, or leisure, where patrons can savor food and beverages.
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Food Waste Management. is the efficient handling of food and agricultural

products, ensuring their redirection towards human consumption, animal feed,

industrial purposes, or environmental advantages.

Garbage Disposal. is an electrically powered device typically placed beneath

a kitchen sink, positioned between the sink drain and the trap

Sanitation. involves maintaining cleanliness and hygiene in areas by

eliminating waste, refuse, and contaminants, as well as by cleaning streets and similar

measures to prevent dirt, infection, and disease.

Waste Segregation. refers to sorting and separating waste kinds to promote

recycling materials.
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES

Theoretical Background

The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) reported that food waste is a

common global issue with approximately 1.3 billion tonnes of food in the world

wasted each year (Boliko 2019). Food waste occurs during food production and these

are categorized differently based on where it occurs; food "waste" refers to food that

is fit for consumption but consciously discarded at the retail or consumption phases.

The food system is riddled with an inefficient use of resources as demonstrated by

produce left unharvested because of overplanting, labor shortages, or food-safety

scares (Swinburne & Sandson, 2019). For instance, the Philippines has substantial

post-harvest losses of up to 50% as recorded from initial harvesting, grading,

packaging, and transportation from field to storage and distribution to the consumers

(Mopera, L. 2016). In late 2022 farmers had to sell their onion at a loss or excess crop

was left to rot because no suitable storage was available in the country, this is

detrimental to the environment and without consideration for the entire value chain

the glut in onions went to waste. Waste food resources have devastating public health

implications including hypertension, coronary heart disease, hepatitis, stroke, cancer,

and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among working-age adults (Gregory &

Coleman-Jensen, 2017). The lack of food resources equates to the lack of food

nutrition in our body, there are specific nutrients that a food produces that the human

body needs. Further waste occurs as nutritious produce goes unused because its odd
 10

shape, size, or coloration fails the prevailing cosmetic standards of the food system.

The U.S. federal government in recognition of the public health problems associated

with food waste set the nation's first food waste reduction goal in 2015. Calls for a 50-

percent reduction in food waste by 2030 (United States Department of Agriculture,

2015).

In a case study about improper waste disposal in one of the barangay in

Manila, Philippines- Barangay Mojon Tampoy the improper waste disposal has been a

problem for the residents affecting their current living. The study used a qualitative

research approach to ask questions regarding the basic information, source of income,

and the problems that the respondents encountered in the community. The results

show that the problem of improper waste disposal is incinerating, throwing garbage

on the well, and the lack of garbage collection in the barangay. Although residents in

the barangay have been advised to segregate their waste properly, the lack of funds to

support garbage truck collection is unsolved; it resulted in the incineration of garbage

in Barangay Mojon Tampoy.

According to Acanto (2016), the industrialized society today also contributes

to creating and developing throw-away products that turn into a mountain of garbage

coming from homes, hospitals, offices, and marketplaces. In this study, he aimed to

determine the solid waste management practices among selected food service

establishments in the City of Talisay, Negros Occidental. The study was able to

differentiate sources of solid waste from industrial sectors specifically in the food

establishments including vegetables, stalk and peelings, rotted fruits and vegetables,

plastics, packaging materials (carbon, paper), fish scales, gills and bones, cans &

bottles. These are categorized as degradable and non-biodegradable and are classified

into composting, recycling, reusing, and other methods namely selling to junkshop,
 11

open fit, dependent on Local Government Unit waste collector. The study adopted the

instrument Navarra (2010) used to elicit data on the solid waste management practices

of the respondents. A questionnaire that consists of three sections namely: Types of

Solid Waste Generated, Solid Waste Storage Practice, and Solid Waste Management

Disposal Practices. The results showed that food waste was the main source of

biodegradable wastes generated, coming from; Bakery (37.50%), Eatery (39.47%),

Food Carts (52.63%), and others (68.23%). In the study conducted by Premakumara

(2011), the average composition of waste that was measured includes organic wastes,

fractions of food remains, kitchen wastes, and gardening waste like leaves and small

portions of the soil.

In addition to the study by Acanto, R. (2016) results depicted that the food

service establishments depend on the city government for their solid waste disposal.

There is a designated area for the collection of solid waste which generators dump the

collected waste to. In conclusion, the food service establishments in Talisay City were

dependent on the City Government for the disposal of their solid waste and none of

the respondents practiced solid waste segregation and 3Rs. This proves that Republic

Act 9003 or the Solid Waste Management Act of 200 is not fully implemented in the

City of Talisay. According to Sapuay (2014), the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000 provides the legal framework for the systematic,

comprehensive, and ecological solid waste management program of the Philippines.

This ensures the protection of public health and the environment, emphasizing the

need to create necessary institutional mechanisms incentives, and penalties for acts

violating any of its provisions.

Republic Act (RA) 9003

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The Republic Act 9003 also known as the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000 provides a necessary policy framework, institutional

mechanisms, and mandate to the local government units (LGUs) to achieve a 25%

waste reduction through establishing an integrated solid waste management plan

based on 3R. 3R consists of Reduce, Reuse, and Recycling. In Section 2 of RA 9003

the policy states that the ecological solid waste management program shall: (a) ensure

the protection of public health and environment; (b) utilize environmentally-sound

methods that maximize the utilization of valuable resources and encourage resource

conservation and recovery; ( c) set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance

and volume reduction through source reduction and waste minimization measures,

including compositing, recycling, re-use, recovery, green charcoal process, and

others, before collection, treatment and disposal in appropriate and environmentally

sound solid waste management facilities in accordance with ecologically sustainable

development principles; (d) ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport,

storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adoption of

the best environmental practice in ecological waste management excluding

incineration; (e) promote national research and development programs for improved

solid waste management and resource conservation techniques, more effective

institutional arrangement and indigenous and improved methods of waste reduction,

collection, separation and recovery; (f) encourage greater private sector participation

in solid waste management; (g) retain primary enforcement and responsibility of solid

waste management with local government nits while establishing a cooperative effort

among the national government, other local government units, non-government

organizations, and the private sector; (h) encourage cooperation and self-regulation

among waste generators through the application of market-based instruments; (i)

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institutionalize public participation in the development and implementation of

national and local integrated, comprehensive and ecological waste management

programs; and (j) strengthen the integration of ecological solid waste management

and resource conservation and recovery topics into the academic curricula of formal

and non-formal education in order to promote environmental awareness and action

among the citizenry.

Solid Waste Management (SWM) is considered to be one of the most serious

environmental issues in the Philippines, with annual waste generated with an

estimation of 10 million tons in 2010 and this is expected to rise by 40% in 2020. The

LGU efforts are still very limited in terms of implementing the national mandate,

Cebu may have a different experience towards this implementation as the largest city

in the Philippines with millions of people showing a way of reducing its municipal

waste generation by more than 30% over the last three years and succeeding in food

waste reduction.

RA 9003 chapter VI titled Penal Provisions in section 48 following acts are

prohibited: (1) Littering, throwing, dumping of waste matters in public places, such as

roads, sidewalks, canals, esteros or parks, and establishment, or causing or permitting

the same; (2) undertaking activities or operating, collecting or transporting equipment

in violation of sanitation operation and other requirements or permits set forth in or

established pursuant to this Act; (3) the open burning of solid waste; (4) causing or

permitting the collection of non-segregated or unsorted waste; (5) squatting in open

dumps and landfills; (6) open dumping, burying of biodegradable or non-

biodegradable materials in flood-prone areas; (7) unauthorized removal of recyclable

material intended for collection by authorized persons; (8) the mixing of source-

separated recyclable material with other solid waste in any vehicle, box, container or
 14

receptacle used in solid waste collection or disposal; (9) establishment or operation of

open dumps as enjoined in this Act, or closure of said dumps in violation of Sec. 37;

(10) the manufacture, distribution or use of non-environmentally acceptable

packaging materials: (11) importation of consumer products packaged in non-

environmentally acceptable materials; ( 12) importation of toxic wastes

misrepresented as "recyclable" or "with recyclable content"; (13) transport and

dumping in bulk of collected domestic, industrial, commercial and institutional wastes

in areas other than centers or facilities prescribes under this Act; (14) site preparation,

construction, expansion or operation of waste management facilities without an

Environmental Compliance Certificate required pursuant to Presidential Decree No.

1586 and this Act and not conforming with the land use plan of the LGU: (15) the

construction of any establishment within two hundred (200) meters from open dumps

or controlled dumps, or sanitary landfills; and (16) the construction or operation of

landfills or any waste disposal facility on any aquifer, groundwater reservoir or

watershed area and or any portions thereof.

Violation of Section 48 of RA 9003 is accountable for fines and penalties. These are

written in accordance with section 49 of RA 9003 Fines and Penalties which states:

(a) any person who violates sec 48, paragraph (1) shall, upon conviction, be punished

with a fine of not less than three hundred pesos (P300.00) but not more than one

thousand pesos (P1,000.00) or render community service for not less than one (1) day

not more than fifteen (15) days to an LGU where such prohibited acts are committed

or both; (b) any person who violates Sec. 48, (2) and (3) shall, upon conviction, be

punished with a fine of not less than three hundred pesos (P300.00) but not more than

on one thousand pesos (P1,000.00) or imprisonment of not less than one (1) day to not

more than fifteen (15) days, or both; (c) any person who violates Sec. 48, par. (4), (5),
 15

(6) and (7) shall, upon conviction be punished with a fine of not less than one

thousand pesos (P1,000.00) but not more than three thousand pesos (P3,000.00) or

imprisonment of not less than fifteen (15) days but not more than six (6) months, or

both; (d) any person who violated Sec. 48, par. (8), (9), (10), and (11) for the first

time shall, upon conviction, pay a fine of five hundred thousand pesos (P5000,000.00)

plus an amount not less than five percent (5%) but not more than ten percent (10%) of

his net annual income during the previous year; (e) any person who violates Sec. 48,

par. (12) and (13) shall, upon conviction, be punished with an ine of not less than ten

thousand pesos (P10,000.00) but not more than two hundred thousand pesos

(P200,000.00) or imprisonment of not less than thirty (3) days but not more than three

(3) years or both; (f) any person who violates Sec. 48, par. (14), (15), and (16) shall,

upon conviction be punished with a fine not less than one hundred thousand pesos

(P100,000.00) but not more than one million pesos (P1,000,000.00) or imprisonment

not less than one (1) year but not more than six (6) years or both.

Cebu City Ordinance No. 2031

Following RA 9003 Act of 2000, Cebu City Ordinance No. 2031 provides a

list of the proper disposal of food waste. The list includes proper segregation

according to two different categories- Biodegradables; food wastes, yard wastes,

paper wastes, and leftovers and others (these include fruit peels, fish gills, and

intestines) and Non-Biodegradables; plastics, canned goods, pet bottles, and

styrofoam (these includes utensils, glass bottles, PVC, disposable cups, containers and

plastic straws). Cebu City ordinance also includes the proper disposal of hazardous or

special waste such as; furniture lamps, stoves, etc. From segregation of the said waste,

is collected on days given by the government. Collection schedules are different in

each Barangay, as given by the Cebu City Environment and Natural Resources Office
 16

(CCENRO). CCENRO is assigned with this matter, from arranging pick-up points to

providing trucks to collect the trash, up to the time and date these will be picked up.

Non-compliance to this is accountable for fines and penalties. Establishments unable

to comply with this ordinance are finable at an amount ranging from one thousand

pesos (P1,000.00) to five thousand pesos (P5,000.00)or are eligible for one (1) month

to not more than six (6) months in prison. CCENRO allows a compromise fee of 500

pesos or community services in settlement to those who disobey this ordinance and

are not capable of paying the fine as given, only if they report to the office right away

for settlement. As the majority of municipal solid waste is actually biodegradable

waste; with around 52%, more than 80% of that said waste would be considered food

waste (Melody-Rijk, 2017) this means that the amount of food waste gathered in each

collection is a lot more than the solid waste we have, And although the city provided

ordinance to garbage segregation this ordinance is sometimes still forgotten by

garbage collectors and the residents themselves as garbage collection still takes place

even when the garbage is not segregated well.

Status of Solid Waste Management Policy Implementation

In a study by Camarillo and Bellotindos ( 2021) Municipal solid waste

management has emerged as a critical environmental concern in the Philippines,

prompting the implementation of measures outlined in the 2001 Ecological Solid

Waste Management Act. However, enforcing these policies, even at the barangay

level, remains challenging. This study, conducted in selected barangays in Cebu City,

assessed compliance with the integrated solid waste management plan, emphasizing

the 3R principles (reduce, reuse, and recycle). Using a descriptive quantitative

method, 1,523 residents and 30 Barangay Environment Officials were surveyed,

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revealing limited compliance in various waste management aspects, such as

segregation, composting, recycling, incentives, and public information. Moderate

compliance was observed in waste collection, transport, and penalty enforcement,

while non-compliance was noted in terms of facilities for final disposal. The findings

underscore the need for effective recycling and composting measures to boost

community participation, emphasizing the importance of well-functioning materials

resource facilities and convenient drop-off locations for recyclables. The study

employs Slovin's formula to determine sample sizes for four barangays in the

Philippines—Guadalupe, San Nicolas, Talamban, and Lahug—resulting in a total of

1,523 respondents, including 30 Barangay Environmental Officers (BEO) and staff.

Utilizing a descriptive quantitative method, the research assesses compliance with

Republic Act (RA) 9003, focusing on both residents and BEOs. Despite efforts to

implement effective compliance, the findings reveal that the selected barangays have

not fully adhered to RA 9003. Key challenges include insufficient fund allocation, the

need for proper waste disposal facilities, and non-compliance with regulations like the

prohibition of open dumps. Recommendations include ensuring adequate funding,

establishing functional Materials Recovery Facilities (MRF), implementing door-to-

door waste collection, and introducing incentives and penalties to promote waste

reduction and recycling. The study emphasizes the crucial role of local government

units in enforcing solid waste management policies and highlights the importance of

stakeholder participation in addressing non-compliance and improving waste

management practices at the household level.

In addition, a study by Tio, J.L ( 2019) highlights the waste management

challenges faced by Cebu City, Philippines, due to rapid economic development,

inefficient garbage collection, lack of segregation and recycling, and the closure of the
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Inayawan Landfill. It draws a comparison with Taiwan, emphasizing the latter's

successful transition from a waste crisis to a global recycling leader. The researcher

aims to improve the city's waste management system by identifying and implementing

Taiwan's best practices. The goal is to enhance efficiency, sustainability, and citizen

cooperation. Key recommendations include adopting Taiwan's policies on plastic use

restrictions, implementing a "Per-Bag Trash Collection Fee," establishing a "Three-in-

One Resource Recovery Scheme," and promoting the "Keep Trash Off the Ground"

policy. The construction of a compost plant, waste-to-energy facilities, and new

landfill sites are suggested for Cebu. Additionally, bioremediation is proposed for the

closed Inayawan Landfill. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for holistic,

efficient, and sustainable waste management in Cebu City, highlighting the

importance of informed decision-making by government officials to address the

increasing waste volume as the population grows. The researcher hopes that the

insights provided will contribute to the development of an ideal waste management

system in Cebu.

Initiatives to Reduce Food Waste

A few initiatives to reduce food waste around the world have been done and

are still going on, in an instance from a Journal for Research and Technology a study

of Green Initiatives of Restaurants in the Cities of Cebu, Philippines: Basis for

Environmentally Sustainable Operations (Montebon, Dorio Jr. & Piezas, 2023) he

article emphasizes the importance of sustainable practices in the restaurant industry,

particularly focusing on energy efficiency, water conservation, and waste

management. It begins by highlighting the interconnectedness of all life on Earth and

the need for sustainable, environmentally friendly practices. The article cites a 2011
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MIT study, indicating that green practices are crucial for companies to remain

competitive and profitable. The discussion on green practices includes considerations

such as green product demand, energy savings through innovative systems, water

conservation methods, waste reduction, green building practices, and conservation

efforts in the tourism industry. The article also mentions relevant national laws related

to ecological waste management and clean water. The study assesses the green

initiatives of restaurants in three cities in Metro Cebu, focusing on energy efficiency,

water conservation, and waste management. The research methodology involves a

predictive relational research method, and the data is analyzed using percentages,

weighted mean, and One-Way ANOVA. The findings reveal demographic

information about restaurant employees, including age, gender, marital status, and

educational attainment. The article discusses seating capacity, capitalization, and the

length of service in the restaurant industry. In terms of green initiatives, the study

evaluates the extent of implementation in areas such as energy efficiency, water

conservation, and waste management. The results indicate that water conservation is

the most fully implemented aspect, while waste management has a lower aggregate

mean. Overall, the restaurants in the three cities are considered to have fully

implemented green initiatives, with an emphasis on saving energy and water, as well

as proper waste disposal. The article concludes by recommending collaboration

between eco-friendly management agencies and restaurant associations to develop a

sustainability plan highlighting best green practices for the food service industry. The

suggested actions include energy-efficient lighting, electricity and fuel reduction

programs, water management strategies, and continuous improvement in waste

management to reduce costs and meet customer demands.

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A study published last 2017 of Properly handling food waste is a significant

financial and environmental challenge. While converting food waste into methane

through anaerobic processes seems economically feasible, challenges in collecting

and transporting the waste must be acknowledged (Paritosh et. al., 2017). Despite the

initial high investment costs for biorefineries, the low or no cost of food waste,

coupled with environmental benefits, could balance the equation. Enhancing research

and optimization studies can further improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of

this energy generation method. The global increase in food waste poses serious threats

such as environmental pollution and health risks. Urgent measures, including standard

management practices, are needed to address this issue. Anaerobic digestion emerges

as an eco-friendly solution, offering benefits in waste management, energy

production, and nutrient generation to meet the growing global energy demand.

Various aspects of the anaerobic biodegradation approach for food waste, including

substrates, environmental factors, microbial population, and computational resources,

are explored in this context.

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CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study will utilize a qualitative method. The qualitative data will be

collected through a one-on-one in-depth interview with all the Cafe representatives or

the cafe's sanitation officer and a survey questionnaire will be handed out after the

one-on-one in-depth interview. The one-on-one in-depth interview will collect

information regarding the awareness of the Cafes sanitation officer in regard to food

waste management and the rules and regulations to follow set by CCENRO. On the

other hand, the survey questionnaire will collect information about the effectiveness

of the food waste management guidelines regulated by CCENRO and the fines and

penalties for non-compliance with the set guidelines by CCENRO.

In addition, the researcher has a checklist of the food waste disposal for Cafe

establishments participating in the study. This checklist will help assess the

compliance of food waste management in the cafes in Nasipit, Talamban Cebu City.

Research Environment
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This study will be focused on the cafes located in Nasipit, Talamban Cebu

City, The study will be carried out inside the cafe premises located in Nasipit,

Talamban Cebu City. To gather the necessary information needed for this study the

researcher will personally visit a café in Nasipit, Talamban Cebu City conducting a

one-on-one in-depth interview and handing out a survey questionnaire to the cafe

representatives. The research environment is a convenient location for the researchers

and the research respondents as well. Nasipit, Talamban Cebu city is near the

University of San Carlos where the researchers are enrolled, there will be a saving of

time in traveling to the research environment, also the research respondents may

accommodate the researchers during their break time since the interview will only

take a few minutes of their time.

Research Respondents

In getting the sample size for the study the selection of research respondents is

provided by the Sanitation Office, a list of eight (8) registered cafes in Nasipit,

Talamban handed out to the researchers and are invited to participate in the research

study. The research respondents will be selected using a convenience sampling

method. A convenience sampling method is a qualitative research sampling strategy

that involves the selection of participants based on their accessibility and availability

to the researchers. Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling method,

selected units are the easiest for the researchers to access due to geographical

proximity (Nikolopoulou, 2022).

Informed Consent
 23

The research respondents will be given informed consent. This is to ensure

that the respondents are not forced to answer questions and to take part in the study.

The consent includes information about the study, the duration of the interview, and

how the results being gathered will be used for educational purposes only.

Confidentiality is acknowledged and will be discussed thoroughly in the informed

consent.

Research Instrument

A survey questionnaire will be used by the researcher in this study to gather

data from the research respondents- the questionnaire will be handed out to cafe

owners or cafe sanitation officers. The first section of the questionnaire includes

information about the café, its name, and the exact address it is located. The research

respondents will have to answer with a yes or no survey questionnaire only. Also, a

short interview will be conducted to assess the food waste disposal of the cafes and a

checklist will be marked by the researchers.

Research Procedures

After receiving the list of registered Cafes in Nasipit Talamban, the

researchers will proceed in asking the Café representative to participate in the study.

Once the Café representative agrees to participate in the research study informed

consent will be given to the representative.

One-on-one in-depth interviews will take place that will take approximately 5

minutes. The one-on-one in-depth interview in qualitative research is a flexible way

of asking people about their opinions and experiences, these are based on a series of
 24

open-ended questions about the underlying issues that are present which are relevant

to the topic.

A survey questionnaire will be given to the research respondents, it will be a

close-ended questionnaire wherein the compliance of the food waste management will

be assessed.

Follow-up interviews will be conducted using the audit checklist made by the

researchers. This entails the aim of identifying the issues pertaining to the city

ordinance of food waste disposal. Furthermore, this will be used to follow through

and understand the main concerns related to the topic.

Data Analysis

Once the research respondents are done answering the survey questionnaire

and the interview the researchers will begin to encode the data, analyze, discuss, and

interpret the gathered data to produce efficient and unbiased results. Computer

software will be used in analyzing the data being gathered, and with the use of a bar

graph, the researcher will be able to discuss and interpret the results of the research

study.
 25

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matter?: A two-stage cluster survey to assess the household plate waste in the
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Diekmann, L., & Germelmann, C. C. (2021). Leftover Consumption as a Means of

Food Waste Reduction in Public Space? Qualitative Insights from Online
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HOTELS IN KWAZULU- NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA. PEOPLE: International Journal
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Paritosh, K., Kushwaha, S. K., Yadav, M., Pareek, N., Chawade, A., & Vivekanand,
V. (2017). Food Waste to Energy: An Overview of Sustainable Approaches for Food
Waste Management and Nutrient Recycling. BioMed Research International,
2017(2370927), 1–19. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2370927

Liu, C., Mao, C. X., Bunditsakulchai, P., Sasaki, S., & Hotta, Y. (2020). Food waste
in Bangkok: Current situation, trends and key challenges. Resources, Conservation
and Recycling, 157, 104779. Retrieved from
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%20developed%20cities.

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Blum, D. (2020). Ways to Reduce Restaurant Industry Food Waste Costs.

International Journal of Applied Management and Technology, 19, 1-12. Retrieved
from http://doi.org/10.5590/IJMAT.2020.19.1.01

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Information Systems Limited. January 2, 2023.

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and Health Among Working-Age Adults. ERR.235, U.S. Department of Agricultural,
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Alvarez, C.J., et. al. (2017). A Case Study about the improper waste disposal in
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Acanto, R. (2016) Solid Waste Management Practices in Selected Food Service

Establishments in Talisay City, Negros Islands Region, Philippines. International
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in Ibajay, Aklan. Unpublished research. Aklan State University Ibajay Campus, Ibajay
Aklan

Premakumara, D.G.J. (2011). Survey of Household Solid waste generation and Public
awareness on waste separation and composting practices in Cebu City. Institute for
Global Environmental Strategies. Retrieved from Kitakyushu Urban Culture Japan.
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Sapuay, GP. (2014). Ecological Solid waste management act 2000 (RA 9003): A
major step to better solid waste management in the Philippines. Retrieved November
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Republic Act No. 9003 (2001) An act providing for an ecological solid waste
management program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and
incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating
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Republic Act No. 9003 (2001) Chapter v1 Penal Provisions. Section 48 & Section 49.

Camarillo, M.E & Bellotindos, L. (2021). A Study of Policy Implementation and

Community Participation in the Municipal Solid Waste Management in the
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Approaches for Food Waste Management and Nutrient Recycling. Vol. 2017. Article
ID 2370927. Retrieved from http://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2370927
 29

APPENDIX A
Transmittal Letter

September 29, 2023

Department of Public Services (DPS)

Cebu City, Cebu, Philippines

Good day!

We hope this letter finds you well.

We are 3rd year students from the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics at the
University of San Carlos -Talamban Campus. We are currently conducting our
research on "Assessing the Compliance of Food Waste Management in the Different
Cafes in Nasipit Talamban, Cebu City." With this, we intend to study and assess the
compliance of Food Waste Management in the different Cafes in Nasipit Talamban.
 30

For this purpose, we would humbly ask for the Registered list of Cafes in Nasipit
Talamban which we can use to assess the different Cafes in Nasipit Talamban. As
students, who are conducting research, we sincerely seek your advice and assistance
in making our research a success and valuable to your office and the community.

We look forward to receiving a positive response from your office on this request. If
you have any queries or questions, please contact us via email at
[email protected] or [email protected], or by phone at (09272068033).

We hope for your positive response to our request.

Thank you so much and God Bless.

Sincerely,

Shinlyn S. Baniel Anna Marie Liza S. Donaire

Student Researchers

APPENDIX A
Transmittal Letter

September 29, 2023

Cebu City Environment and Natural Resources Office (CCENRO)

Cebu City, Cebu, Philippines

Good day!

We are 3rd-year students from the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics at the
University of San Carlos -Talamban Campus, we are currently conducting research
titled "Assessing the Compliance of Food Waste Management in the Different Cafes
in Nasipit Talamban, Cebu City." With this, we intend to study and assess the
compliance of Food Waste Management in the different Cafes in Nasipit Talamban.

For this purpose, we would humbly ask for the Ordinance regarding Sanitary
guidelines on your monthly inspections of each food establishment in Cebu City
 31

and a list of Cafe in Nasipit Talamban that we can use to assess the different Cafes
in Nasipit Talamban. As students, who are conducting research, we sincerely seek
your advice and assistance in making our research a success and valuable to your
office and the community.

We look forward to receiving a positive response from your office on this request. If
you have any queries or questions, please contact us via email at
[email protected] or [email protected], or by phone at (09272068033).

We hope for your positive response to our request.

Thank you so much and God Bless.

Sincerely,

Shinlyn S. Baniel Anna Marie Liza S. Donaire

Student Researchers

APPENDIX C
Informed Consent

Research Title

Assessing the Compliance of Food Waste Management in the Different Cafes in

Nasipit Talamban, Cebu City

Introduction

Good day Ma'am/Sir, we are Shinlyn Baniel and Anna Marie Liza Donaire,
3rd year students from the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics students of the
University of San Carlos. We are currently conducting a research study regarding
Assessing the Compliance of Food Waste Management in the Different Cafe in
Nasipit Talamban, Cebu City and it would be greatly appreciated if you could
participate in this study. You do not have to decide right away whether to participate
in the research. You can talk to anyone you feel comfortable with before you decide.

This consent form may contain words that you may not understand. If so,
please ask us to stop so we can explain the information you hardly understand. Also,
if you have questions later, you can always ask us.

Purpose of the Research

 32

The purpose of the study is to assess the compliance of different cafes with
Food Waste Management by the City regulations of Nasipit Talamban, Cebu City. We
believe that you can help us by answering the survey questions honestly. We want to
identify the Food Waste Management standard given by the government that is
implemented in Nasipit, Talamban, assess your Cafe regarding the food waste
management procedure and report the accumulated information to CCENRO that
might help us to learn more about bettering food waste in our country in general.

Type of Research Intervention

This research will involve your participation by answering the questions we

prepared regarding the compliance of Food Waste Management in your Cafe will only
take approximately 5-10 minutes to complete.

Participant Selection

You are being asked to participate in this research since you are currently an
employee in the Cafe, and you can contribute much to our understanding and
knowledge of the compliance of food waste management in your Cafe.

Voluntary Participation

Your participation in this research study is entirely voluntary. It is your choice

to either participate or not and if you choose to withdraw in the middle of answering
the questions as you feel uncomfortable, we will let you stop participating. The choice
that you make will not affect anything towards us. You may change your mind and
stop participating even if you agreed to participate earlier.

Procedures

We are inviting you to participate in this research project. If you accept, you
will be asked to answer the questions in our interview. The questions will be asked to
you personally. As you will be asked personally, you will have to answer the
interview questions as honestly as possible. This will last for approximately 5-10
minutes. After answering the interview, the answers from the interview will be
analyzed by the researchers. To note, the data collected is confidential. No one else
except the people involved in the research will have access to the data collected.

Duration

The research will only take approximately 5-10 minutes of your day.

Risk

There is no risk involved in this study.

Benefits

Your participation will likely help us and future researchers find out more
about preventing the high numbers of food waste in our country.

Reimbursements
 33

No gifts or money will be given to the participants in this study.

Confidentiality

Rest assured that we will not be sharing information about you with anyone
outside of the research team. The information we have collected will be kept private
and only people involved in the research will have access to it. To ensure the safety of
your information, we will put an indicating number instead of your name and only
those who are involved in the research will know about this. The information gathered
will be used for research purposes only.

Sharing the Results

Everything that you share with us as you participate in this research study will
be kept confidential; nothing will be attributed to you by name. The findings will be
shared in class for research purposes only. We may publish the results so that other
interested people may learn from the research but note that no names of the
participants will be shared.

Who to Contact

If you have any further questions, you can ask us now or later. If you wish to
ask questions you may contact one of us directly via the Facebook messaging
application ([email protected]) ([email protected])

APPENDIX D
Questionnaire

Survey Questionnaire

Good day, we are students from the University of San Carlos taking up a
Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics. We are currently conducting a
research survey regarding Assessing the Compliance of Food Waste Management in
the Different Cafes in Nasipit Talamban, Cebu City. We are humbly asking for your
time to participate in this study, you will be asked to answer survey questions and it
will only take approximately 5-10 minutes.

There will be 2 parts in the survey questionnaire. For the first part you will have to
choose from a scale of 5 to 1; (5) Strongly agree, (4) Somewhat agree, (3) Neither
agree nor disagree, (2) Somewhat disagree, (1) Strongly disagree. For the second part,
you will have to answer Yes or no.

Remember that the data we have gathered from your form will be strictly confidential.

We ask for your honest answer to every question provided. Thank you and God Bless.

Name of the Cafe:__________________________________

 34

Address of the Cafe:________________________________

In-Depth Interview

1. Do you know about the laws and guidelines regulating how to dispose of
food waste?

□ Yes
□ No

2. Is it easy for the cafe to follow the local rules and regulations about how
to dispose of food waste?

□ Yes
□ No

3. Do you find the cafe’s food waste to be a major issue?

□ Yes
□ No

4. Do you think that food waste causes negative effects on the natural
environment?

□ Yes
 35

□ No

4.1 What are the negative effects of food waste?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________

5. Do you think food waste is a moral and ethical issue?

□ Yes
□ No

6. Do you believe that your business suffers adverse financial consequences

due to food wastage?

□ Yes
□ No

7. Causes of food waste

In my cafe, food waste happens because…

□ Over purchasing
□ Unintentional orders made by the customers.
□ meal/orders leftovers
□ Perishable items are not consumed within the expiry date.
□ Other causes (please specify)

Survey Questionnaire

1. The local authorities are effectively keeping the cafe informed about
regulations and procedures for disposing of food waste.

□ Yes
□ No

2. Are you aware of the fines and penalties from the city ordinance
regarding the non-compliance of food disposal?

□ Yes
□ No
 36

3. Do you agree with the fine penalties of the city ordinance?

□ Yes
□ No

4. Have you experienced paying the fines and penalties for non-compliance
with food disposal?

□ Yes
□ No

5. Will you be willing to pay the fine and penalties if subjected to non-
compliance with food disposal?

□ Yes
□ No
 37

CHECKLIST FOR FOOD WASTE DISPOSAL (For Researcher)

Questions Yes No N/A Corrective

Action

Are external waste areas being kept in clean tidy

condition with no waste or spillages on the
floors?

Are all external waste bin lids closed when not

in use?

Are waste containers lined properly?

Are waste from the different categories handled

separately?

Is the garbage disposal being categorized

according to city ordinance?

Categories: (Dili Malata) PLASTIC

Categories:(Dili Malata) CANNED GOOD

Categories: (Dili Malata) PET BOTTLES

Categories: (Dili Malata) STYROFOAMS

Categories: (Malata) FOOD WASTES

Categories: (Malata) YARD WASTES

Categories: (Malata) PAPER WASTES

 38

Categories: (Malata) LEFTOVER & OTHERS

Are all recycling bins clearly labeled?

Are waste bins routinely emptied?

Is waste removal appropriately scheduled?

Are the number of trash bags collected per

schedule of collection, not less than 5?

Are the number of trash bags collected per

schedule of collection more than 5

Are the waste storage areas free from odors,

contaminants, or signs of vermin?

Have measures been put in place to deal with

any hazardous waste?

Is the location of dumpsters appropriate? (i.e.,

away from air intakes, doors, and operable
windows in relation to prevailing winds)
 39

APPENDIX D
Gantt Chart
 40

APPENDIX E
Research Instrument
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
 49

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Personal Data

Name : Shinlyn S. Baniel

Gender : Female
Birthday : August 18, 2000
Citizenship : Filipino
Address : Lapu-Lapu City 6015
E-mail address : [email protected]
Cell Phone number : 09260055887

Educational Attainment
College : University of San Carlos
Nasipit, Talamban, Cebu City
Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics
2019- Present

Secondary : University of San Carlos

Nasipit, Talamban, Cebu City
Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics
2017-2019 SHS

St. Alphonsus Catholic School

Poblacion, Lapu-Lapu City 6015 Cebu
2013-2017

Elementary : St. Alphonsus Catholic School

Poblacion, Lapu-Lapu City 6015 Cebu
2007-2013
 50

Personal Data

Name : Anna Marie Liza S. Donaire

Gender : Female
Birthday : September 1, 2000
Citizenship : Filipino
Civil Status :
Address : Phase 1, Block 6, Lot 14, Villa Azalea Subd, Cotcot Liloan, Cebu
E-mail address: [email protected]
Cell Phone number:

Educational Attainment
College : University of San Carlos
Nasipit, Talamban, Cebu City
Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics
2019- Present

Secondary : University of San Carlos

Nasipit, Talamban, Cebu City
Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics
2017-2019 SHS

La Consolacion College-Liloan
Poblacion Liloan, Cebu
2013-2017

Elementary : Wunderkind School

Catarman Liloan, Cebu
2007-2013